
CoipgMft 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSm 



PRACTICAL 

Materia Medica 

AND 

PRESCRIPTION WRITING 

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS 



V 
OSCAE W1BETHEA. M.D.. P1..G..F.C.S. 

Assistant Professor op Materia Medica and Instructor in Prescription 

Writing, Tulane University of Louisiana. Formerly Professor of 

Chemistry and Professor of Pharmacology, Mississippi 

Medical College, etc. 



SECOND REVISED EDITION 




PHILADELPHIA 

F. A. DAVIS COMPANY, Publishers 

English Depot 

Stanley Phillips, London 

1917 



5" 1117 



Copyright, 1915 
Copyright, 1917 

BY 
F. A. DAVIS COMPANY 



Copyright, Great Britain. All Rights Reserved 



The use in this volume of certain portions of the text of 
the United States Pharmacopoeia is by virtue of permission 
received from the Board, of Trustees of the United States 
Pharmacopoeia! Convention. The said Board of Trustees is 
not responsible for any inaccuracy of quotation, nor for any 
errors in the statement of quantities or percentage strengths. 



/ 

JUN 26 f9!7 



Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A. 

Press of F. A. Davis Company 

1914-1916 Cherry Street 



©CU47O082 



s. 



TO HIS 

FATHER AND MOTHER 

A KNOWLEDGE OF WHOSE HIGH IDEALS, UNSELFISH AMBITIONS, AND 
UNSWERVING DEVOTION TO DUTY HAVE PROVEN A NEVER- 
FAILING SOURCE OF INSPIRATION 

THIS VOLUME IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED 

BY 

THE AUTHOR 



PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. 



In the Second Edition the effort has been made to bring the 
text up-to-date, particularly with reference to the Pharmacopoeial 
changes. Some new drugs have been added, both official and 
otherwise ; some have been retained that are now not official, and, 
following the Pharmacopoeia, many have been dropped, with a 
sigh of relief. Much new matter has been added that it is hoped 
will prove of value. 

Acknowledgments are made of many valuable criticisms and 
suggestions, particularly from Dr. John Taylor Halsey, Professor 
of Pharmacology and Clinical Medicine, in Tulane University. 

O. W. B. 



(v) 



PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. 



In the treatment of disease a physician is usually confronted 
with the following problems which must be considered in the order 
given : — 

What is the true condition of the patient ? 

What changes should be produced in that condition? 

What agents will best effect those changes? 

In what form and by what methods should those agents be 
employed to obtain the best possible results ? 

How should his orders for those agents be written so as to serve 
the best interests of the patient and his associates ? 

The first three of these propositions are exhaustively treated 
in many excellent volumes and are ably taught in the medical schools, 
but the last two of the propositions are often neglected. 

For example — the student is taught how to diagnose certain 
blood conditions, the changes that should be effected, and that Iron 
is the drug to bring about these desired results. It is often neglected 
to impress upon the student what preparations of iron will best 
meet the demands of particular conditions, the precautions to be 
observed in employing them, how to correctly prescribe them, alone 
or in combination, and, if in combination, with what forms or prep- 
arations of the other agents ; how to order for the safest, most con- 
venient and agreeable administration ; how to use the correct names, 
conveniently estimate the proper quantities, the best hours for 
administration, and the many other matters an ignorance of which 
may render the physician unable to properly put to practical use his 
knowledge of the other departments of medical science. Such in- 
struction is the particular object of this book. 

The purpose has been to handle the subject-matter in such a 

practical way as to render the work a dependable one for every-day 

service. 

(vii) 



viii PREFACE. 

The author wishes to express his indebtedness to other writers 
from whose works he has, in some instances, had to draw. The 
volumes of particular assistance in compiling" this work were : The 
U. S. Pharmacopoeia, Remington's Pharmacy, Useful Remedies 
(A. M. A.), Wilcox's Materia Medica and Pharmacy, the U. S. 
Dispensatory, The National Formulary, Merck's Index, Shoe- 
maker's Materia Medica and Sollmann's Pharmacology. The writer 
is also much indebted to the publishers and authors who kindly 
allowed the use of the prescriptions from their works; acknowl- 
edgments are made to these in each case in footnotes. 

O. W. B. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Definitions 1 

Introduction to Part I 11 

PART I.— Materia Medica. 
Official and Unofficial Drugs, Their Therapeutic Action and Uses, Ar- 
ranged Alphabetically 13-326-333 

Introduction to Part II 327 

PART II. — Prescription Writing. 

Metrology 32£ 

Metric System 332 

Medical Latin 337 

Rules, Groups, and Exceptions 339 

Construction of Official Names 343 

Abbreviations 344 

Definition 347 

History 348 

Parts of a Prescription 348 

Calculating Amounts 363 

Choice of Vehicle 365 

Quantity of a Prescription 368 

Proportioning Dosage 369 

Written Instructions 371 

Concentrated Mixtures 373 

Saturated Solutions 373 

Percentage Solutions 374 

Forms of Administration 375 

Comparative Dosage of Preparations 378 

The Pharmacopoeia 379 

The National Formulary 379 

Dispensatory 379 

Official Drugs and N. F. Preparations 380 

Proprietary and Patent Medicines 380 

Specifying Manufacturers 381 

Write Prescriptions 382 

Prescription Blanks 383 

(ix) 



x CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Carbon Copies 385 

Care of Copies and Other Uses for them 386 

Copies to a Successor 386 

Care as to Writing 386 

Rereading , 388 

Telephoning Prescriptions 388 

Recommending Credit 389 

Naming a Price 389 

Charity 390 

Local Peculiarities 390 

Refilling and Giving Copies 391 

Errors 392 

Domestic Measures 393 

Examining the Medicine 394 

Ownership of a Prescription 395 

Stock Prescriptions 395 

State and Federal Laws 396 

Incompatibility in Liquids ; in Solids ; Formation of a Precipitate ; Evolu- 
tion of a Gas; Separation of an Immiscible Liquid; Formation 
of a Gelatinous Mass; Incomplete Solutions; Immiscibility; 

Therapeutic Incompatibility 397 

Table of Relative Value of Weights and Measures 406 

Table of Abbreviations, Words, and Phrases 407 

Table of Drops and Weight in a Fluidrachm 411 

Table of the Solubility of Official Substances in Water and in Alcohol . . 412 

Introduction to Part III 417 

PART III. 
Illustrations showing Incorrect and Correct Forms in Prescription Writ- 
ing (actual examples) 418 

APPENDIX. 

Problems and Blackboard Exercises 499 

Clinical Index 519 

General Index 535 



DEFINITIONS. 

Familiarity with the following definitions is essential to a 
correct understanding of a treatise on Materia Medica. 

Acid. — A compound composed of hydrogen with an electronegative 
element or group of elements and possessing the following properties: 
It contains hydrogen that can be replaced by a metal or base to form 
a salt; it changes the color of litmus from blue to red; it has (when 
soluble in water) an acid or sour taste. Examples: Sulphuric acid, hy- 
drochloric acid, citric acid. 

Acetum (Acet.) — Vinegar. — The vinegars are solutions of medicinal 
substances in diluted acetic acid. There is one official vinegar. They are 
seldom prescribed. 

Alcohol. — As a class name it means a hydrocarbon radical in com- 
bination with the radical OH. As a name for a definite substance it 
means ethyl alcohol. 

Aldehyde. — A compound intermediate between an alcohol and acid. 
A hydrocarbon radical in combination with the radical COH. Example: 
Acetic aldehyde. 

Alkali. — A metallic oxide (except ammonia) that has the property of 
combining with an acid to form a salt, or with an oil to form soap. 
Examples: Caustic soda, caustic potash. 

Alkaloid. — A basic substance, usually the active principle of a plant, 
and composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and, usually, oxygen. 
Examples: Quinine, morphine, strychnine. 

Alterative. — An agent that will restore deranged nutritive processes. 
Examples : Corrosive mercuric chloride, calomel, arsenic trioxide, and potas- 
sium iodide are usually placed in this class. 

Anaphrodisiac. — An agent that will depress the sexual function. 
Examples: Bromides, opium, monobromated camphor. 

Anesthetic. — An agent that will produce insensibility to pain or 
touch. According to action, they are subdivided as general and local. 
Examples: General — ether, chloroform, ethyl chloride. Local — cocaine, 
novocaine, phenol. 

Anodyne or Analgesic. — An agent that will relieve pain. Examples : 
Morphine, codeine, acetylsalicylic acid. 

Antacid. — An agent that will neutralize acidity. Examples: Mag- 
nesium oxide, sodium bicarbonate. 

Anthelmintic. — An agent used in the treatment for intestinal worms. 
Examples: Santonin, phenyl salicylate, thymol. 

Antiemetic. — An agent that will prevent or arrest vomiting. Ex- 
amples: Cocaine, peppermint, bismuth subnitrate, cerium oxalate. 

Antigalactagogue. — An agent that lessens the secretion of milk. Bel- 
ladonna, probably all hydragogue purgatives. 

(i) 



2 DEFINITIONS. 

Antilithic. — An agent that prevents the formation or favors the re- 
moval of stones or calculi in the urinary or biliary tracts. Examples : Lithium 
citrate, hexamethylenamine, alkaline waters, and glycerin are usually placed 
in this class. 

Antimalarial. — An agent that will prevent or relieve malaria. 
Examples: Quinine, arsenic. 

Antiphlogistic. — An agent that tends to relieve inflammation. Ex- 
amples: Cataplasma of kaolin, ichthyol. 

Antipyretic or Febrifuge. — An agent that will reduce febrile tempera- 
tures. Examples : Quinine, antipyrine, acetylsalicylic acid. 

Antirheumatic. — An agent that will prevent or relieve rheumatism. 
Examples: Sodium salicylate, acetylsalicylic acid, colchicum. 

Antiscorbutic. — An agent that will prevent or relieve scurvy. Ex- 
amples: Citric acid, orange-juice. 

Antiseptic. — An agent that will prevent the growth or arrest the 
development of micro-organisms. Examples: Sodium benzoate, boric 
acid, or almost any germicide in diluted form. 

Antisialagogue or Antisialic. — An agent that lessens the flow of saliva. 
Examples : Belladonna, sodiurh bicarbonate. 

Antispasmodic. — An agent that will relieve muscular spasm. Ex- 
amples: Morphine, atropine, asafetida, bromides. 

Antisyphilitic. — An agent that will prevent or relieve syphilis. Ex- 
amples: Mercury, arsenic, iodides. 

Antizymotic. — An agent that will prevent or arrest fermentation. 
Examples: Salicylic acid, alcohol. 

Aperient. — A very mild purgative. Examples: Honey, potassium 
bitartrate, magnesium oxide. The term seems to be particularly applied 
to mild purgative waters. 

Aphrodisiac. — An agent that will increase sexual desire or power. 
Examples : Nux vomica, phosphorus, alcohol, and cantharides are usually 
placed in this class. 

Aqua — Water; Medicated Water. — Used in this sense a water is an 
aqueous solution of a volatile substance. They usually contain only a 
comparatively small percentage of the active drug. Many of them are 
merely water saturated with a volatile oil. They are used more as vehicles 
and to give odor and taste to solutions. There are nineteen official 
waters. 

Astringent. — An agent that will produce contraction or condensation 
of tissue: Examples: Alum, tannic acid, ferrous sulphate. 

Balsams. — Natural resinous substances derived from plants, and 
containing benzoic, cinnamic or analogous acids. Examples: Balsam of 
Peru, Balsam of Tolu. 

Bark. — The outer cover of the woody parts of a plant. Examples: 
Cinchona, wild cherry, cascara sagrada. 

Base or Basic Substance. — A compound usually composed of a metal 
with oxygen, or oxygen and hydrogen, and possessing the following proper- 
ties : With an acid it forms a salt; it has (when soluble in water) an 
alkaline taste and reaction. 



DEFINITIONS. 3 

Bulb. — A short, thick, underground stem, composed of layers. Ex- 
ample: Squill. 

Carminative. — An agent that will remove gases from the gastro- 
intestinal tract. Examples : Asafetida, peppermint, cardamom. 

Cathartic. — An active purgative, usually producing several evacuations, 
and may or may not be accompanied by pain or tenesmus. Examples : 
Castor oil, calomel, cascara sagrada. 

Caustic. — An agent that will destroy living tissue. Examples : Silver 
nitrate, potassium hydroxide, nitric acid. 

Ceratum — Cerate. — Cerates are unctuous substances of such consist- 
ency that they may be easily spread, at ordinary temperature, upon mus- 
lin, or similar material, with a spatula, and yet not so soft as to liquefy 
and run when applied to the skin. They are not often prescribed. Three 
cerates are official. 

Charta Paper. — Papers are preparations intended principally for ex- 
ternal application, made either by saturating paper with medicinal sub- 
stances or by applying the latter to the surface of the paper by the addi- 
tion of some adhesive liquid. These should not be confounded with 
chartula, meaning "a little paper" folded so as to form a receptacle con- 
taining a dose of a medicinal substance. There is no official paper. 

Cholagogue. — A purgative that stimulates the flow of bile. Examples: 
Calomel, inspissated oxgall, sodium glycocholate, and sodium tauro- 
cholate are usually placed in this class. 

Collodium — Collodion. — These are preparations intended for external 
use, having for their base a solution of pyroxylin or gun-cotton, in a 
mixture of ether and alcohol. Three are official. 

Confectio — Confection. — Confections are saccharine soft solids in which 
one or more medicinal substances are incorporated with the object of 
affording an agreeable form for their administration and a convenient 
method for their preservation. They are not often prescribed, and are not 
official. 

Corm. — A short, solid, underground stem. Example: Colchicum. 

Counterirritant. — An agent that is applied locally to produce in- 
flammatory reaction, with the object of affecting some other part usually 
adjacent to or underlying the surface irritated. Examples: Mustard, 
chloroform, cantharides. 

Decoctum — Decoction. — Decoctions are liquid preparations made by 
boiling vegetable substances with water. When the strength and method 
of preparation are not otherwise specified, they are made by boiling 5 
parts of the coarsely comminuted drug for fifteen minutes with enough 
water to make 100 parts. There are no official decoctions. 

Deliriant or Delirifacient. — An agent that will produce delirium. Ex- 
amples : Hyoscine, atropine. 

Demulcent. — An agent that will soothe the part to which applied. 
The term is usually restricted to agents acting on mucous membrane. 
Examples:- Mucilage of acacia, mucilage of tragacanth, milk. 

Deodorant. — An agent that removes odor. Examples: Potassium per- 
manganate, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide. 



4 DEFINITIONS. 

Depressant. — An agent that will depress a body function. Accord- 
ing to action they are subdivided as motor, cerebral, etc. Examples: 
Bromides, aconite, hydrated chloral. 

Diaphoretic or Sudorific. — An agent that will increase perspira- 
tion. The term sudorific is usually confined to those active agents that 
cause drops of perspiration to collect on the skin. Examples : Pilocarpine, 
opium, camphor. 

Digestant. — An agent that will digest food or aid in digestion. Ex- 
amples: Pepsin, pancreatin. 

Disinfectant. — An agent that destroys the organisms capable of pro- 
ducing disease. Examples: Formaldehyde, sulphur dioxide, phenol, 
iodine. 

Diuretic. — An agent that increases the flow of urine. Examples: 
Hexamethylenamine, theobromine sodiosalicylate, potassium acetate. 

Drastic. — A very active purgative, usually producing many evacu- 
ations, and accompanied by pain and tenesmus. Examples : Croton oil, 
elaterin. 

Ecbolic or Abortifacient.— An agent that will cause the pregnant uterus 
to expel its contents. Examples : Ergot, cotton-root bark, tansy. 

Elixir (Elix.) — Elixir. — Elixirs are aromatic, sweetened, spirituous 
solutions containing small amounts of medicinal substances. They con- 
stitute one of. the most commonly used classes of preparations, and con- 
tribute largely toward the possibility of pleasant medication. The 
National Formulary contains many of the more popular formulae, but 
only two elixirs are official. 

Emetic. — An agent that will cause vomiting. Examples: Apomor- 
phine hydrochloride, ipecac, sodium chloride, mustard. 

Emmenagogue. — An agent that stimulates the menstrual function. 
Examples: Viburnum, preparations of iron, manganese dioxide, ergot. 

Emollient. — An agent that will soften and soothe the part when ap- 
plied locally. The term is usually confined to agents affecting the surface 
of the body. Examples: Ointment of rose-water, petrolatum, olive oil. 

Emplastrum (Emplast.) — Plaster. — Plasters are preparations for exter- 
nal application, and of such consistency that they require heat in spread- 
ing them, and adhere to the skin when applied. They are not often pre- 
scribed. Seven plasters are official. 

Emulsum (Emul.) — Emulsion. — Emulsions are aqueous liquids in 
which immiscible substances are held in suspension by the use of some 
viscid agent. The immiscible substance is usually an oil and the viscid 
agent is usually a gum. There are four official emulsions. 

Epispastic. — An agent that, applied locally, will produce a serous or 
puriform discharge by exciting inflammation. Examples: Red mercuric 
iodide, iodine. 

Errhine. — An agent that will increase the secretion of the mucous 
membrane lining the nose. The term is usually employed as synonymous 
with sternutatory. Examples: Quillaja, salicylic acid. 

Escharotic. — An agent that will destroy tissue with the production 
of a slough. The term is often used synonymously with caustic, but 



DEFINITIONS. 5 

usually indicates a more extensive action. Examples: Arsenic trioxide, 
zinc chloride. 

Ester or Compound Ether. — A substance composed of an alcohol 
and acid radical in combination with O. Examples: Acetic ether, amyl 
ether. 

Ether. — As a class name it means a substance composed of two alcohol 
radicals in combination with O. As the name of a definite substance 
it means ethyl ether. 

Excitant. — An agent that will excite a special function of the body. 
They are subdivided according to action as motor, cerebral, etc. Ex- 
amples: Alcohol, strychnine, cocaine. 

Expectorant. — An agent that facilitates the removal of the secretions 
of the bronchopulmonary mucous membrane. Examples : Ammonium 
chloride, ammonium carbonate, ipecac. Expectorants are sometimes 
classed as sedative expectorants and stimulating expectorants. 

Extractum (Ext.) — Extract. — Extracts are solid or semi-solid prepara- 
tions produced by evaporating solutions of vegetable principles. The 
official extracts are either powders or soft solids. The majority of them 
can be obtained in powdered form and many prescribers prefer them 
that way. Extracts are usually about five times the strength of the 
crude drug. Twenty-five are official. 

Flower. — That part of a plant which comprises the organs of repro- 
duction. Examples: Arnica, anthemis, matricaria. 

Fluidextractum (Flext.) — Fluidextract. — These are solutions of the 
soluble constituents of organic drugs of such strength that each mil repre- 
sents 1 gramme of the drug. The majority of the fluidextracts contain a 
comparatively large percentage of alcohol and many of these give pre- 
cipitates with water. Most of them contain tannic acid ; so, should not be 
used with agents incompatible with that drug. Forty-nine fluidextracts are 
official. 

Fruit. — A product of a plant for the propagation of its kind. It is 
the seed usually with the part containing it. Examples: Colocynth, 
vanilla, capsicum. 

Galactagogue. — An agent that stimulates the secretion of milk. 
Examples : Mild malt drinks. 

Germicide. — An agent that will kill germs. Examples: Phenol, cor- 
rosive mercuric chloride, potassium permanganate, iodine. 

Glucoside. — A substance (usually of vegetable origin) that is capable 
of being split up into two or more simpler bodies, one of which is glucose. 
Examples: Santonin, salicin, digitalin. 

Glyceritum (Glyc.) — Glycerite. — Glycerites are solutions of medicinal 
substances in glycerin. They are not often prescribed. Five glycerites 
are official. 

Gum. — An amorphous, non-volatile solid or soft-solid substance 
obtained as a natural exudate from a plant, and possessing the properties 
of being more or less soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol and, when 
moist, having adhesive qualities. Examples: Acacia, tragacanth. 

Gum-resin. — A natural mixture of gum and resin. Examples: 
Asafetida, myrrh. 



6 DEFINITIONS. 

Haematinic. — An agent that will increase the hematin in the blood. 
Example: Iron. 

Haemostatic. — An agent that will arrest bleeding without being di- 
rectly applied to the bleeding area. Ex?mples : Calcium lactate, horse- 
serum, ergot. 

Herb. — A plant of tender, juicy nature, only living one season. Ex- 
amples: Peppermint, lobelia, pennyroyal. 

Hydragogue. — An agent that produces watery evacuations of the 
intestinal contents. Examples: Magnesium sulphate, solution of 
magnesium citrate, sodium phosphate. 

Hypnotic. — An agent that will produce sleep. Examples: Sulphon- 
ethylmethanum, morphine, hydrated chloral. 

Infusum (Inf.) — Infusion. — Infusions are liquid preparations made by 
treating vegetable substances with either hot or cold water. The drug 
is not subjected to boiling, as in making decoctions. When the strength 
and method of preparations is not otherwise specified, they are made 
by treating 5 parts of the coarsely comminuted drug with boiling water 
to make 100 parts. Two are official. 

Irritant. — An agent which, when used locally, produces more or less 
local inflammatory reaction. Examples: Iodine, chloroform, mustard. 

Laxative. — A mild purgative, usually producing one or two evacu- 
ations without pain or tenesmus. Examples: Olive oil, liquid petrolatum, 
and small doses of many of the more active purgatives. 

Leaf. — A plant organ usually shooting out from the side of a stem 
or branch. Usually somewhat flattened and oval in shape and green in 
color. Examples: Belladonna, hyoscyamus, digitalis. 

Leaflet. — One of the subdivisions of a compound leaf. Examples: 
Senna, pilocarpus. 

Linimentum (Lin.)— Liniment. — Liniments are liquid preparations for 
external use and usually applied with rubbing. Eight are official. 

Liquor (Liq.) — Solution. — This class consists of aqueous solutions of 
non-volatile subtances. They present the greatest variety in strength, 
character, and method of preparation. They are usually very active 
medicinal preparations. There are twenty-five official solutions. 

Lithontriptic. — An agent that tends to dissolve calculi in the urinary 
or bile tracts. Examples : Lithium citrate, potassium citrate, and ammonium 
benzoate are usually placed in this class. 

Massa (Mas.) — Mass. — Masses are soft-solid preparations for internal 
use, and of such consistency that they may be molded into pills. They 
are frequently prescribed alone or with other agents, and may be given 
in pill form or put into capsules. Two masses are official. 

Mistura, (Mist.) — Mixture. — This class includes the aqueous liquid 
preparations intended for internal use, and containing suspended in- 
soluble substances. They should always be shaken before using. There 
are two official mixtures. 

Mucilago (Mucil.) — Mucilage. — These are thick, viscid, adhesive 
liquids, containing gum or mucilaginous principles dissolved in water. 
They are usually employed to hold insoluble substances in suspension 
in aqueous liquids. There are two official mucilages. 



! 



DEFINITIONS. 7 

Mydriatic. — An agent that will dilate the pupil of the eye. Examples: 
Atropine, homatropine hydrobromide. 

Myotic. — An agent that will contract the pupil of the eye. Examples: 
Physostigmine, pilocarpine. 

Narcotic. — An agent that will cause stupor. Examples: Morphine, 
hydrated chloral. 

Neutral Principle. — A proximate principle of neutral reaction, not 
otherwise classified. Examples: Aloin, elaterin. 

Nutrient. — An agent that supplies to the body material for building 
tissue. Examples: Codliver oil, olive oil, gelatin, milk. 

Oil. — A greasy liquid not miscible with water, usually obtained from 
a vegetable or animal source. According to character, they are sub- 
divided principally as fixed and volatile (or essential). Examples: 
Fixed — castor oil, olive oil, codliver oil. Volatile — oils of mustard, pep- 
permint, rose. 

Oleatum — Oleate. — Oleates are preparations made by dissolving metallic 
salts or alkaloids in oleic acid. One is official. 

Oleoresin. — A natural mixture of oil and resin. Examples: Oleo- 
resins of aspidium, turpentine, ginger. 

Oxytocic. — An agent that hastens the process of labor. Examples : 
Pituitrin, quinine. 

Parasiticide. — An agent that will kill parasites. Examples: Sulphur, 
iodine, mercurial ointment. 

Pilulae (Pil.) — Pills. — Pills are small, solid bodies of a globular, ovoid 
or lenticular shape, which are intended to be swallowed and thereby pro- 
duce medicinal action. They may be ordered to be made extemporane- 
ously by the druggist, or the ready-prepared pills may be used. The 
latter usually are coated with sugar, gelatin, chocolate, etc. The gelatin- 
coated pills are the most desirable, as a rule, for many reasons. Pills 
are hardly prescribed as much as formerly. Administration of drugs in 
capsules possesses all the advantages and few of the disadvantages of 
the older method. There are, of course, some exceptions to this rule, 
as will be noted elsewhere. Seven pills are official. 

Protective. — An agent that will mechanically protect the part to 
which applied. Examples: Collodion, plasters. 

Pulvis (Pulv.) — Powder. — The official powders are mixtures of pow- 
dered medicinal substances. Seven are official. 

Purgative. — An agent that will cause an evacuation of the intestinal 
contents. Examples: Calomel, castor oil, magnesium sulphate. 

Pustulant. — An agent that will produce pustules. Examples: Croton 
oil, antimonium and potassium tartrate. 

Reconstituent Tonic. — An agent that improves or strengthens one 
or more parts or functions of the body by replacing lost material. Ex- 
amples : Iron, phosphorus, calcium. 

Refrigerant. — An agent which, when taken by mouth, produces a 
sensation of coolness. Examples: Peppermint, spearmint, fruit juices. 
Refrigerants usually tend to allay thirst. 

Resin. — An amorphous, 'non-volatile solid or soft-solid substance, 
obtained as a natural exudation from or by treatment of plants. It is prac- 



8 DEFINITIONS. 

tically insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol. Examples: Guaiac, 
rosin. 

As a class name, with the exception of the official "Rosin," a resin is 
a powder consisting principally of the resinous principles of a vegetable 
drug. They are prepared by adding water to the alcoholic preparation of 
a drug and collecting, drying, and powdering the precipitate ; so they con- 
sist of those principles which are soluble in alcohol and insoluble in water. 
Four are official. 

Resorbent. — An agent that tends to promote the absorption of ab- 
normal matter, as exudates or blood-clots. Examples: Potassium iodide, 
ammonium chloride. 

Restorative. — An agent that restores lost tone or function. Examples: 
Preparations of iron, arsenic, mercury, etc. 

Rhizome. — A more or less underground and horizontal root-stem of 
a plant. Examples : Hydrastis, valerian, ginger. 

Root. — The underground part of a plant. Usually applied to the 
principal underground plant axis. Examples: Stillingia, glycyrrhiza, 
belladonna. 

Rubefacient. — An agent that, when applied to the skin, produces red- 
ness. Examples: Chloroform, mustard, menthol. 

Saline. — A mineral salt that will produce an evacuation of the intes- 
tinal contents. Examples: Magnesium sulphate, sodium sulphate, potas- 
'sium and sodium tartrate. 

Sedative. — An agent that will allay irritability or excitement. Ac- 
cording to action, they are subdivided as general, local, nervous, vascu- 
lar, etc. Examples: Bromides, morphine, codeine, hydrated chloral. 

Seed. — The part of the fruit containing the germ. Examples: Nux 
vomica, mustard, colchicum seed. 

Sialagogue. — An agent that increases the flow of saliva. Examples : 
Pilocarpine, potassium iodide, citric acid. 

Spiritus (Spir.) — Spirit. — Spirits are alcoholic solutions of volatile sub- 
stances. Most of them contain matter insoluble in water. While there 
is no uniform strength for spirits, they are usually about 5 to 10 per 
cent. Fifteen are official. 

Stearopten. — A concrete or solid substance obtained from a volatile 
oil. Examples: Menthol, thymol. 

Sternutatory. — An agent that will cause sneezing. Examples: Quil- 
laja, salicylic acid. 

Stimulant. — An agent that will excite one or more portions .of the 
body. These agents are usually subdivided as to special action, as 
cerebral stimulants, cardiac stimulants, etc. Examples: Atropine, strych- 
nine, caffeine. 

Styptic. — An agent that will arrest bleeding when applied locally. 
Examples: Ferrous sulphate, alum, tannic acid, iodine. 

Suppositoria (Suppos.) — Suppositories. — Suppositories are solid bodies 
intended to be introduced into the rectum, vagina, or urethra to produce 
medicinal action. This is often a very convenient and efficient form for 
administering remedies and, with the exception of the official glycerin 



DEFINITIONS. 9 

suppository, they are usually better prepared extemporaneously by the 
pharmacist. Oil of theobroma is the vehicle usually employed with the 
medicinal substances, and the amount of this should be left to the dis- 
cretion of the compounder. One is official. 

Syrupus (Syr.) — Syrup. — Syrups are concentrated solutions of sugar 
in water or aqueous liquids. They usually do not represent a very high 
percentage of the active drug. Some are used merely to give a pleasant 
odor and taste to solutions. There are twenty-two official syrups. 

Tabellae (Tab.)^Tablets. — Tablets are small, disk-like masses of 
medicinal powders. 

Tablet Triturates (T. T.) are made by moistening the powder with a 
volatile liquid, as alcohol, and then molding into shape and allowing the 
liquid to evaporate. They are seldom made to contain more than 1 grain 
of the active agent. They will usually disintegrate readily and are a 
very desirable form for administering certain drugs. 

Coated Tablets are usually made by coating compressed tablets with 
sugar, chocolate, etc. (S. C. T.; C. C. T.; G. C. T.). 

Compressed Tablets (C. T.) are made by forcibly compressing the 
powdered substances into the desired shape. They are usually made to 
contain from 1 to 10 grains of the active drug. They are frequently very 
hard and sometimes not readily soluble. 

Dispensing Tablets (D. T.) are those that contain a comparatively 
large amount of the active drug, as 1 grain of strychnine sulphate. They 
are used by pharmacists and dispensing physicians to avoid the necessity 
of weighing small amounts of a potent drug in filling prescriptions. There 
is one official tablet. 

Hypodermic Tablets (H. T.) are usually made as are tablet triturates. 
They frequently contain, in addition, some agents that produce chemical 
action when water is added and cause a rapid disintegration of the mass. 

Taenifuge or Taeniafuge. — An agent that will effect the removal of tape- 
worms. Examples : Pelletierine tannate, oleoresin of male fern. 

Tinctura (Tinct.) — Tincture. — Tinctures are alcoholic solutions of non- 
volatile substances (tincture of iodine is an exception). They are the 
most commonly used class of preparations. They usually contain tannic 
acid; so, in most instances, cannot be employed with agents that are 
incompatible with that drug. Those tinctures that contain much resinous 
matter or oils will precipitate with water. Some examples are tinctures 
of ginger, benzoin, guaiac, etc. Tinctures of the most potent drugs usu- 
ally represent 10 per cent, of the crude drug, as tinctures of opium, digi- 
talis, aconite, etc. Where more than a fluidrachm of a 10 per cent, tincture 
would have to be taken to get a dose of the drug, the tincture is usually 
made to represent 20 per cent., or more, of the agent. 

As to the dosage, the majority of tinctures can be roughly put into 
two groups: those the dose of which is about 10 minims and those of 
fluidrachm doses. Fifty-four tinctures are official. * 

Tonic.— -rAn agent that improves or strengthens one or more parts 
or functions of the body. According to action these are subdivided as 
general, cardiac, etc. Examples : Preparations of iron, arsenic, digitalis. 



10 DEFINITIONS. 

Trituratio (Trit.) — Trituration. — Triturations are powdered prepara- 
tions containing 10 per cent, of the active drug and 90 per cent, of sugar 
of milk. One is official. 

Trochisci (Troch.) — Troches. — Troches, or lozenges, are solid, discoid, 
or cylindrical masses consisting chiefly of medicinal powders, sugars, and 
mucilage. They are intended to be used by placing them in the mouth 
and allowing them to remain until, through slow solution or disintegra- 
tion, their purpose of mild medication is effected. They are not often 
prescribed. Five troches are official. 

Tuberous Root. — A thickened primary root. Examples: Aconite, 
jalap. 

Unguentum (Ung.) — Ointment. — Ointments are fatty, soft-solid prep- 
arations intended to be applied to the skin by inunction. Twenty oint- 
ments are official. 

Vermicide. — An agent that will kill intestinal worms. Examples: 
Santonin, thymol. 

There can be no sharp distinction between the last two terms, and they 
are used as practically synonymous. 

Vermifuge. — An agent that will effect the removal of intestinal 
worms. Examples: Castor oil, calomel, jalap. 

Vesicant. — An agent that will produce blisters. Examples: Mustard, 
cantharides. 

Vinum — Wine. — The medicated wines are solutions of medicinal sub- 
stances in wine. They are not often prescribed. None are official. 



INTRODUCTION TO PART I. 



In the following pages are included all official drugs, also some 
few others that are frequently employed by prescribers. 

In the case of the frequently used agents the effort has been 
made to give complete information as to how to employ them to 
meet the conditions for which they are commonly used. No effort 
has been made to show the use in each disease, but only to give 
the practical information and illustrations that will enable the busy 
practitioner to apply theory, and, sitting at the bedside, write pre- 
scriptions for the well-known medicinal agents in a way that will 
reflect credit on himself and serve the best interest of the patient. 

Drugs f that are seldom prescribed are not discussed in detail. 

While this is not intended as a work on therapeutics, the pre- 
scriptions given are selected from many thousands and are, with few 
exceptions, formulae that are of tried therapeutic merit. The thera- 
peutic indications in the index are arranged to convert this part of 
the work into a formulary of considerable scope. 

Effort has been made to have each prescription correct from 
every standpoint, and so given that it can be transcribed on a pre- 
scription blank, letter for letter, and sent to the drug-store — a docu- 
ment above criticism. 



(ii) 



PART I. 
Materia Medica, 



ACACIA. 



Latin, Acacia (Gen., Acacise; Abbrev., Acac). Eng., Acacia. 
Synonym, Gum Arabic. A dried, gummy exudation from Acacia 
Senegal, and of other African species of Acacia. These are trees 
growing in Africa. 

Form. — A gummy solid substance that is marketed in the form 
of translucent masses (tears), granular powder or fine, white 
powder. The granular form is the most convenient for general use. 

Odor and Taste. — Almost odorless and tasteless. 

Solubility. — Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Should not be prescribed with strongly alco- 
holic liquids, ammonia, lead subacetate, solutions of ferric salts, or 
sodium borate. 

Dose. — Ad libitum. 

Official Preparations. 

Mucilago Acaciae (Gen., Mucilaginis Acacias; Abbrev., Mucil. Acac). 
Eng., Mucilage of Acacia. Acacia, 350 Gm.; Distilled Water, to make 
1000 Gm. 

Syrupus Acaciae (Gen., Syrupi Acacise; Abbrev., Syr. Acac). Eng., 
Syrup of Acacia. Acacia, 100 Gm.; Sugar, 800 Gm.; Distilled Water, to 
make 1000 mils. 

Also used in several other official preparations. 

Average Dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Demulcent. 

Uses. — Chiefly used to give viscosity or body to liquids, so 
that after shaking the bottle insoluble matter will remain sus- 
pended long enough for a dose to be poured out before it settles. 
It is also a favorite emulsifying agent and is sometimes used for 
its demulcent properties. 

Mucilage of acacia does not keep well, particularly in warm 
weather, and preparations containing it often spoil in a few days. 

(13) 



14 



ACETANILIDUM. 



Administration. — The following will illustrate some common 
modes of prescribing: 

In the treatment of stomatitis (child 3 years old) : 



Ri or 

Potas. Chloratis gr. xxiv 1 

Tinct. Myrrhae nx x 

Syr. Acaciae f Sj 30 

Aquae q. s. f Siij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every three hours. 

In the treatment of the diarrhea of typhoid fever : 

52 or 

Bismuthi Subnit gr. clx 10 

Phenolis Liq rrx viij 

Tinct. Opii Deod fSj 4 

Mucil. Acaciae fSj 30 

Aquae q. s. f 5iv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every three hours. (Shake-label.) 

In the treatment of acute bronchitis : 

1*3 or 

Terebeni f 3ij 8 

Creosoti f'3ss 2 

Acaciae q. s. 

Aquae Chlorof ormi q. s. f §iij 90 

• M. ft. emul. 
Sig. — Teaspoonful with water every four hours. 



ACETANILIDUM. 

Latin, Acetanilidum (Gen., Acetanilidi ; Abbrev., Acetanil.). 
Eng., Acetanilid. Synonym, Antifebrin. Formula, C 8 H 9 ON. A 
derivative of aniline. 

Form. — Shining, crystalline laminae or crystalline powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and almost tasteless. 

Solubility. — In 190 parts of water or in 3.4 parts of alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Alkaline bromides and iodides in aqueous solu- 
tions, chloroform, hydrated chloral, phenol, resorcin, thymol, spirit 
of nitrous ether. 



1 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 

2 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 

3 Ibid. 



ACETANILIDUM. 15 

Average Dose. — 3 grains (0.2 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Analgesic, antipyretic, antiseptic. 

Uses. — At one time acetanilid was the principal constituent 
of most proprietary headache remedies. The present require- 
ments of the federal and state drug laws and the press campaign 
against it have now largely restricted its employment in pro- 
prietaries. Its chief use by the profession is in the treatment of 
certain forms of headache. Sometimes used to reduce fever and 
in antiseptic dusting powders and ointments. 

Toxicology. — Poisoning by the coal-tar antipyretics is usually 
diagnosed by the history of an excessive amount of headache 
medicine having been taken. Some of the symptoms are : cya- 
nosis; cold, moist skin; weak pulse; general depression. There 
may be a skin eruption. Treatment consists in emptying the 
stomach and stimulating, usually by ammonia, caffeine, strych- 
nine, etc. The patient should be kept warm. 

Administration. — Acetanilid is usually prescribed in capsules 
or powders. 

The following illustrates some of the best combinations for 
administering the drug: 

The following has been recommended for headache : 

$i or 

Acetanilidi gr. xxxvj 2 25 

Caffeinae Citratae, 

Camphorse Monobromatse aa. gr. vj 40 

Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. xxiv 1 50 

M. ft. cap. no. xij. 

Sig. — One every half-hour until six (6) are taken. 

The remaining capsules may be ordered to be taken every few 
hours as indicated. 

In the treatment of postanesthetic vomiting : 

R2 or 

Cocainae Hydrochlor gr. j |065 

Acetanilidi gr. x |650 

Cerii Oxalatis gr. xx 1 1300 

fl ft. cht. no. iv. 
lg. — One every two hours when indicated. 



1 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 
2Ashton: Practice of Gynecology. 



16 ACETANILIDUM. 

Acetanilid is sometimes ordered in aromatic spirit of am- 
monia, as in the following, which has been extensively used for 
headache, nervousness, hiccough, etc., particularly when fol- 
lowing alcoholism: 

n or 

Acetanilidi 3ss 2 

Spir. Ammon. Arom f 3iv 15 

Cafifeinae Citratse gr. xvj 1 

Sodii Bromidi gr. lxxx 5 

Elix. Aromatici q. s. fSij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls in water every two hours until relieved. 

This is written in the order in which it should be prepared 
by the compounder. 

Acetanilid is sometimes prescribed in suspension, as in the fol- 
lowing, which has been employed in the beginning of colds : 



$ or 



Pulv. Acetan. Co gr. xxx 2 

Ammonii Carb gr. xxiv 1 5 

Tinct. Hyoscyami f 3j 4 

Spir. Vini Gallici f&j 60 

Syr. Tolutani q. s. fSiij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful in water every three hours until relieved. (Shake- 
label.) 

The preparation does not present a very elegant appearance, 
but seems clinically of value. 

Compressed tablets are kept by pharmacists, containing from 
2 to 5 grains of the drug, either alone or with agents, as citrated 
caffeine,' etc. They are often very hard and undesirable. 

Acetanilid is sometimes used with other agents in dusting 
powders, as : 

$ or 

Acetanilidi Pulv 3j 4| 

Acidi Borici 3ij 8| 

Amyli q. s. 5j 30| 

M. tere bene. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

Some ointments are shown in the following: 



ACETONUM. 



ACETPHENETIDINUM. 



17 



In the treatment of erythema : 
$1 or 

Acetanilidi, gr. xxx 2 

Acidi Borici gr. xx 1 

Adipis Lanae Hyd 3ss 15 

Ung. Aquae Rosse q. s. §j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply thin several times daily. 

As a bland ointment in the treatment of comedo : 
1*2 or , 

Acetanilidi gr. xx 1 

Bismuthi Subnit 3j 4 

Ung. Aquae Rosae q. s. 5j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

In the treatment of erythema scarlatiniforme : 
R3 or 

Cocainse Hydrochlor gr. iv 2 

Acetanilidi gr. xx 1 

Zinci Oxidi 3iss 6 

Ung. Zinci Oxidi q. s. 3ij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Apply thin on a cloth. 



ACETONUM. 

Latin, Acetonum (Gen., Acetoni ; Abbrev., Aceton.). Eng., 
Acetone. A colorless liquid containing not less than 99 per cent, 
by weight of absolute Acetone. 

Therapeutic Action. — Said to be anesthetic and- hypnotic. 

Uses. — Acetone is extensively used in pharmaceutical manu- 
facturing, but is not often a prescription ingredient. 



ACETPHENETIDINUM. 

Latin, Acetphenetidinum (Gen., Acetphenetidini ; Abbrev., Acet- 
phen.). Eng,, Acetphenetidin. Synonym, Phenacetin. Formula, 
CioH 13 2 N. ' A coal-tar derivative. 

Form. — White scales or white crystalline powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Almost odorless and tasteless. 



i Ohmann-Dumesnil : 

2 Ohmann-Dumiesnil : 

3 IUd. 



Diseases of the Skin. 
Diseases of the Skin. 



18 ACETPHENETIDINUM. 

Solubility. — In 1310 parts of water or 15 parts of alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Hydrated chloral, iodine, phenol, salicylic acid, 
and oxidizing agents. 

Average Dose. — 5 grains (0.3 Gin.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Analgesic, antipyretic, sedative. 

Uses, — Extensively employed for the relief of headache. 
Used in the treatment of colds, "grip," tonsillitis, bronchitis, etc., 
either to relieve pain or reduce temperature or both. Sometimes 
used for nervousness. It is considered safer than acetanilid. 

Administration. — Owing to the lack of odor and taste and its 
limited solubility it is prescribed almost exclusively in capsules 
or powders. 

Acetphenetidin when used alone may be ordered as : 

B or 

Acetphenetidini '3ss 2| 

Ft. cht. no. iv. 

Sig. — One every three hours until relieved. 

In the treatment of coryza : 
I£i or 

Acetphenetidini gr. xxxvj 2|5 

Phenylis Salicyl 3j 4|0 

M. ft. cht. no. xij. 

Sig. — One every two hours. 

In the treatment of influenza : 
Ifc2 or 

Caffeinse Citratae gr. x |65 

Camphorse, gr. x |65 

Acetphenetidini gr. xxx 2|00 

M. ft. cap. no. x. 

Sig. — One every two hours. 

Used in the treatment of influenza: 
$3 or 

Acetphenetidini, 

Phenylis Salicyl aa. gr. xlv 3 

Pulv. Ipecac, et Opii gr. viij 5 

M. ft. cap. no. xv. 

Sig. — One every three hours. 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

2 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 

3 Ibid. 



ACIDUM ACETICUM. ACIDUM BORICUM. 19 

In the treatment of migraine: 

Ifci or 

Caffeinae Citratae gr. v 32 

Acetphenetidini gr. xx 1 30 

Camphorae Monobromatae gr. xx 1 30 

M. ft. cap. no. x. 

Sig. — One every two hours until relieved. 



ACIDUM ACETICUM. 

Latin, Acidum Aceticum (Gen., Acidi Acetici; Abbrev., Acid. 
Acet). Eng., Acetic Acid. Formula, HC 2 H 3 2 . An aqueous 
solution containing not less than 36 per cent, by weight of absolute 
Acetic Acid. 

Acidum Aceticum Dilutum. — (Gen., Acidi Acetici Diluti). 
Eng., Diluted Acetic Acid. An aqueous solution containing about 6 
per cent, of absolute Acetic Acid. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Acidum Aceticum Glaciale. — Eng., Glacial Acetic Acid. A 
liquid containing not less than 99 per cent, of absolute Acetic Acid. 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, astringent, refrigerant, irri- 
tant, caustic. 

Uses. — The acetic acids are not often prescribed as such. 
They are used in pharmaceutical manufacturing, as reagents, and 
sometimes in the treatment of local conditions, as ulcers, new 
growths, etc. Seldom prescribed. 

ACIDUM BENZOICUM. 

See Benzoinum, p. 90. 

ACIDUM BORICUM. 

Latin, Acidum Boricum (Gen., Acidi Borici). Eng., Boric Acid. 
Synonym, Boracic Acid. Formula, H 3 B0 3 . 

Form. — May be in scales or crystals, but usually a light, white, 
very fine powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and almost tasteless. 

Solubility. — In 18 parts of water, 18 parts of alcohol, and 4 
parts of glycerin. 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



20 



ACIDUM BORICUM. 



Iricompatibles. — Alkali hydroxides and carbonates. 
Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Glyceritum Boroglycerini (Gen., Glyceriti Boroglycerini). Eng., Glycer- 
ite of Boroglycerin. Synonym, Solution of Boroglyceride. Boric Acid, 
310 Gm.; Glycerin, to make 1000 Gm. 

Unguentum Acidi Borici (Gen., Unguenti Acidi Borici). Eng., Oint- 
ment of Boric Acid. Boric Acid, 100 Gm.; Paraffin, 50 Gm.; White 
Petrolatum, 850 Gm. 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, mild germicide, and recom- 
mended as a urinary antiseptic. 

Uses. — Boric acid, by mouth or irrigation, is used in the treat- 
ment of gonorrhea, cystitis, and some other conditions of the 
urinary tract, particularly when it is desired to increase the 
acidity of the urine. It is used as a wash for eye troubles, sores, 
etc. In the form of the boroglyceride tampons it is employed in 
vaginitis, metritis, etc. In ointments or dusting powders it is 
used for sores, dermatitis, prickly heat, and many other super- 
ficial conditions. It enters into many mouth-washes, nasal 
sprays, antiseptic solutions, etc., that are employed in the treat- 
ment of nasal catarrh, rhinitis, stomatitis, pyorrhea, etc. 

Administration. — Boric acid is frequently prescribed in solu- 
tion. The following will illustrate : 

The so-called "saturated solution" is probably best ordered 
as: 



B or 

Acidi Borici Siss 6 

Aquae Dest q. s. f 5iv 120 

M. ft. sol. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



In rendering the urine more acid : 

Acidi Benzoici 3ij 

Acidi Borici 3iij 

Aquae Cinnamomi f Bxij 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful in water four times daily. 

lAshton: Practice of Gynecology. 



8 
12 

360 



ACIDUM PORICUM. 

In the treatment of gonorrhea : 
$1 or 

Acidi Borici, 

Sodii Bromidi aa.gr. clx 10 

Tinct. Belladon. Fol f3j 4 

Liq. Potas. Citratis q. s. f 5vii j 240 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful in water four times daily. 

As a mouth-wash in pyorrhoea alveolaris : 
I£2 or 

Acidi Borici 3j 4 

Phenolis Liq lUxij 

Glycerini f 3j 4 

Aquae Menthse Pip q. s. f Svj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Use as a mouth-wash. 

In the treatment of miliaria: 
B3 or 

Phenolis, gr. xv 1 

Acidi Borici '3ij 8 

Glycerini f 3ss 2 

Alcoholis f3j 30 

Aquas q. s. fSviij 240 

M. 

Sig. — Apply locally. 



21 



The following illustrates its use in dusting powders : 
As dusting powder in the treatment of "prickly heat" : 
$ or 

Acidi Salicylici gr. xv 1 

Acidi Borici Sij 8 

Zinci Oxidi 3iv 15 

Amyli Sij 60 

M. tere bene simul. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



This is best applied by putting the powder in a cloth bag and 
patting the affected parts with it several times a day, particularly 
after each bath. 



1 White and Martin: Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 

2 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

3 Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 



22 



ACIDUM CITRICUM. 



As a dusting powder in the treatment of hyperidrosis : 

Bi or 

Acidi Salicyl. Pulv gr. xx 1|3 

Acidi Borici Pulv 5v 19|0 

Zinci Oxidi 3iij 12|0 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

It is often used in ointments. 

Some combinations are shown in the following: 

In the treatment of ecthyma : 
$2 or 

Acidi Borici gr. x 65 

Bismuthi Subnit '3j 4 00 

Picis Liquidae gr. xx 1 30 

Ung. Aquae Rosae q. s. 5j 30 00 

M. 

Sig. — Apply on a cloth twice a day. 

In the treatment of erythema : 
R3 or 

Acetanilidi gr. xxx 2 

Acidi Borici gr. xx 13 

Adipis Lanse Hyd Sss 15 

Ung. Aquae Rosae q. s. Sj 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply thin several times daily. 



The following is frequently employed on vaginal tampons : 
n or 

Ichthyolis f3ij 8 

Glyc. Boroglycerini ..., < q. s. fSiv 120 

M. 

Sig. — For office use. 



ACIDUM CITRICUM. 

Latin, Acidum Citricum (Gen., Acidi Citrici). Eng., Citric Acid. 
Formula, H 3 C 6 H 5 07 + H 2 0. An organic acid usually prepared 
from the juice of limes or lemons. 

Form. — Colorless crystals. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and an agreeable acid taste. 

Solubility. — In 0.5 part of water and in 1.8 parts of alcohol. 



i Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 

2 Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 

* IMd. 



ACIDUM CITRICUM. 23 

Incompatibles. — Should not be prescribed in dry form or with 
alkaline acetates, carbonates, sulphides, tartrates, or mineral acids. 
Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Syrupus Acidi Citrici (Gen., Syrupi Acidi Citrici). Eng., Syrup of 
Citric Acid. Synonym, Syrup of Lemon. Contains 1 per cent, each of 
Citric Acid and Tincture of Lemon-peel. 

This was introduced to replace the old syrup of lemon. A pleasant 
flavor and vehicle that may be given in doses as wanted. 

Citric acid is used in the preparation of many effervescing preparations, 
solutions, syrups, etc. The effect is usually sought by prescribing the 
citrates. 

Therapeutic Action. — Refrigerant, antiscorbutic, mild laxative, 
and the citrates are systemic alkalinizers. 

Uses. — Citric acid is seldom employed as such by the physician. 
Its uses are more fully discussed under Citrates and Limonis Succus. 

Official Citrates. 

LITHII CITRAS (Gen., Lithii Citratis). Eng., Lithium Citrate. 
Formula, Li 3 C6H 5 07 + 4H 2 0. 

Form. — A white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and having a cooling, alkaline taste. 

Solubility. — In about 1.4 parts of water; very slightly soluble in alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Alcohol, carbonates, lead acetate, silver nitrate. 

Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

POTASSII CITRAS (Gen., Potassii Citratis). Eng., Potassium Citrate. 
Formula, K 3 C 6 H 5 07 + H 2 0. 

Form. — Transparent crystals or white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and a cooling, saline taste. 

Solubility. — In about 0.6 part of water; sparingly soluble in alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Alcohol, lead acetate, potassium permanganate in acid 
solution, silver nitrate. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Preparations. 

Potassii Citras Effervescens. Eng., Effervescent Potassium Citrate. 
A fine white, odorless, soluble powder, containing 20 per cent, of the salt 
with sodium bicarbonate and citric and tartaric acids. 

Average Dose. — 60 grains (4 Gm.). 

Liquor Potassii Citratis. Eng., Solution of Potassium Citrate. A 
colorless, odorless liquid containing about 8 per cent, of potassium citrate 
with small amounts of citric and carbonic acids. 

Average Dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils). 

SODII CITRAS (Gen., Sodii Citratis). Eng., Sodium Citrate. For- 
mula, Na 3 C 6 H 5 07 + 2H 2 0. 



24 ACIDUM CITRICUM. 

Form. — A white, granular powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and having a cooling, saline taste. 
Solubility. — In 1.3 parts of water, slightly soluble in alcohol. 
Incompatibles. — Alcohol, lead acetate, silver nitrate. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

BISMUTHI ET AMMONII CITRAS.— See Bismuth, p. 95. 

FERRI ET AMMONII CITRAS.— See Ferrum, p. 159. 

FERRI ET QUININES CITRAS.— See Ferrum, p, 159. 

FERRI ET QUININE CITRAS SOLUBILIS.— See Ferrum, p. 159. 

FERRI ET STRYCHNINE CITRAS.— See Ferrum, p. 159. 

Therapeutic Action. — Said to be mildly diuretic, diaphoretic, 
expectorant, refrigerant, alkalinizer. 

Uses. — The real value of the citrates in medicine seems to be 
very poorly established, some using them extensively and claiming 
much, and others placing no reliance in them at all. They are 
prescribed as such or as the "solution o>f potassium citrate" in the 
treatment of gonorrhea, cystitis, etc., particularly when it is 
desired to render the urine less acid. They are also still used in 
the treatment of renal or cystic calculi, gout, and rheumatism. 
They are largely used in cough and fever mixtures, particularly for 
colds, influenza, bronchitis, and pneumonia. They have been recom- 
mended to lessen coagulability in the early stages of pneumonia, 
and late in typhoid fever. Recommended for pellagra. Sodium 
citrate is quite extensively employed in infant feeding to prevent 
the formation of hard curds by milk. 

Administration. — The citrates of lithium, potassium, and sodium 
are the salts used for the citric acid radical. They are somewhat 
deliquescent, so are not prescribed in powders. The doses are 
rather large for capsules. Their solubility and freedom from odor 
or unpleasant taste render them well suited to administration in 
aqueous solution, which is the usual method of employment. The 
lithium citrate is on the market in 3- and 5- grain tablets, put up 
40 to the bottle. They are frequently prescribed and should always 
be ordered in this number, so that the original bottle may be 
dispensed. Lithium citrate tablets are often prescribed for rheuma- 
tism, genito-urinary disturbances, etc. 

Some prescriptions showing the usual employment of citrates 
are shown in the following: 

Tab. Lithii Cit. (gr. v) no. xl. 

Sig. — One in a glass of water every four hours. 



ACIDUM CITRICUM. 



25 



For cough, bronchitis, etc. (child; 4 years old) : 
Ifc or 

Potassii Citratis gr. lxxx 

Spir. yEtheris Nit f3ij 

Syr. Ipecacuanhae f 3ss 

. Syr. Acidi Citrici f3iv 

Aquae q. s. f Bij 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every two hours. 

In the treatment of cough : 

Ui or 

Codeinae Sulphatis gr. iss 

Potassii Citratis '3ij 

Syr. Tolutani f 5j 

Aquae q. s. f 5ii j 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every two hours. 



In the treatment of the cough of measles : 
32 

Potassii Citratis Sss 

Limonis Succi • fl>j 

Tinct. Opii Camph fSij 

Syr. Ipecacuanhae f 3-i j 

Syr. Tolutani q. s. f 3ij 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours. 



or 



II 

8|0 

30|0 

90|0 



1 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

2 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 

3 White and Martin: Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 



Something like the following has been suggested in the effort 
to abort pneumonia: 

B or 

Sodii Citratis 5j 30 

Aquae Menth. Pip q. s. fSiij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours. 

In the treatment of gonorrhea : 
R3 or 

Acidi Borici, 

Sodii Bromidi aa. 3iij 12 

Tinct. Belladon. Fol f 3j 4 

Liq. Potas. Citratis q. s. f,§viij 240 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful in water four times daily. 



26 ACIDUM GALLICUM. ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM. 

Used as an antipyretic in the acute diseases of childhood, as 
measles, scarlatina, bronchitis, etc. : 

Ui or 

Tinct. Aconiti nixvj 1 

Spir. Athens Nit fSiij 12 

Liq. Potassii Cit f&ij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours. 



ACIDUM GALLICUM. 

Latin, Acidum Gallicum (Gen., Acidi Gallici). Eng., Gallic 
Acid. An organic acid usually prepared from tannic acid. 

Form. — White or pale fawn-colored needles or prisms. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless; an astringent and slightly acidulous 
taste. 

Solubility. — In about 87 parts of water on 4.6 parts of alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Astringent, styptic; also classed as a 
hemostatic. 

Uses. — Gallic acid is now seldom employed in treatment. 
Bismuth subgallate is discussed elsewhere. 

ACIDUM HYDRIODICUM DILUTUM. 

See Iodum, p. 199. 

ACIDUM HYDROBROMICUM DILUTUM. 

See Bromum, p. 100. 

ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM. 

Latin, Acidum Hydrochloricum (Gen., Acidi Hydrochlorici). 
Eng., Hydrochloric Acid. Synonym, Muriatic Acid. 

Form. — An aqueous solution, containing not less than 31 per 
cent, nor more than 33 per cent, of HC1. 

Odor and Taste. — Pungent odor which disappears on diluting. 
Intensely acid taste. 

Solubility. — Miscible in all proportions with water or alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Alkaline carbonates, chlorates, permanganates, 



1 Hughes : Practice of Medicine. 



ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM. 27 

silver salts, lead salts, tartar emetic, alcohol, ether, carbohydrates, 
sulphur, etc. 

Official Preparation. 

Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum (Gen., Acidi Hydrochlorici Diluti). 
Eng., Diluted Hydrochloric Acid. Synonym, Diluted Muriatic Acid. An 
aqueous solution containing not less than 9.5 per cent, nor more than 
10.5 per cent, of HC1. 

Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Hydrochloric Acid is also contained in some other preparations, as Liquor 
Acidi Arsenosi and Tinctura Ferri Chloridi. 

Therapeutic Action. — Aids digestion. 

Uses. — The diluted acid is extensively used, either alone or in 
combination, in the treatment of indigestion, where there is a defi- 
ciency of normal gastric secretion. Sometimes used in tonic and 
stomachic preparations. 

Administration. — The Diluted Hydrochloric Acid is the prep- 
aration usually employed. It should be ordered to be taken well 
diluted and through a tube. The official dose is very often exceeded. 

When it is desired to give hydrochloric acid alone, it may be 
ordered as : 

n or 

Acidi Hydrochlor. Dil f&j 60| 

Sig. — Fifteen (15) drops in water after meals. 

Or: 

B or ' 

Acidi Hydrochlor. Dil fSj 30 

Aquae q. s. fSiv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 

In combination with other digestive agents it may be ordered as 

B or 

Acidi Hydrochlor. Dil f Sj 30 

Liq. Pepsini Arom. (N. F.) q. s. £5viij 240 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls in water after meals. 

Other pepsin preparations may be used instead of the Liq. Pep- 
sini Arom. in the above. 



28 ACIDUM HYD.ROCYANICUM DILUTUM. 

In combination as a digestant : 

R or 

Pepsini 3ij 

Acidi Hydrochlor. Dil., 
Tinct. Nucis Vomicae, 

Glycerini aa. fSj 30 

Aquae q. s. fSvj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 

Or: 

B 1 or 

Strychninae Sulph gr. ss |03 

Pepsini 3j 4|00 

Acidi Hydrochlor. Dil fSss 15|00 

Glycerini fgss 15(00 

Aquae Chloroformi q. s. fSiij 90 00 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 

In a tonic formula: 

$ or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. j 065 

Liq. Acidi Arsenosi f3j 4 000 

Tinct. Ferri Chlor., 
Acidi Hydrochlor. Dil., 

Syrupi aa. f3iv 8 000 

Aquas q. s. f'Svj 180 000 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls in water after meals. 

This constitutes the well-known "Elixir Four Chlorides." 



ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM DILUTUM. 

Latin, Acidum Hydrocyanicum Dilutum (Gen., Acidi Hydro- 
cyanici Diluti). Eng., Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid. Synonym, Di- 
luted Prussic Acid. A colorless liquid composed of about 2 per 
cent, of absolute Hydrocyanic Acid and about 98 per cent, of water. 

Average Dose. — \y 2 minims (0.1 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Sedative and local anesthetic. 

Uses. — Hydrocyanic acid as such is seldom used in medicine. 
Internally it is sometimes used to allay cough or nausea. Externally 
it is used to allay itching. Seldom prescribed as such, except by 
dermatologists. 



1 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



ACIDUM HYPOPHOSPHOROSUM. 29 



ACIDUM HYPOPHOSPHOROSUM. 

Latin, Acidum Hypophosphorosum (Gen., Acidi Hypophos- 
phorosi). Eng., Hypophosphorous Acid. Formula, HPH2O2. A 
colorless liquid composed of about 30 per cent, by weight of absolute 
Hypophosphorous Acid and 70 per cent, of water. 

Official Preparation. 

Acidum Hypophosphorosum Dilutum (Gen., Acidi Hypophosphorosi 
Diluti). Eng., Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid. An aqueous solution 
containing about 10 per cent, of absolute Hypophosphorous Acid. 

Average Dose. — 8 minims (0.5 mil). 

Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid is used in the syrup of ferrous iodide. 

Official Hypophosphites and Preparations. 

Incompatibles. — Arsenic salts, bromine, bromates, chlorine and chlorates, 
chromates, copper salts, ferric salts, iodine and iodates, nitric acid, perman- 
ganates, sulphuric and sulphurous acids. 

CALCII HYPOPHOSPHIS (Gen., Calcii Hypophosphitis). Eng., 
Calcium Hypophosphite. Formula, Ca(PH202)2- 

Form. — Colorless prisms, scales or white crystalline powder. 
Odor and Taste. — Odorless, a nauseous, bitter taste. 
Solubility. — In 6.5 parts of water; insoluble in alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

POTASSII HYPOPHOSPHIS (Gen., Potassii Hypophosphitis). 
Eng., Potassium Hypophosphite. Formula, KPH2O2. 
Form. — White plates, masses or granular powder. 
Odor and Taste. — Odorless ; a pungent saline taste. 
Solubility. — In 0.6 part of water or 9 parts of alcohol; deliquescent. 
Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

SODII HYPOPHOSPHIS (Gen., Sodii Hypophosphitis). Eng., 
Sodium Hypophosphite. Formula, NaPH202. 

Form. — Colorless plates or white granular powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless ; a bitterish-sweet, saline taste. 

Solubility. — In about 1 part of water; soluble in alcohol; deliquescent. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Syrupus Hypophosphitum. Eng., Syrup of Hypophosphites. Calcium 
Hypophosphite, 45 Gm.; Potassium Hypophosphite, 15 Gm.; Sodium 
Hypophosphite, 15 Gm. ; Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid, 2 mils ; Glycerin, 50 
mils ; Sugar, 600 Gm. ; Water, to make 1000 mils. 

Average Dose. — 2 l / 2 fluidrachms (10 mils). 



30 ACIDUM HYPOPHOSPHOROSUM. 

Syrupus Hypophosphitum Compositus. Eng., Compound Syrup of 
Hypophosphites. Calcium Hypophosphite, 35 Gm.; Potassium Hypo- 
phosphite, 17.50 Gm.; Sodium Hypophosphite, 17.50 Gm.; Ferric Hypo- 
phosphite, 2.25 Gm.; Manganese Hypophosphite, 2.25 Gm.; Quinine, 1.10 
Gm.; Strychnine, 0.115 Gm.; Sodium Citrate, 3.75 Gm.; Diluted Hypophos- 
phorous Acid, 15 mils; Sugar, 775 Gm. ; Water, to make 1000 mils. 

Average Dose. — 2 fluidrachms (8 mils). 

Official Glycerophosphates and Preparation. 

Calcii Glycerophosphas (Gen., Calcii Glycerophosphatis). Eng., Cal- 
cium Glycerophosphate. 

Form. — A white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and almost tasteless. 

Solubility. — Soluble in 50 parts of water, somewhat hygroscopic. Insoluble 
in alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

Sodii Glycerophosphas (Gen., Sodii Glycerophosphatis). Eng., Sodium 
Glycerophosphate. 

Form. — A white powder, plates or scales. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless, a saline taste. 

Solubility. — Very soluble in water — nearly insoluble in alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

Liquor Sodii Glycerophosphatis. Eng., Solution of Sodium Glycero- 
phosphate. An aqueous solution containing about 50 per cent, of the salt. 
Average Dose. — 6 minims (0.35 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Tonic. 

Uses. — The value of these preparations is seriously ques- 
tioned, but they have been, and still are, extensively used for general 
debility, neurasthenia, hysteria, phthisis, convalescence from ex- 
hausting fevers, etc. It is possible that the good results claimed are 
due to the fact that the compound syrup or solution is usually 
employed and these contain iron, strychnine and. quinine in addition 
to the metallic hypophosphites or glycerophosphates. 

Administration. — The Hypophosphites are most frequently 
prescribed in the form of the Compound Syrup of Hypophosphites, 
which is either ordered alone or with other agents as additional 
Strychnine or the Tincture of Nux Vomica. The Emulsion of Cod- 
liver Oil with Hypophosphites is also a favorite form for adminis- 
tration. Many claim that there is no advantage from a combination 
as found in the syrups, and prefer to prescribe one or two alone. 
Calcium Hypophosphite seems to be the salt of choice under these 
circumstances. 



ACIDUM LACTICUM. ACIDUM NITRICUM. 31 

These glycerophosphates are prescribed alone or combined with 
other agents. By far the most common use is as the unofficial 
compound solution or compound syrup. These contain the glycero- 
phosphates of calcium, sodium, potassium, iron, manganese, quinine, 
and strychnine. 

The hypophosphites may be ordered as : 

ft or 

Syr. Hypophos fSviij 240| 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls in water after meals. 

Or: 

ft ' or 

Syr. Hypophos. Co. f Sviij 240| 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 

Or: 

ft or 

Tinct. Nucis Vomicae f Sj 30 

Syr. Hypophos. Co q. s. fSviij 240 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water before meals. 

The following unofficial preparation is often used, particularly 
in phthisis, chronic bronchitis, etc. : 

ft or 

Emul. 01. Morrh. cum Hypophos Oj 480| 

Sig. — Tablespoonful after meals. (Shake-label.) 

ACIDUM LACTICUM. 

Latin, Acidum Lacticum (Gen., Acidi Lactici). Eng., Lactic 
Acid. Formula, HC3H5O3. A colorless liquid containing about 85 
per cent, of absolute Lactic Acid. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Astringent, irritant, caustic, antiseptic. 

Uses. — Sometimes used for the local lesions of diphtheria, 
scarlatina, tubercular laryngitis, etc. Seldom prescribed. 

ACIDUM NITRICUM. 

Latin, . Acidum Nitricum (Gen., Acidi Nitrici). Eng., Nitric 
Acid. Synonym, Aqua Fortis. Formula, HNO3. An. aqueous 
solution containing about 68 per cent, of absolute Nitric Acid. 



32 ACIDUM NITROHYDROCHLORICUM. 

Therapeutic Action. — Caustic. 

Uses. — Nitric acid is used as a caustic to remove warts and 
other small growths, and to cauterize ulcers, particularly chancre 
and chancroid. 

ACIDUM NITROHYDROCHLORICUM. 

Latin, Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum (Gen., Acidi Nitrohydro- 
chlorici). Eng., Nitrohydrochloric Acid. Synonyms, Nitromuriatic 
Acid, Aqua Regia. 

Nitric acid, 18 mils ; hydrochloric acid, 82 mils. 

Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Official Preparation. 

Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum Dilutum (Gen., Acidi Nitrohydro- 
chlorici Diluti). Eng., Diluted Nitrohydrochloric Acid. Nitric Acid, 10 
mils; Hydrochloric Acid, 45.5 mils; Distilled Water, 194.5 mils. 

Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Astringent, caustic, cholagogue. 

Uses. — Employed in gastric and intestinal indigestion, chronic 
diarrhea, hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, furunculosis, etc. 

Administration. — These, if prescribed, are usually ordered 
alone. They should be well diluted when taken. 

Used for furunculosis : 
$ or 

Acidi Nitrohydroch. Dil f£ij 90 1 

Sig. — Fifteen (15) drops in water after meals. 

Care should be exercised to protect the teeth. 

ACIDUM OLEICUM. 

Latin, Acidum Oleicum (Gen., Acidi Oleici). Eng., Oleic Acid. 
Formula, HC18H33O2. A yellowish or brownish-yellow oily liquid. 

ACIDUM PHENYLCINCHONINICUM. 

Latin, Acidum Phenylcinchoninicum (Gen., Acidi Phenylcin- 
choninici). Eng., Phenylcinchonic Acid. 
An organic acid. 
Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gnu.). 



ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM. ACIDUM SAL1CYLICUM. 33 



ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM. 

Latin, Acidum Phosphoricum (Gen., Acidi Phosphorici). Eng., 
Phosphoric Acid. Synonyms, Syrupy Phosphoric Acid ; Orthophos- 
phoric Acid. Formula, H3PO4. 

Form. — A liquid containing about 85 per cent, of absolute Or- 
thophosphoric Acid. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and strongly acid taste. 

Solubility. — Miscible with water or alcohol in all proportions. 

Incompatibles. — Practically all metallic salts except those of the 
alkali metals. 

Official Preparation. 

Acidum Phosphoricum Dilutum (Gen., Acidi Phosphorici Diluti). 
Eng., Diluted Phosphoric Acid. An aqueous liquid containing about 10 
per cent, of absolute Orthophosphoric Acid. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Has been classed as a tonic and altera- 
tive. 

Uses. — Sometimes employed in tonic preparations, particu- 
larly for conditions characterized by loss of appetite, indigestion, etc. 

Administration. — The following will serve to illustrate the way 
to prescribe the drug : 

n or 

Acidi Phosph. Dil., 
Tinct. Ferri Chlor., 

Tinct. Nucis Vom aa. f Sj 30 

Syr. Pruni Virg q. s. fSvj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 



ACIDUM SALIOYLICUM. 

Latin, Acidum Salicylicum (Gen., Acidi Salicylici). Eng., Sali- 
cylic Acid. Formula, HC7H5O3. 

Form. — Fine, white needles or crystalline powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Almost odorless and having a sweetish, after- 
ward acrid taste. 

Incompatibles. — Spirit of nitrous ether, lead and iron salts, 
iodides, etc. 

Average Dose. — 12 grains (0.75 Gm.). 



34 



ACIDUM SALICYLICUM. 



Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, germicide, antirheumatic, 
antipyretic. 

Uses. — Sometimes employed internally in the treatment of 
rheumatism. Locally — used for the removal of corns, etc. ; also to 
remove the superficial layers of the skin and in the treatment of 
various skin diseases, as eczema, dermatitis, pruritus, and prickly 
heat. It is a common constituent of powders for dressing the cord 
stump of the newborn. 

Administration. — Internally. — Salicylic Acid is now not often 
prescribed in this way, but effect is obtained by use of salicylates. 
When the acid is given as such it is usually ordered in capsules of 
5 grains each. It is often prescribed with sodium bicarbonate to 
make fresh sodium salicylate. (See p. 37.) 

Externally. — Salicylic Acid is used in solution, powder and 
ointment : 

In the treatment of corns: 



R or 

Acidi Salicylici gr. xx 1 

Ext. Cannabis gr. xx 1 

Olei Ricini fSss 2 

Collodii Flex q. s. f3iv 15 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



In the treatment of diabetic vulvitis : 

$i or 

Acidi Salicylici gr. x 

Petrolati q. s. %] 30 

M. tere bene. 
Sig. — Use locally. 



As a dressing for the stump of the cord in obstetrical work 

B or 

Acidi Salicylici gr. xv 1 

Amyli q. s. 3iv 15 

M. et tere bene. 

Sig. — For dressing umbilicus. 



This is usually applied freely when cord is first dressed and is 
not removed until the stump of the cord separates. 



i Ashton: Practice of Gynecology. 



ACIDUM SALICYLICUM. 



35 



In the treatment of psoriasis : 

Bi or 

Chrysarobini Sj 

Acidi Salicylici gr. xx 

iEtheris f3j 

Olei Ricini tt\x 

Collodii q. s. f 3ss 

M. 

Sig. — Paint on affected parts. 



As a dusting powder, as in the treatment of prickly heat : 

Acidi Salicylici gr. xv 

Acidi Borici 3j 

Zinci Oxidi 3ij 

Amyli q. s. 3i j 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

This is best applied by putting in a cloth bag and patting the 
affected parts with it, particularly after bathing. 



As a dusting powder in the treatment of hyperidrosis : 

1*2 or 

Acidi Salicyl. Pulv gr. xx 1 13 

Acidi Borici Pulv 3v 19|0 

Zinci Oxidi Siij 12|0 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



In an ointment, as in the treatment of dermatitis from drugs, 
poison ivy, etc. : 



B or 

Acidi Salicylici gr. x 

Ung. Zinci Oxidi 3ij 

Amyli 3j 

Adipis Lanas Hyd 3i j 

Petrolati q. s. Sj 

M. 

Sig. — Apply freely as directed. 



1 Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 

2 IUd. 



36 ACIDUM SALICYLICUM. 

Official Salicylates. 

Incompatibles of Salicylates. — Hydrobromic acid, mineral acids, ferric 
salts, lead acetate, lime-water, quinine salts (in solution), spirit of nitrous 
ether, silver nitrate (in solution), sodium phosphate (in powder). 

AMMONII SALICYLAS (Gen., Ammonii Salicylatis). Eng., Am- 
monium Salicylate, formula, NH4C7H5O3. 

Form — Colorless prisms; plates or powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and having a slight saline, bitter taste, with & 
sweetish after-taste. 

Solubility. — In 1 part of water or 3 parts of alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

SODII SALICYLAS (Gen., Sodii Salicylatis). Eng., Sodium Salicy- 
late. Formula, NaCjHsOs. 

Form. — A white powder or having not more than a faint pink tinge. 
Odor and Taste. — Odorless and having a sweetish saline taste. 
Solubility. — In 0.9 part of water or 9.2 parts of alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

STRONTII SALICYLAS (Gen., Strontii Salicylatis). Eng., Stron- 
tium Salicylate. Formula, Sr(C7H50s)2 + 2 H2O. 
Form. — A white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and having a sweetish saline taste. 
Solubility. — In 19 parts of water or 61 parts of alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antipyretic, antirheumatic and anti- 
septic. 

Uses. — Extensively used in the treatment of rheumatism, 
gout, tonsillitis, and kindred condition^, as endocarditis and chorea, 
and for neuralgia. Recommended for iritis and various other eye 
conditions. Sometimes used for goiter. 

Administration. — It will be noted that these salts are prac- 
tically white, odorless powders with a sweetish taste and, with the 
exception of Strontium, they are freely soluble in water. They are 
usually prescribed in solution, but sometimes in capsules, either 
alone or with other agents. The sweetish taste is rather nauseating 
to some patients. Not more than 5 or 6 grains of a salicylate can 
be ordered to* a capsule, which practically eliminates this form of 
administration. Sodium Salicylate is by for the most commonly 
used of these salts. 

When an alkaline salicylate is introduced into the stomach con- 
taining free hydrochloric acid, salicylic acid is precipitated ; so it cer- 
tainly seems desirable to prevent this by the use of such agents as 
sodium bicarbonate or magnesia magma (milk of magnesia). The 



ACIDUM SALICYLICUM. 37 

latter is particularly useful where intestinal elimination is desir- 
able. The sodium bicarbonate may be included in the prescription 
or the patient may be instructed to add one or the other at the time 
of taking the dose. 

In some conditions the best results seem to be obtained by using 
large doses, as 100 grains per day, and concentrating this into a 
short period, much as quinine is used in malaria. Such dosage may 
cause discomfort if given in the early part of the day, and may 
incapacitate a patient who might otherwise continue active. Prob- 
ably the best plan is to give, say, 20 grains at 2, 4, 6 and 8 p.m. and 
at 10 p.m., if too much dizziness, nausea, etc., has not been induced; 
the patient then can sleep through what might be the uncomfortable 
period. 

When a salicylate is ordered, the salt made with the synthetic 
salicylic acid is supplied, unless definitely specified to the contrary. 
The salt made from the "true" acid is many times as expensive, 
and, it is claimed, on the best authority, that the action in every 
particular is the same as the synthetic product. Many experienced 
clinicians still claim that the "true" salt is better tolerated, and con- 
tinue to employ it. 

For administering the drug alone the following method is a 
desirable one : 

$ or 

Sodii Salicylatis 3v 20 

Aquae Menthae Pip q. s. f Si j 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 p.m. 

Patient may be instructed to take milk of magnesia with each 
dose. 

Used in the treatment of rheumatism : 
B 1 or 

Sodii Salicylatis 5ss 15 

Sodii Bicarbonatis 3ij 8 

Aquas Menthae Pip q. s. fBiv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls well diluted as directed. 

R or 

Acidi Salicylici gr. clx 10 

Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. cxx 8 

Aquae Menthae Pip q. s. fSiv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful in water as directed. 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



38 



ACIDUM SALICYLICUM. 



This gives a slightly alkaline solution containing about 20 grains 
of sodium salicylate to the tablespoonful. It should not be dis- 
pensed till after standing about one hour. More sodium bicarbonate 
can be used if desired. 

The "natural" or "true" salt from the oil of wintergreen may be 
prescribed as follows: 



Sodii Salicylatis (O.W.) 5 V 

Aquae Menthae Pip q. s. f Bi j 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water as directed. 



Sodium bicarbonate or milk of magnesia may be ordered added 
to each dose. 



Or: 

B or 

Acidi Salicylici (O.W.) gr. clx 

Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. cxx 

Tinct. Colchici Sem f'3ij 

Aquae Menthae Pip q. s. f'Siv 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful in water at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 p.m. 



10 

8 

8 

120 



In the treatment of rheumatism, tonsillitis, endocarditis, etc. : 

B or 

Sodii Salicylatis, 

Sodii Bicarbonatis aa. gr. clx 10 

Spir. Chloroformi f3ij 8 

Aquae Menth. Pip q. s. f.giv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful in water every three hours until effect. 

The patient is instructed to discontinue for that day when ring- 
ing in the ears, dizziness, etc., develop. 

In the treatment of rheumatism, gout, etc.: 
$ or 

Sodii Salicylatis 3iv 15 

Sodii Bicarbonatis 3ij 8 

Vin. Colchici Sem f3iv 15 

Aquae Chloroformi q. s. f'Sij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water as directed. 



ACIDUM SALICYLICUM. 39 

BISMUTHI SUBSALICYLAS.— See Bismuth, p. 95. 
HYDRARGYRI SALICYLAS.— See Hydrargyrum, p. 181. 
PHYSOSTIGMIN^ SALICYLAS.— See Physostigma, p. 261. 
QUININE SALICYLAS.— See Cinchona, p. 130. 

PHENYLIS SALICYLAS (Gen., Phenylis Salicylate). Eng., Phenyl 
Salicylate. Synonym, Salol. Formula, C13H10O3. 

Form. — A white crystalline powder. 

Odor and Taste. — A faint aromatic odor and a slight but characteristic 
taste. 

Solubility. — In 6670 parts of water or 6 parts of alcohol. Very soluble in 
ether, chloroform or oils. 

Incompatibles. — Liquefies when triturated with camphor, phenol, hydrated 
chloral, thymol. Also general incompatibles of other salicylates. 

Average Dose. — 5 grains (0.3 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antirheumatic, intestinal antiseptic, 
anthelmintic, analgesic, antipyretic. 

Uses. — Extensively employed as an intestinal antiseptic in 
the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid fever, etc., and intes- 
tinal parasites. Recommended in the treatment of gonorrhea, cys- 
titis, and other genito-urinary conditions. Sometimes employed 
where salicylates are indicated, as for rheumatism, tonsillitis, etc. 

Administration. — Phenyl Salicylate is often prescribed alone 
in capsules, but this is rather undesirable, as it is so nearly insoluble 
that concretions of the drug might result after the gelatin of the 
capsule has been dissolved. A thoroughly agreeable way of adminis- 
tering is in powders, as the drug is so nearly odorless and tasteless. 
As it is readily soluble in oils it may be dissolved in olive oil and 
taken that way or the oil made into an emulsion. The drug must 
be given with some caution on account of the Phenol content. 

When given alone Phenyl Salicylate is best given in powders, as : 

n or 

Phenylis Salicylatis 3ij 8| 

Ft. cht. no. xij. 

Sig. — One every four hours. 

Or it may be ordered in suspension, as : 

n or 

Phenyl. Salicyl 3ij 8 

Muc. Acacise f3iv 15 

Syr. Tolutani q. s. fgij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every four hours. (Shake-label.) 



40 



ACIDUM SALICYLICUM. 



Used in the treatment of influenza: 

Phenylis Salicylatis, 

Acetphenetidini aa.gr. xlv 

Pulv. Ipecac, et Opii gr. viij 

M. ft. cap. no. xv. 

Sig. — One every three hours. 



or 



In the treatment of the diarrhea of typhoid fever : 

R 2 or 

Phenylis Salicyl '3ss 

Bismuthi Subsalicyl 3j 

M. ft. cht. no. x. 

Sig. — One after each stool. 



Used for the relief of abdominal tympany: 

R3 or 

Phenylis Salicyl gr. xx 

Bismuthi Subnit gr. L. 

M. ft. cap. no. x. 

Sig. — One two hours after each meal. 

In the treatment of coryza : 

34 or 

Phenylis Salicylatis 3j 

Acetphenetidini gr. xxxvj 

M. ft. cht. no. xij. 

Sig. — One every two hours. 



1|3 

3|0 



Phenyl Salicylate is frequently ordered as the coating for enteric 
pills, as in the treatment of amebic dysentery when both the ipecac 
and the salt are desired: 

$ or 

Ipecacuanhas Pulv gr. ccl 16 

Phenylis Salicylatis q. s. 

M. ft. pil. ent. no. l. 
Sig. — Take as directed. 

Detailed written instructions should be left with the patient. 
About 3 to 4 grains of the salt is usually employed for each pill. 



1 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

2 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 
3Ashton: Practice of Gynecology. 

4 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



ACIDUM SALICYLICUM. 41 

When 10 or more pills are given at one time it necessitates a fairly- 
large dose of the drug, but no ill effects seem to have been noted. 

METHYLIS SALICYLAS (Gen., Methylis Salicylatis). Eng., 
Methyl Salicylate. Synonyms, Oleum Gaultheriae, Oil of Gaultheria, Oil 
of Wintergreen, Oleum Betulse, Oil of Sweet Birch, Oil of Teaberry. It 
is produced synthetically or is obtained by distillation from Gaultheria 
procumbens or from Betula lenta. The label must indicate whether the 
methyl salicylate has been made synthetically or distilled from either of 
the above-mentiond plants. 

Form. — A colorless, yellowish or reddish liquid. 

Odor and Taste. — The characteristic odor and taste of Gaultheria. 

Solubility. — Sparingly soluble in water, freely miscible with alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 12 minims (0.75 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antipyretic, antirheumatic, antiseptic. 

Uses. — Sometimes used internally in place of salicylic acid or 
the mineral salts, but has many disadvantages, as taste, odor, liquid 
form, etc., and possesses no marked advantages. 

Externally. — Sometimes used in local applications in conjunc- 
tion with the internal administration of other salicylates. 

ACIDUM ACETYLSALICYLICUM (Gen., Acidi Acetylsalicylici). 
Eng., Acetylsalicylic Acid. Aspirin (not official). 
Form. — A white crystalline powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and having a faintly acid taste. 
Solubility. — Slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol. 
Average Dose. — iy 2 grains (0.500 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Anodyne, hypnotic, antipyretic, diapho- 
retic, antirheumatic. 

Uses. — Extensively used for the relief of headaches and some 
other classes of pain ; also for rheumatism, gout, tonsillitis, colds, in- 
fluenza, etc. Recommended for exophthalmic goiter. Probably 
disturbs the digestive apparatus less but depresses more than the 
other salicylates. 

Administration. — Its comparative insolubility and its freedom 
from unpleasant odor or taste render its administration more con- 
venient in powders or capsules. The capsules are usually preferred. 

Prescribed alone for headache: 

R or 

Acidi Acetylsalicyl 3ss 21 

Ft. cap. no. vj. 

Sig. — One (1) every three hours till relieved. 



42 ACIDUM STEARICUM. 

For influenza, colds, etc. : 

R- or 

Camphorse Monobrom., 

Quininae Hydrobrom aa gr. xv 1 [0 

Acidi Acetylsalicyl gr. xl 2 5 

M. ft. cap. no. xij. 

Sig. — Four (4) tonight, then one every four hours. 

The first night a capsule may be ordered every hour till four are 
taken. 

For rheumatic; pain : 

H or 

Acidi Acetylsalicyl gr. l 3 

Phenylis Salicylatis gr. lxxv 5 

M. ft. cht. no. x. 

Sig. — One (1) every four hours. 

ACIDUM STEARICUM. 

Latin, Acidum Stearicum (Gen., Acidi Stearici). Eng., Stearic 
Acid. A hard, white, somewhat glossy solid. 

ACIDUM SULPHURICUM. 

Latin, Acidum Sulphuricum (Gen., Acidi Sulphurici). Eng., 
Sulphuric Acid. Synonym, Oil of Vitriol. Formula, H2SO4. 

Form. — A heavy, colorless liquid containing not less than 93 nor 
more than 95 per cent, of absolute Sulphuric Acid. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless, strongly acid taste. 

Solubility. — Miscible in all proportions with water and alcohol — 
with evolution of much heat. 

Incompatibles. — Alkaline carbonates and hydroxides ; salts of 
barium, calcium, lead and silver ; vegetable astringents, etc. 

Official Preparations. 

Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum (Gen., Acidi Sulphurici Aromatici). 
Eng., Aromatic Sulphuric Acid. Synonym, Elixir of Vitriol. Sulphuric 
Acid, 109 mils; Tincture of Ginger, 50 mils; Oil of Cinnamon, 1 mil; 
Alcohol, to 1000 mils. Contains about 20 per cent, by weight of absolute 
suTphuric acid. 

Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum (Gen., Acidi Sulphurici Diluti). Eng., 
Diluted Sulphuric Acid. Contains about 10 per cent, of absolute sulphuric 
acid and 90 per cent, of water. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 



ACIDUM SULPHUROSUM. 



43 



Therapeutic Action. — Escharotic, astringent. 

Uses. — The principal employment is in diarrhea preparations, 
and in quinine solutions for the treatment of malaria or for general 
tonic purposes. 

Administration. — Sulphuric Acid is usually employed in the 
form of the diluted or the aromatic acid. They should always be 
well diluted when taken. 

Some methods of prescribing are shown in the following: 

As a part of the treatment of comedo : 

Ri or 

Magnesii Sulphatis Biss 45 

Ferri Sulphatis gr. xvj 1 

Acidi Sulph. Dil f5ij 8 

Aquae q. s. f 3viij 240 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful in water before breakfast. 

In the treatment of diarrhea : 

B or 

Magnesii Sulphatis 3iv 15 

Tinct. Opii Deod nixl 2 

Acidi Sulph. Arom f3iss 6 

Aquae Mentha Tip q. s. fSiv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful every four hours till relieved. 



To effect the solution of quinine, as in a preparation for malaria 

$ or 

Quininae Sulph 3iss 6 

Acidi Sulph. Arom f 31 j 8 

Liq. Acidi Arsenosi f 3ij 8 

Aquae q. s. f Siv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 



ACIDUM SULPHUROSUM. 

(U. S. P., viii—Not Official.) 

Latin, Acidum Sulphurosum (Gen., Acidi Sulphurosi). Eng., 
Sulphurous Acid. Formula, H 2 SO s . 

Form. — A colorless liquid containing not less than 6 per cent. 
by weight of Sulphur Dioxide and about 94 per cent, of water. 

Odor and Taste. — A pungent, disagreeable odor and acid taste. 



1 Ohrnann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 



44 ACIDUM TANNICUM. 

Solubility. — Miscible in all proportions with water or alcohol. 

Incompatible s. — Those of sulphuric acid may apply. 

Average Dose. — 30 minimsi (2 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, germicide, disinfectant. 

Uses. — Principally used in the treatment of such conditions 
as tonsillitis, pharyngitis, diphtheria, stomatitis, etc. Has been 
recommended for flatulence, vomiting, etc. 

Administration. — It should be well diluted when taken. Prob- 
ably the most frequent employment is shown in the treatment of 
throat disease. 

The following will illustrate: 

$ or 

Potassii Chloratis 3j 41 

Tinct. Ferri Chloridi f3ij 8| 

Acidi Sulphurosi f 3ii£ 12 1 

Glycerini fSiv 15 

Aquae q. s. f 3iv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoon ful in water every two hours. 

ACIDUM TANNICUM. 

Latin, Acidum Tannicum (Gen., Acidi Tannici). Eng., Tannic 
Acid. Synonyms, Tannin, Gallotannic Acid. Formula, HC 14 H 9 9 . 
A tannin usually obtained from nutgalls. 

Form. — A yellowish- white to light-brown powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Almost odorless and a strong astringent taste. 

Solubility. — Very soluble in water, alcohol or glycerin. 

Incompatibles. — Salts of antimony, copper, iron, lead, mercury 
and silver; chlorates, permanganates and other oxidizers; alkaloids, 
spirit of nitrous ether, lime-water, albumin, etc. 

Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Glyceritum Acidi Tannici (Gen., Glyceriti Acidi Tannici). Eng., 
Glycerite of Tannic Acid. A thick, heavy liquid containing 20 per cent, 
of Tannic Acid dissolved in Glycerin. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Trochisci Acidi Tannici (Gen., Trochiscorum Acidi Tannici). Eng., 
Troches of Tannic Acid. Each troche contains about 1 grain of Tan- 
nic Acid. 

Unguentum Acidi Tannici (Gen., Unguenti Acidi Tannici). Eng., 
Ointment of Tannic Acid. An ointment containing 20 per cent, of Tan- 
nic Acid. 



ACIDUM TANNICUM. 45 

Therapeutic Action. — Astringent and styptic. 
Uses, — Used as a local application in tonsillitis, pharyngitis, 
etc.; also to arrest bleeding from nasal, gastric or other mucous 
membrane. Frequently employed as such or more commonly as a 
tannate in the treatment of diarrhea or dysentery. Used as such or 
in the form of catechu, tea, etc., as an antidote for poisoning with 
alkaloids, tartar emetic, etc. 

Administration. — Internally. Tannic Acid is seldom pre- 
scribed as such, but agents containing it are employed, as tincture of 
kino, tincture of catechu, etc. Locally it is used in dusting powders, 
ointments, solutions and suppositories. 

Some formulae are illustrated in the following: 
In the treatment of salivation : 
B* or 

Acidi Borici, 

Acidi Tannici ^ aa. gr. xl 2|5 

Mellis Rosa? '. f3ij 810 

Aquae q. s. fSvj 180|0 

M. 

Sig. — Use as a mouth-wasji every two hours. 

As an application in the treatment of tonsillitis, pharyngitis, etc. : 
n or 

Tinct. Iodi f3ij 8 

Glyc. Acidi Tannici q. s. f 5j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply twice daily. 

It is sometimes prescribed in suppositories, as in the following 
for hemorrhoids : 

R or 

Ext. Stramonii gr. iij 20 

Acidi Tannici gr. xij 75 

Plumbi Acetatis gr. iij 20 

01. Theobromatis q. s. 

M. ft. suppos. no. vj. 

Sig. — Use one night and morning. 

In enemas it is sometimes employed, as in the following for 
dysentery : 

R or 

Acidi Tannici gr. xl 2 50 

Acidi Borici 3iv 15 00 

M. 

Sig. — Use a heaping teaspoonful in quart of hot water as enema. 



1 White and Martin: Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 



46 ACIDUM TARTARICUM. ACONITUM. 

As an antidote in alkaloidal or tartar-emetic poisoning, where 
tannic acid as such cannot be obtained, strong tea, tincture of 
catechu, tincture of kino, etc., may be used. 

ACIDUM TARTARICUM. 

Latin, Acidum Tartarieum (Gen., Acidi Tartarici). Eng., Tar- 
taric Acid. Formula, H 2 C 4 H 4 6 . An organic acid usually pre- 
pared from Argol — a sediment in wine casks. 

Form. — Usually a white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless with an acid taste. 

Solubility. — In 0.75 part of water and 3.3 parts of alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Salts of calcium, mercury, lead, etc. 

Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Tartaric Acid enters into a large percentage of the effervescing prepara- 
tions. 

Therapeutic Action. — Refrigerant, astringent, antiseptic. 

Uses. — Used in pharmaceutical manufacturing, but not often 
a prescription ingredient. 

Administration. — For effect potassium bitartrate or potassium 
and sodium tartrate are used. 

ACIDUM TRICHLORACETICUM. 

Latin, Acidum Trichloraceticum (Gen., Acidi Trichloracetici). 
Eng., Trichloracetic Acid. 

Form. — White, soluble,, deliquescent crystals. 

Therapeutic Action. — Caustic, germicide. 

Uses. — It is used as a caustic in the treatment of ulcers, new 
growths, etc. Seldom prescribed. 

ACONITINA. 

See Aconitum. 

ACONITUM. 

Latin, Aconitum (Gen., Aconiti). Eng., Aconite. Synonyms, 
Monkshood, Wolf bane, Aconite Root. The dried tuberous root of 
Aconitum, napellus. 

Principal Constituents. — Aconitine, about 0.5 per cent. 

Average Dose. — y 2 grain (0.03 Gm.). 



ACONITUM. 47 

Official Preparations. 

Extractum Aconiti (Gen., Extracti Aconiti). Eng., Extract of Aconite. 
A powder about four times the strength of the powdered root. 
Average Dose. — % grain (0.01 Gm.). 

Fluidextractum Aconiti (Gen., Fluidextracti Aconiti). Eng., Fluidex- 
tract of Aconite. 

Average Dose. — J /2 minim (0.03 mil). 

Tinctura Aconiti (Gen., Tincturse Aconiti). Eng., Tincture of Aconite. 

Represents 10 per cent, of Aconite, in alcohol 70 per cent, and water 
30 per cent. 

Average Dose. — 5 minims (0.3 mil). 

Before the eighth revision of the Pharmacopoeia this preparation was 35 
per cent., so allowance must be made for dosage of old books. 

Aconitina (Gen., Aconitinse). Eng., Aconitine. 
Average Dose. — }4oo grain (0.00015 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Depressant, antipyretic (?), diaphoretic, 
antiseptic, local anodyne. 

Uses. — This drug is not used as much as formerly. It is 
sometimes given in the early stages of fevers of the sthenic type, as 
pneumonia, bronchitis, tonsillitis, etc. Recommended in combina- 
tion with other agents for the reduction of high blood-pressure. 
Locally the tincture is extensively used in combination with tincture 
of iodine as an application in the treatment of tonsillitis, diphtheria, 
scarlatina, toothache, swollen glands, furuncles, infections, etc. 

Administration. — Aconite is usually employed in the form of 
the tincture either alone or with other agents. It is miscible with 
water or alcohol in any proportions. Aconitine is seldom prescribed 
or used. It is sometimes administered hypodermically by the 
physician. 

The manner of prescribing is shown in the following : 
In the treatment of the primary stages of conditions character- 
ized by high temperature, tension, etc. : 

B or 

Potassii Citratis 3iv 15 1 

Tinct. Aconiti f 3iss 6 1 

Spir. iEtheris Nit f3iv 15| 

Aquae Menth. Pip fSij 60 1 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every three hours until relieved. 



48 



ACONITUM. 



Or: 

n 1 or 

Tinct. Aconiti ffixx 1 

Liq. Ammonii Acet fSij 60 

Liq. Potassii Cit q. s. f Siv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful in water every two hours. 

In the interval treatment of spasmodic laryngitis : 

B 2 or 

Tinct. Aconiti itl vii j 

Syr. Ipecacuanhae f 3iss 6 

Tinct. Opii Camph f3iij 12 

Liq. Potassii Cit q. s. f.Siij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours. (Shake-label.) 



As a local application for toothache, inflamed glands, furuncle, 



etc. 



B or 

Tincturae Iodi, 

Tincturae Aconiti aa. f Sss 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. (Poison-label.) 



151 



In the treatment of neuralgia (to be applied with friction along 
the course of the affected nerve) : 



I£3 

Tinct. Aconiti, 

Chlorof ormi aa. f 3iv 

Lin. Saponis q. s. f §iv 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. (Poison-label.) 



15 

120 



In the treatment of epididymitis : 
$4 or 

Tincturae Aconiti, 

Tincturae Opii aa. f5j 30 

Liq. Plumbi Subacet fSij 60 

Aquae q. s. fSvj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Keep applied on cotton. 



i Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 

2 Ibid. 

3 Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 

4 White and Martin: Genito-urinary and Veneral Diseases. 



ADEPS. 



49 



ADEPS. 

Latin, Adeps (Gen., Adipis). Eng., Lard, 
nal fat of the abdomen of the hog. 



The purified inter- 



Official Preparation. 

Adeps Benzoinatus (Gen., Adipis Benzoinati). Eng., Benzoinated 
Lard. A soft, white solid containing the soluble constituents of 1 per 
cent, of Benzoin. 

Odor and Taste. — Pleasant odor, bland taste. 

Incompatibles. — Aqueous and alcoholic liquids. 

Therapeutic Action. — Emollient. 

Uses. — It is used as a vehicle for ointments. It is not as fre- 
quently employed as petrolatum or ointment of rose-water. 
It is more apt to become rancid on the druggist's shelves, or 
if kept for an extended time by the patient. In some localities it is 
so seldom employed as to render it difficult to obtain a usable 
article. 

Administration. — The following illustrates the employment of 
lard in prescribing. 



In the treatment of scabies : 

I*i 

Sulphuris Loti, 
Olei Cadini, 

Cretae Praep aa. Sij 

Saponis Mollis 5v 

Adipis q. s. Sij 

M. 

Sig. — Rub in thoroughly. 



or 



Used in the treatment of grain-itch : 

1*2 or 

Betanaphtholis gr. xxx 

Sulphuris Praecip gr. xl 

Adipis Benzoinati q. s. B'i 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



1 Ohmann-Dumesnil: 

2 Musser and Kelly: 



Diseases of the Skin. 
Practical Treatment. 



50 ADEPS LANiE. 



ADEPS LANJE. 

Latin, Adeps Lanse (Gen., Adipis Lanae). Eng., Wool-fat. The 
purified fat of the wool of sheep, freed from water. Used almost 
exclusively in the form of the 

Official Preparation. 

Adeps Lanae Hydrosus (Gen., Adipis Lanae Hydrosi). Eng., Hydrous 
Wool-fat. Synonym, Lanolin. The purified fat of the wool of the sheep 
combined with not less than 25 nor more than 30 per cent, of water. 

Form. — A nearly white, ointment-like mass. 

Odor and Taste. — Very slight odor or taste. 

Solubility. — Insoluble in water or alcohol. 

Therapeutic Action. — Emollient. 

Uses. — This is an excellent vehicle for ointments where ab- 
sorption is desirable. It is used as a vehicle itself, but more fre- 
quently combined with other agents. 

Administration, — The hydrous preparation is used almost ex- 
clusively. It is particularly employed as an ointment base where 
absorption of the active constituents through the skin is desired. 
Owing to its rather sticky character it is seldom employed alone. 
The following illustrates its use : 

In the treatment of tinea barbae : 

Ri or 

Chrysarobini '3j 4 

Adipis Lanse Hyd Bss 15 

Ung. Aquae Rosae q. s. 3j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply thoroughly once a day. 

In the treatment of eczema of the scrotum : 

\ft 2 or 

Camphorae, 

Chlorali Hydrati aa. gr. xx 13 

Adipis Lanae Hyd Sss 15 

Ung. Aquae Rosae q. s. Sj 30|0 

M. 

Sig. — Apply liberally several times daily. 



1 Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 

2 IUd. 



.ETHER. 



51 



In the treatment of acute bronchitis : 

31 or 

Guaiacolis 3ss 

Methylis Salicyl f 3j 

Adipis Lanse Hyd q. s. 3j 

M. 

Sig. — Apply to chest as directed. 

In the treatment of dermatitis : 
$2 or 

Phenolis gr. xij 

Bismuthi Subnit 3iss 

Adipis Lanas Hyd 3ij 

Ung. Zinci Oxidi q. s. Sj 

M. 

Sig. — Apply locally. 



JETHER. 

Latin, iEther (Gen., yEtheris). Eng., Ether. Synonyms, Sul- 
phuric Ether; Ethyl Ether. Formula (C 2 H 5 ) 2 0. 

Form. — A colorless liquid. 

Odor and Taste. — Characteristic odor and a burning and sweet- 
ish taste. 

Solubility. — In about 12 volumes of water. Miscible in all pro- 
portions with alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Official Preparation. 

Spiritus iEtheris (Gen., Spiritus Athens). Eng., Spirit of Ether. 
Synonyms, Hoffmann's Anodyne, Hoffmann's Drop. 

Ether, 325 mils ; Alcohol, to 1000 mils. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 

Formerly there were two spirits of ether, the above and another known 
as the Compound Spirit of Ether, which contained, in addition to 32.5 
per cent, of Ether, 2.5 per cent, of Ethereal Oil. It was this latter 
preparation which was known as Hoffmann's Anodyne. 

Therapeutic Action. — Anesthetic; also variously classed as a 
stimulant, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic, carminative, dia- 
phoretic, anthelmintic. It should be remembered that the Spirit of 
Ether is a habit-forming drug. 

1 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 
2Ashton: Practice of Gynecology. 



52 .ETHER. 

Uses. — Extensively employed by inhalation for general anaes- 
thesia. By needle it is recommended in shock, poisoning 1 by certain 
narcotics, etc. By mouth the spirit is used in the treatment of 
acute indigestion, flatulence, hysteria and abdominal cramps of in- 
testinal origin. Locally it is used for cleaning the skin and some- 
times as a spray for local anesthesia. 

Administration. — Ether is seldom prescribed as such. The 
Spirit of Ether is the preparation of common choice, and is either 
prescribed alone or with other agents. 

In the treatment of acute indigestion, particularly in hysterical 
patients : 

$ . or 

Spir. yEtheris, 

Tinct. Valerianae Am aa. flss 15 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours if necessary. 

Used in the treatment of acute indigestion : 
$1 or 

Tinct. Opii Camph f 3iij 12 

Spir. Ammoniae Arom., 

Spir. yEtheris aa flss 15 

Tinct. Lavandulae Comp q. s. f3ij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful well diluted every fifteen minutes until relieved. 

In the treatment of flatulence, hysteria, etc.: 
I£2 or 

Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. xl 3 

Spir. Ammoniae Arom., 

Tinct. Zingiberis aa. £5ss 15 

Spir. ^Etheris q. s. fgij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls in water. Repeat when necessary. (Shake- 
label.) 

In the treatment of psoriasis : 
$3 or 

Chrysarobini '3j 410 

Acidi Salicylici gr. xx 1 13 - 

Athens f3j 4|0 

Olei Ricini nix |6 

Collodii q.s. flSj 30|0 

M. 

Sig. — Paint on affected parts. 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

2 Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 

3 Stelwagon : Diseases of the Skin. 



SPIRITUS ^ETHERIS NITROSI. 53 

SPIRITUS JETHERIS NITROSI. 

Latin, Spiritus ^Etheris Nitrosi (Gen., Spiritus Athens Nitrosi). 
Eng., Spirit of Nitrous Ether. Synonym,, Sweet Spirit of Nitre. 
Contains about 4 per cent, of Ethyl Nitrite. 

Form. — A clear, yellowish liquid. 

Odor and Taste. — Fragrant ethereal odor and burning taste. 

Solubility. — Miscible with water and alcohol in all proportions. 

Incompatibles. — Acacia, acetanilide, acetphenetidin, antipyrine, 
carbonates, iodides, tannic acid, ferrous sulphate, fluidextract of 
buchu, tincture of guaiac, etc. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Official Preparation. 
Spirit of Nitrous Ether is contained in Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita. 
Therapeutic Action. — Recommended as a diuretic, diaphoretic, 
antipyretic. 

Uses. — Used in the treatment of retention of urine, renal colic, 
gonorrhea, etc. ; also in the early stages of bronchitis, colds, etc., 
particularly in children. 

Administration. — Spirit of Nitrous Ether is prescribed alone 
or with other agents. 

Prescribed alone, as in acute retention of urine, renal colic> etc. : 
n or 

Spir. Athens Nit f'Sj 30| 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in hot lemonade every two hours until relieved. 
In a diuretic combination, as in the treatment of renal colic, cys- 
titis, gonorrhea, retention of urine, etc. : 

$ or 

Potassii Citratis 3vj 23 

Tinct. Belladon. Fol. , f Si j 8 

Spir. ^Etheris Nit fSiss 45 

Aquae q. s. f Sii j 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in glass of water every four hours. 

Used as an antipyretic in the acute diseases of childhood : 
B* or 

Tinct. Aconiti 1U XV J 1 

Spir. vEtheris Nit fSiij 12 

Liq. Potassii Cit q.- s. f&ij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every two hours. 

1 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



54 iETHYLIS CARBAMAS. ^THYLIS CHLORIDUM. 

In the treatment of ascites: 

S 1 or 

Potassii Acetatis 5j 30 

Spir. JEtheris Nit fSss 15 

Inf. Digitalis q. s. fSiv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls every six hours. 

In the treatment of bronchitis, cough, etc. (for child 4 years 
old): 

B or 

Potassii Citratis gr. lxxx 5 

Spir. iEtheris Nit f 3ij 8 

Syr. Ipecacuanha? f3ss 2 

Syr. Limonis f3iv 15 

Aquae q. s. f 3ij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours. 
This amount of ipecac may produce nausea in some patients. 

JETHYLIS CARBAMAS. 

Latin, ^Ethylis Carbamas (Gen., iEthylis Carbamatis). Eng., 
Ethyl Carbamate. 

Form. — Colorless crystals or scales. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Hypnotic. 

Uses. — It is used to induce sleep when the insomnia is not 
the result of pain or discomfort. Seldom prescribed. 



JETHYLIS CHLORIDUM. 

Latin, /Ethylis Chloridum (Gen., yEthylis Chloridi). Eng., 
Ethyl Chloride. A colorless liquid. 

Therapeutic Action. — Anesthetic. 

Uses. — Employed to produce local and general anesthesia. It 
is used as a general anesthetic when only a brief period of uncon- 
sciousness is desired, or when rapid effect is wished. It is often 
used at the beginning of anesthesia, and then followed with ether. 

As a local anesthetic it acts by rapid evaporation from the sur- 
face on which it is sprayed; heat is removed and the part may be 
rapidly frozen. 

Ethyl Chloride is on the market in bottles, but the most con- 



i Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



.ETHYLMORPHIN^ HYDROCHLORIDUM. ALCOHOL. 55 

venient package for general use is that equipped with a device that 
permits any part to be used as a spray and the balance retained. 

JETHYLMORPHINJE HYDROCHLORIDUM. 

See Opium, p. 239. 

AGAR. 

Latin, Agar. Eng., Agar. Synonym, Agar-agar. A dried, 
mucilaginous substance abstracted from certain marine Algae grow- 
ing along the coast of Asia. 

Odor and Taste. — Almost odorless and tasteless. 

Average Dose. — 2 l / 2 drachms (10 Gm.). 

Uses. — Employed in the treatment of constipation. 

Administration. — It is usually ordered to be taken with some 
cereal at mealtime. 

ALCOHOL. 

Latin, Alcohol (Gen., Alcoholis). Eng., Alcohol. Synonyms, 
Spiritus Rectificatus, Spiritus Vini Rectificatus, Rectified Spirit, etc. 
Formula, C2H5OH. 

Form. — A colorless liquid containing not less than 94.9 per 
cent, by volume of absolute Ethyl Alcohol. 

Odor and Taste. — Slight odor and burning taste. 

Solubility. — Miscible in all proportions with water, chloroform, 
ether, glycerin and most oils. 

Incompatibles. — Acacia, albumin, bromine, chlorine, chromium 
trioxide, permanganates. 

Official Preparations. 

Alcohol is a constituent of the majority of official liquids, as fluidextracts, 
spirits, tinctures, wines, etc. 

Alcohol Dehydratum (Gen., Alcoholis Dehydrati). Eng., Dehydrated 
Alcohol. Synonym, Absolute Alcohol. A liquid containing not less than 
99 per cent, of C 2 H 5 OH. 

Alcohol Dilutum (Gen., Alcoholis Diluti). Eng., Diluted Alcohol. 
Synonym, Proof Spirit. Alcohol, 500 mils ; water, 500 mils. 

Unofficial Preparations. 

Spiritus Vini Gallici (Gen., Spiritus Vini Gallici). Eng., Brandy. Con- 
tains from 44 to 55 per cent, by volume of absolute alcohol. 

Spiritus Frumenti (Gen., Spiritus Frumenti). Eng., Whiskey. Con- 
tains from 44 to 55 per cent, by volume of absolute alcohol. 

Vinum Album (Gen., Vini Albi). Eng., White Wine. Contains from 
8.5 to 15 per cent, by volume of absolute alcohol. 

Vinum Rubrum (Gen., Vini Rubri). Eng., Red Wine. Contains 8.5 
to 15 per cent, by volume of absolute alcohol. 



56 ALCOHOL. 

Vinum Xericum (Gen., Vini Xerici). Eng., Sherry Wine. Usually 
contains about 15 per cent, of alcohol. 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, germicide, diaphoretic, pos- 
sibly stimulant, hypnotic and nutrient. 

Uses. — Used in medicine as a preservative and solvent. Ex- 
tensively employed for cleaning the skin for operations and for 
cleansing instruments. Used in antiseptic solutions for dress- 
ing wounds, infections, etc., and for suppurative conditions, as otitis 
media. Recommended as a dressing to abort furuncles, felons, etc. 
Alcohol as such, or various dilutions, are used for giving sponge 
baths to reduce temperature in febrile conditions and to prevent 
bedsores in protracted illness. It is sometimes used in concen- 
tration to harden the skin, as to prevent chafing from trusses or 
other mechanical devices, and to relieve local areas of excessive 
perspiration. Internally alcoholic liquids are frequently em- 
ployed for pneumonia, bronchitis, etc., and brandy, particularly, 
is quite frequently used in the treatment of dysentery, diarrhea, 
typhoid fever, and other related troubles. 

Administration. — Alcohol as a solvent is not often prescribed 
as such by the physician, but alcoholic tinctures, spirits, etc., are 
employed. 

For its effect, alcohol is often a factor in selecting a vehicle. 

Some prescriptions illustrating the uses of alcohol follow : 

To abort furuncle : 



$ or 



Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. j 

Alcoholis q. s. fly 30 

M. 

Sig. — Saturate pad and keep applied to boil. (Poison-label.) 

In the treatment of alopecia : 



Ri or 

Resorcinolis gr. lxxx 5 

Quininae gr. xv 1 

Olei Ricini TT).xx 1 

Alcoholis q. s. fSiv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



1 Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 



ALOE. 



57 



For "liver spots," freckles, etc. : 

3 or 

Acidi Salicylici gr. xx 13 

Alcoholis q. s. f5j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply to spots three times a day. 

When used only as a stimulant, brandy or whisky is usually 
employed. For example : 

For the exhaustion attendant upon intestinal trouble, etc. (in 
a child 2 years old) : 

B or 

Spir. Vini Gallici Opt f3vj 23 

Aquae q. s. f Bii j 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every four hours. 

. In the treatment of bronchitis: 

Bi or 

Tinct. Opii Camph., 

Spir. Vini Gallici, 

Glycerini aa. f Sj 30 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every three hours.' 

For cough, bronchitis, colds, etc. : 

B or 

Sodii Citratis 5j 30 

Limonis Succi, 

Spir. Vini Gallici : aa f§.j 30 

Tinct. Opii Camph f5ss 15 

Syr. Acidi Citrici q. s. f3iv 120 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours. 



ALOE. 

Latin, Aloe (Gen., Aloes). Eng., Aloes. Synonym, Gum Aloes. 
The inspissated juice of the leaves of Aloe Perryi Baker, yielding 
Socatrine Aloes; or 

Aloe vera Linne, yielding Curacao Aloes; or 

Aloe ferox Miller, yielding Cape Aloes. 

Form. — Brownish masses. 

Odor and Taste. — Disagreeable odor and bitter, nauseous taste. 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



58 ALOE. 

Active Constituents. — Aloin (5 to 30 per cent.), etc. 
Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm,). 

Official Preparations. 

Tincturae Aloes. — Tincture of Aloes. 
Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Aloes is contained in the Compound Extract of Colocynth and 
the Compound Tincture of Benzoin. 

Aloinum (Gen., Aloini). Eng., Aloin. An active principle obtained 
from Aloes. 

Form. — A yellowish powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Disagreeable odor and intensely bitter taste. 
Solubility. — In 65 parts of water and 10.75 parts of alcohol. 
Average Dose. — J /^ grain (0.015 Gm.). 

Unofficial Preparation of Aloin. 

Pilulae Laxativae Compositae. Eng., Compound Laxative Pills. Syn- 
onym, Pills Aloin, Strychnine, Belladonna and Ipecac; Pills A., S., B. 
and I. 

Each pill contains about: Aloin, 0.0130 (gr. %); Strychnine, 0.0005 
(gr. %35); Ex. Belladon. Leaves, 0.0080 (gr. %)\ Ipecac, 0.0040 (gr. y 1Q ). 

Average Dose. — 2 pills. 

Therapeutic Action. — Purgative, emmenagogue, abortifacient. 
Uses. — For constipation, particularly of the chronic type, and 
for amenorrhea. 

Administration. — Of the preparations of and from Aloes, 
Aloin is the one most often used. It is usually prescribed as the 
Compound Laxative Pills or in some other combination of pur- 
gatives. Its employment is based to some extent on the belief 
that Aloes acts particularly on the lower part of the intestinal 
tract. 

As a laxative in tuberculosis : 
3 1 or 

Mas. Hydrargyri, 
Aloes Pulv., 
Ipecacuanhas Pulv., 

Capsici Pulv aa. gr. xi j 

M. ft. cap. no. xxiv. 
Sig. — One at night. 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



ALTH^A. ALUMEN. 59 

In the treatment of chlorosis associated with constipation: 

I£i or 

Aloes Pulv gr. xl 3 

Mas. Ferri Carb 3ij 8 

Pulv. Aromatici q. s. 

M. ft. cap. no. xl. 

Sig. — Two (2) at bedtime. 

In the treatment of amenorrhea (to be used six days before 
expected period) : 



R2 or 

Aloini gr. ij 

Mas. Ferri Carb gr. xxx 2 

Apiol f3j 4 

M. ft. cap. no. xij. 

Sig. — One morning and evening. 



ALTHJEA. 

Latin, Althaea. Eng., Althaea. The dried root of Althaea 
officinalis, deprived of the brown, corky layer and small roots and 
carefully dried. 

Therapeutic Action. — Emollient, demulcent. 

Uses. — It is used in the manufacture of some pharmaceutical 
preparations, etc., but is seldom prescribed. 

ALUMEN. 

Latin, Alumen (Gen., Alumenis). Eng., Alum. Synonym, 
Potassium Alum. It contains not less than 99.5 per cent, of 
A1NH 4 (S0 4 ) 2 + 12H 2 or A1K(S0 4 ) 2 + 12H 2 0. 

The label of the container must indicate whether the salt is 
Ammonium] or Potassium Alum. 

The Potassium Alum has been the official alum till the present 
U. S. P. (IX). 

Form. — Large colorless crystals or crystalline fragments. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless, and having a sweetish and strongly 
astringent taste. 

Solubility. — Potassium Alum is soluble in 7.2 parts of water, 
and insoluble in alcohol. 

Ammonium Alum is somewhat less soluble in water. 



1 Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 

2 IUd. 



60 ALUMEN. 

Incompatibles. — Alkalies; salts of lead, mercury, and iron; bo- 
rates, carbonates, phosphates, tartrates, tannic acid, etc. 
Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gnu.). 

Official Preparation. 

Alumen Exsiccatum (Gen., Alumenis Exsiccati). Eng., Exsiccated 
Alum. Synonyms, Dried Alum, Burnt Alum. One hundred parts of 
Alum are deprived of water of crystallization by heat till reduced to 55 
parts by weight. 

Form. — A white granular powder. 

Odor and Taste. — See Alum. 

Solubility. — Slowly and usually incompletely soluble in 20 parts of water. 
Insoluble in alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — See Alum. 

Therapeutic Action. — Astringent, styptic, emetic. 

Uses. — There are three forms of alum on the market: Lump 
alum,, powdered alum, and the exsiccated alum. 

"Powdered alum" is not the dried product, but should be the 
weaken product obtained by powdering the lumps without exsiccat- 
ing. 

Alum or exsiccated alum is used locally to arrest bleeding. In 
solution it is employed locally in the treatment of hyperidrosis, to 
harden the skin, as in tender feet, and as a vaginal douche in 
vaginitis, cystocele, etc. It is still sometimes employed as an emetic, 
but more desirable agents are usually available. Recommended in 
the treatment of lead colic. 

By enema, it is employed for energetic action, particularly to 
promate the removal of intestinal gas and intestinal parasites. 

Administration. — Seldom prescribed for internal use. 

For External Use. — Powdered Alum and the Exsiccated Alum 
are sometimes prescribed, either alone or with other agents, as 
astringent powders, lotions, douches, etc. 

As an enema or vaginal douche : 

$ or 

Alumenis Pulv Sij 60| 

Sig. — Use heaping teaspoonful to half-gallon hot water as directed. 

This would call for the powder made by pulverizing the lumps 
and not for the exsiccated product. 



ALUMINI HYDROXIDUM. AMMONIUM. 61 

In the treatment of herpes, bromidrosis, etc. : 

IJi or 

Alumenis Exsic 3s s 2 

Phenylis Salicyl 3ss 2 

Bismuthi Subnit 3j 4 

Ung. Zinci Oxidi q. s. 5j 30 

M. 

Sig — Apply. 

ALUMINI HYDROXIDUM. 

Latin, Alumini Hydroxidum. Eng., Aluminum Hydroxide. A 
white powder. 



AMMONIUM. 

Official Salts and Preparations. 

AQUA AMMONIiE (Gen., Aquae Ammonias). Eng., Ammonia 
Water. Synonym, Hartshorn. An aqueous solution containing about 10 
per cent, by weight of gaseous ammonia. 

Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

AQUA AMMONIA FORTIOR. Eng., Stronger Ammonia Water. 
An aqueous solution containing about 28 per cent, by weight of gaseous 
ammonia. 

SPIRITUS AMMONIA AROMATICUS (Gen., Spiritus Amrhoniae 
Aromatici). Eng., Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia. An almost colorless 
aromatic liquid becoming slightly darker on standing. 

Ammonuim Carbonate, 34 Gm. ; Ammonia Water, 90 mils ; Oil of Lemon, 
10 mils; Oil of Lavender, 1 mil; Oil of Nutmeg, 1 mil; Alcohol, 700 mils; 
Water, to make 1000 mils. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia is used in making Tinctura Guaiaci Am- 
moniata and Tinctura Valerianae Ammoniata. 

Therapeutic Action. — Stimulant, carminative, irritant. 
Uses. — As a stimulant in syncope, asphyxia, collapse and 
poisoning from narcotic or depressant agents. Frequently em- 
ployed for acute indigestion, hysteria, etc. 

Administration. — When used alone it may be prescribed as : 
$ or 

Spir. Ammon. Arom fSj 301 

Sig. — Half (y 2 ) teaspoonful in water every hour when necessary. 

1 Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 



62 



AMMONIUM. 



Or: 

3 or 

Spir. Ammon. Arom., 

Tinct. Aurant. Dulc aa. f 3ss 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every hour when necessary. 



151 



In the treatment of headache following a debauch: 

Ri or 

Ammonii Bromidi 3iij 12 

Spir. Ammonise Arom f 3iv 15 

Elix. Aromatici q. s. f Sii j 90 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls in water every two hours till relieved. 



In the treatment of acute indigestion : 

$ or 

Sodii Bicarbonatis 3j 4 

Spir. Ammon. Arom fUss 15 

Spir. ^Etheris q. s. fSj 30 

M. 

Sig. — "Shake." Teaspoonful in water every two hours till relieved. 



In the treatment of acute indigestion: 

R2 or 

Tinct. Opii Camp fSiij 12 

Spir. Ammonise Arom., 

Spir. iEtheris aa fSss 15 

Tinct. Lavandulae Comp q. s. fSij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful well diluted every fifteen minutes until relieved. 



LINIMENTUM AMMONIA. Eng., Ammonia Liniment. 

LIQUOR AMMONII ACETATIS. Eng., Solution of Ammonium 
Acetate. Synonym, Spirit of Mindererus. A colorless aqueous solution 
containing about 7 per cent, of Ammonium Acetate. 

Average Dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Diuretic, diaphoretic, refrigerant. 
Uses. — Sometimes used in fevers, nephritis, etc. 
Administration. — Its employment is illustrated in the 
following: 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 
2 IUd. 



AMMONIUM. 



63 



For acute febrile conditions : 

Tinct. Aconiti 

Liq. Ammonii Acet 

Liq. Potassii Cit q. 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful every two hours. 



or 



1TJ.XX 

fSiv 



1 

60 

120 



AMMONII BENZOAS.— See Benzoates, p. 92. 

AMMONII BROMIDUM.— See Bromides, p. 100. 

AMMONII CARBONAS (Gen., Ammonii Carbonatis). Eng., Am- 
monium Carbonate. A mixture of Acid Ammonium Carbonate and Am- 
monium Carbamate. 

Form. — White, translucent masses or cubes. 

Odor and Taste. — Strong odor of ammonia; sharp saline taste. 

Solubility. — Slowly soluble in 4 parts of water; partly soluble in alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Acids, acid salts, etc. 

Average Dose. — 5 grains (0.3 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Stimulant, expectorant. 
Uses. — Principally employed in the treatment of coughs, 
colds, bronchitis, etc. ; has been used extensively in treating pneu- 
monia. 

Ammonium carbonate should be kept in a well-stoppered bottle, 
and even then there is a tendency to deterioration, as evidenced by 
the formation of a powder on the surface of the hard, translucent 
lumps. This powder should be discarded. 

Administration. — It is almost always given in solution, 
usually in some flavored syrup. Its employment is illustrated in 
the following: 

As an expectorant: 
R or 

Ammonii Carb Siss 6 

Tinct. Hyoscyami f 3iv 15 

Syr. Pruni Virg q. s. £Siv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every two hours till relieved. 

In the treatment of capillary bronchitis of infants : 
R 2 or 

Ammonii Carb gr. xx 1 

Syr. Tolutani f §ss 15 

Liq. Ammonii Acet q. s. fSiij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours. 



1 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 

- Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 



64 AMMONIUM. 

AMMONII CHLORIDUM (Gen., Ammonii Chloridi). Eng., Am- 
monium Chloride. Synonyms, Ammonium Muriate, Sal Ammoniac. 
Form. — A white, crystalline powder. 
Odor and Taste. — Odorless; a disagreeable saline taste. 
Solubility. — In 2.6 parts of water, 100 parts alcohol, or 8 parts glycerin. 
Average Dose. — 5 grains (0.3 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Trochisci Ammonii Chloridi. Eng., Troches of Ammonium Chloride. 
Each troche contains about 1^ grains of the salt. 

Therapeutic Action. — Expectorant, diuretic, diaphoretic, 
stimulant. 

Uses. — Principally employed in the treatment of coughs, 
colds, bronchitis, pneumonia, etc. It is used to promote the 
absorption of ecchymoses, also to increase the solubility of cor- 
rosive mercuric chloride. 

Administration. — Ammonium Chloride seems to be the salt 
of choice as an expectorant. Its ready solubility and comparative 
freedom from incompatibility facilitates its use in any reasonable 
combination. The common cough syrups, as "Syr. Pine Co.," 
"Honey and Tar," etc., etc., usually contain about 8 grains to 
the fluidounce. Some expectorant combinations are shown in the 
following : 

As an expectorant: 

B or 

Apomorphinse Hydrochlor gr. ss |03 

Ammonii Chloridi 3j 4|00 

Limonis Succi f.Sj 30|00 

Syr. Acidi Citrici q. s. ffiij 90|00 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours till relieved. 

Or: 



n or 

Diacetylmorph. Hydrochlor gr. ij 

Ammonii Chloridi 3ij 8 

Syr. Ipecacuanhas f 3ij 8 

Syr. Pruni Virg q. s. fSiv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every two hours till relieved. 



AMYGDALA AMARA. 



65 



In the treatment of the larymgo-bronchial irritation of influenza: 

I*i or 

Codeinse Sulph gr. iv 26 

Ammonii Chlor 3ij 8 00 

Syr. Pruni Virg fffij 60 00 

Spir. Juniperis Comp q. s. fSiv 120 00 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every three hours. 

In the treatment of an acute exacerbation of dry chronic bron- 
chitis : 

1*2 or 

Ammonii Chloridi 3ij 8 

Tinct. Hyoscyami, 

Syr. Scillse Comp aa f3iv 15 

Aquae Chloroformi q. s. f&ij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every three hours. 

Recommended to promote the absorption of ecchymosis : 
I* or 

Ammonii Chloridi 3j 30 

Aquae q. s. f §iv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Wet pad of gauze and keep applied. 

AMMONII IODIDUM.— See Iodum, p. 202. 

AMMONII SALICYLAS.— See Acidum Salicylicum, p. 33. 

AMMONII VALERAS.— See Valeriana, p. 317. 



AMYGDALA AMARA. 

Latin, Amygdala Amara (Gen., Amygdalae Amarse). Eng., Bit- 
ter Almond. The ripe seed of Prunus amygdalus; var., amara. 
Bitter Almond is not official, but there are the following: 

Official Constituent and Preparations. 

Oleum Amygdalae Amaras. Eng., Oil of Bitter Almond. 

Average Dose. — y 2 minim (0.03 mil). 

Aqua Amygdalae Amarae. Eng., Bitter Almond-water. Contains 0.1 
per cent, of the Oil of Bitter Almond. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 

Spiritus Amygdalae Amarae. Eng., Spirit of Bitter Almond. Contains 
1 per cent, of the Oil of Bitter Almond. 

Average Dose. — 8 minims (0.5 mil). 



1 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 

2 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



66 AMYGDALA DULCIS. AMYLIS NITRIS. 

Therapeutic Action. — Classed as a sedative, depressant, anti- 
spasmodic, and flavor. 

Uses. — Recommended for cough and some other conditions. 
Administration. — Seldom prescribed. 

AMYGDALA DULCIS. 

Latin, Amygdala Dulcis. Eng., Sweet Almond. The ripe seeds 
of Prunus Amygdalus dulcis. 

Official Preparation and Constituent. 

Emulsum Amygdalae. Eng., Emulsion of Almond. Represents about 
6 per cent, of the sweet almond. 

Average Dose. — 4 fluidounces (120 mils). 

Oleum Amygdalae Expressum. Eng., Expressed Oil of Almond. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidounce (30 mils). 

The Expressed Oil of Almond is contained in several official 
preparations. 

Therapeutic Action. — Demulcent and nutrient. 
Uses. — Principally employed in the preparation of ointments, 
emulsions, etc. 

Administration. — Seldom prescribed as such. 

AMYLIS NITRIS. 

Latin, Amylis Nitris (Gen., Amylis Nitritis). Eng., Amyl Nitrite. 
Formula, C 5 H 1:L N02. A liquid containing about 80 per cent, of 
absolute amyl nitrite. 

Average Dose. — By inhalation, 3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Vasodilator and antispasmodic. 

Uses. — Conditions' characterized by high blood-pressure, and 
requiring prompt remedial action, as angina pectoris. Recom- 
mended for epilepsy, convulsions, seasickness, vomiting of preg- 
nancy, etc. 

Administration. — The three drugs, Amyl Nitrite, Nitro- 
glycerin and Sodium Nitrite are employed for the same effect. 
Amyl Nitrite being the most rapid and transient, Nitroglycerin 
next, and Sodium Nitrite the slowest and most lasting. 

Amyl Nitrite is usually administered by inhalation. The most 
convenient form is the "pearls," which are little glass bulbs each 
containing a few minims. These can be crushed in the handker- 
chief and inhaled when needed. It should be remembered that the 
drug is very volatile and inflammable. 



AMYLUM. 67 



AMYLUM. 



Latin, Amylum (Gen., Amyli). Eng., Starch. Synonym, Corn 
Starch. 

Form. — A white powder or white masses. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and tasteless. 

Solubility. — Insoluble in water or alcohol. Forms a whitish, 
gelatinous paste when boiled with water. 

Official Preparations. 

Glyceritum Amyli. Eng., Glycerite of Starch. Starch, 10 Gm.; 
Water, 10 mils ; Glycerin, 80 Gm. . 

Therapeutic Action. — Protective and diluent. 

Uses. — Employed with other agents in the treatment of 
prickly heat, chafing, dermatitis, etc. Prepared by boiling with 
w r ater it is used in baths for the relief of skin diseases character- 
ized by itching, as pruritus, eczema, etc. It is an antidote for 
iodine poisoning. 

Administration. — The only common employment of starch in 
prescription writing is in various powders and ointments. 

In the treatment of prickly heat : 



$ or 

Acidi Salicylici gr. x 1 6 

Acidi Borici 3j 4|0 

Zinci Oxidi 3iv 15 

Amyli I] 30|0 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



Or: 

R 1 or 

Acidi Borici, 
Talci Pur., 
Zinci Oxidi, 

Amyli aa. 3ij 

M. 

Sig. — Apply freely. 



1 Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 



68 ANISUM. 

In the treatment of the lesions of smallpox : 

IM or 

Hydrarg. Ammon gr. x 65 

Amyli, 

Zinci Oxidi aa. 3ij 8 00 

Petrolati q. s. I) 30 00 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

ANISUM. 

Latin, Anisum (Gen., Anisi). Eng., Anise. Synonym, Aniseed. 
The ripe fruit of Pimpinella anisum. 
Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

Official Preparations and Constit.uent. 

Oleum Anisi. Eng., Oil of Anise, Oil of Star Anise. 

Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Aqua Anisi. Eng., Anise Water. 

Average Dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils). 

Spiritus Anisi. Eng., Spirit of Anise. Contains 10 per cent, of the oil. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Oil of Anise is contained in several other official preparations. 

Therapeutic Action. — Stimulant, stomachic, expectorant and 
flavor. 

Uses. — Employed almost exclusively as a flavoring agent. 
Administration. — Seldom prescribed. 

ANTIMONII et POTASSII TARTRAS. 

Latin, Antimonii et Potassii Tartras (Gen., Antimonii et Potassii 
Tartratis). Eng., Antimony and Potassium Tartrate. Synonym, 
Tartar Emetic. 

Form. — Colorless crystals or white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and a sweet, afterward disagreeable, 
metallic taste. 

Solubility. — In 12 parts water. Insoluble in alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Alkalies, lead salts, gallic and tannic acids, etc. 

Average Dose. — Expectorant, %2 grain (0.005 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Antimony and Potassium Tartrate is contained in Compound Syrup 
of Squill (0.2 per cent.) and in small amount in Compound Mixture of 
Glycyrrhiza. 



1 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



ANTIPYRINA. 69 

Therapeutic Action. — Expectorant, emetic, pustulant. 

Uses. — Sometimes used in the treatment of coughs, colds, 
bronchitis, etc. 

Toxicology. — Poisoning with tartar emetic is rather frequent, 
particularly among children, as it is a constituent of many ant- 
poisons. The symptoms are: vomiting, purging, rice-water and 
bloody stools, abdominal and epigastric pain, muscular cramps, 
prostration. Treatment. — The stomach should be washed out 
with a solution of tannic acid and enough of the antidote left 
in the stomach to act on any remaining poison. An infusion of 
green tea is frequently employed, as the caffeine content is also 
desirable. Demulcents, as milk or olive oil, should be given 
freely. The patient should be kept warm and stimulants used 
as indicated. 

Administration. — Antimony and Potassium Tartrate as such 
is not a popular prescription ingredient. As an emetic it has 
fallen into disuse with the profession almost altogether. As an 
expectorant the Compound Syrup of Squill is sometimes used. 

ANTIPYRINA. 

Latin, Antipyrina (Gen., Antipyrinse). Eng., Antipyrine. Syno- 
nym, Phenazone. 

Form. — Usually a colorless crystalline powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Almost odorless and tasteless. 

Solubility. — In less than 1 part of water. In 1.3 parts of alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Acids and drugs containing tannic acid in ap- 
preciable amounts ; alkalies, salts of iron, mercury, lead and arsenic ; 
iodine and iodides ; sodium bicarbonate and salicylate ; alum, ben- 
zoates, phenol, cinchona alkaloids, resorcin, spirit of nitrous ether, 
thymol, etc. 

Average Dose. — 5 grains (0.3 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antipyretic, sedative, analgesic. 

Uses. — Employed in the treatment of fevers, headache, neu- 
ralgia, whooping-cough, etc. 

Administration. — Antipyrine is so generally incompatible 
with other drugs that it is better to remember the few desirable 
agents with which it can be prescribed to advantage. This 
would include few others than caffeine, sodium bromide and 
flavored syrups. It is the most soluble of the common coal-tar anti- 
pyretics. It is prescribed alone in powders, capsules or in solution. 



70 APOMORPHIN/E HYDROCHLORIDUM. AQUA. 

Antipyrine may be prescribed as : 

3 or 

Antipyrinse gr. xl 2 

Elix. Aromatici q. s. f 5j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours when necessary. 



A frequent combination of antipyrine is shown in the following 
prescription for the paroxysmal stage of whooping-cough : 
For a child 4 years old : 

n or 

Antipyrine 3ss 2 

Sodii Bromidi 3j 4 

Syr. Tolutani q. s. f Si j 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours until relieved. 

Tinctura Belladonnas Foliorum is sometimes added. 

As a hypnotic, analgesic, cough sedative and antispasmodic: 

$i or 

Codeinae Sulphatis gr. ss 03 

Antipyrinse gr. xvj 1 00 

Syrupi Aurantii q. s. f Si j 60 00 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every two hours when needed. 
(Child 2 years old). 

It is sometimes used by the physician as a local application, as 
in the following formula used by the rhinologist on cotton applica- 
tors) to relieve congestion of the nasal mucosa : 

ty or 

Cocainae Hydrochlor gr. v |3 

Antipyrinae gr. xv 1 10 

Aquae Dest q. s. fSj 30|0 

M. 

Sig. — Formula. 

APOMORPHINJE HYDROCHLORIDUM. 

See Opium, p. 242. 

AQUA. 

Latin, Aqua (Gen., Aquae). Eng., Water. Formula, H 2 0. 
Potable water in its purest obtainable state. This is the great ve- 
hicle of medicine. The old custom still adhered to by some physi- 



i Ruhrah: Diseases of Children. 



aqu;e aromatic^, aqua destillata. 71 

cians of prescribing rain-water, river-water, etc., is not recom- 
mended, as the one prescribed may not be obtainable by the par- 
ticular pharmacist handling the order, and if the word water is 
employed the purest potable water will be used. Distilled water 
should only be specified when its use is particularly indicated. 

Aqua Ammonias. — See Ammonium. 

Aqua Ammoniae Fortior. — See Ammonium. 

Aqua Amygdalae Amarae. — See Amygdala Amara. 

Aqua Anisi. — See Anisum. 

Aqua Aurantii Florum. — See Aurantium. 

Aqua Aurantii Florum Fortior. — See Aurantium. 

Aqua Camphorae. — See Camphora. 

Aqua Chloroformi. — See Chloroformum. 

Aqua Cinnamomi. — See Cinnamomum. 

Aqua Creosoti. — See Creosotum. 

Aqua Destillata. — See Aqua Destillata. 

Aqua Destillata Sterilizata. — See Aqua Destillata. 

Aqua Foeniculi. — See Foeniculum. 

Aqua Hamamelidis. — See Hamamelis. 

Aqua Menthae Piperitae. — See Mentha Piperita. 

Aqua Menthae Viridis. — See Mentha Viridis. 

Aqua Rosae. — See Rosa Gallica. 

Aqua Rosas Fortior. — See Rosa Gallica. 

AQUiE AROMATICiE. 

Latin, Aquae Aromaticae. Eng., Aromatic Waters. Aromatic 
waters, when prepared from volatile oils, are intended to be, as 
nearly as practicable, saturated solutions which must be clear and 
free from solid impurities, and, unless otherwise specified, should 
be prepared by using 0.2 per cent, of the volatile oil in distilled 
water. 

AQUA DESTILLATA. 

Latin, Aqua Destillata (Gen., Aquae Destillatse). Eng., Distilled 
Water. 1000 volumes of water are distilled. The first 100 volumes, 
which contain the volatile impurities, are rejected. The next 750 
volumes constitutes Distilled Water (U. S. P.). The remaining 
water contains the non- volatile impurities and is rejected. 

This should be the vehicle used in prescribing solutions of silver 
nitrate, potassium permanganate, corrosive mercuric chloride, boric 
acid, calcium chloride, lead acetate and subacetate, iron sulphate, zinc 
sulphate, tartar emetic, and it is usually desirable for simple solu- 
tions of alkaloidal salts. It is entirely unnecessary to make common 



72 AQUA DESTILLATA STERIJJZATA. 

use of distilled water. Such employment may be well attributed by 
the pharmacist to the ignorance of the prescribe!". 

AQUA DESTILLATA STERILIZATA. 

Latin, Aqua Destillata Sterilizata (Gen., Aquas Destillatae Steri- 
lizatse). Eng., Sterilized Distilled Water. 

This should be the vehicle used for making solutions for hypo- 
dermic or intravenous use, and for eye-washes, etc. 

ARGENTUM— Silver. 

(Not Official.) 

Official Salts and Preparations. 

ARGENTI NITRAS (Gen., Argenti Nitratis). Eng., Silver Nitrate. 
Formula, AgN0 3 . 

Form. — Colorless crystals becoming dark on exposure to light in the pres- 
ence of organic matter. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless; bitter, caustic, metallic taste. 

Solubility. — In 0.4 part water and in 30 parts alcohol (incompatible). 

Incompatibles. — Acetates, arsenites, bromides, carbonates, chlorides, chro- 
mates, cyanides, hypophosphites, iodides, phosphates, sulphides, sulphates, 
tartrates, acids (except nitric), alkalies, alkaloids, alcohol, creosote, and 
organic matter generally. 

Average Dose. — Yq grain (0.01 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Argenti Nitras Fusus. Eng., Moulded Silver Nitrate. Synonyms, 
Caustic, Lunar Caustic. Hard white pencils or cones made by treat- 
ing 100 Gm. of Silver Nitrate with 4 Gm. of Hydrochloric Acid and melt- 
ing and moulding the product. 

ARGENTI OXIDUM. Eng., Silver Oxide. 
Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Silver Nitrate and Caustic are antisep- 
tic, germicide, astringent and caustic. 

Uses.— Silver Nitrate is sometimes used by mouth in such 
conditions as gastric catarrh, gastric ulcer, etc. By rectum for 
ulceration, fissure, amoebic dysentery, etc. It is used as an ap- 
plication for tonsillitis, diphtheria, scarlatina, ulcers, chancroids, 
and kindred conditions. It is used in eye diseases, particularly 
for the prevention and cure of gonorrheal ophthalmia. Frequently 
used for vaginitis, endometritis, etc. 

Toxicology. — Acute poisoning by silver nitrate is rare. It would 
probably be recognized, if seen early, by the whitish appearance of 



ARGENTUM. 73 

the mouth and throat; if seen later, by the characteristic dark color 
of the skin around the mouth. The antidote is sodium chloride. 
Argyria is the condition resulting from the continued use of a silver 
salt. In the superficial circulation of the exposed parts of the body 
it is acted upon by the light and deposited in the skin, giving a 
bluish tint to the complexion. The condition has been considered 
beyond relief. Hexamethylenamine has recently been recommended. 

Administration. — Practically the only preparations of silver 
employed by the physician are the Nitrate and the Fused Nitrate. 
The latter is frequently used by the physician, but seldom 
prescribed. Silver Nitrate is practically always prescribed alone. 

Silver Nitrate, or Lunar Caustic, should not be prescribed for 
the patient's use. When used as a caustic, the well-known dis- 
coloration is slow in developing, and much damage is often done. 
The areas affected seem rather prone to inflammatory changes^ 

The discoloration may sometimes be removed by the careful use 
(by the physician) of a 1 per cent, aqueous solution of potassium 
cyanide. 

Internally. — The drug if prescribed is probably best administered 
in the form of the pills prepared by the pharmaceutical manufac- 
turing houses. They may be ordered as : 

Pil. Argenti Nitratis (gr. fy) no. xx. 

Sig. — One three times a day. 

Locally. — Silver Nitrate is not often prescribed to be used by the 
patient, but is frequently employed by the physician in the form of 
aqueous solution. The strength of the solution varies from 1 : 5 
to 1 : 1000. 

For the eyes of the newborn a 1 per cent, solution is usually 
employed. 

As an application for tonsillitis, etc., the 5, 10, or 20 per cent, 
solutions are used. 

Overaction may be prevented by neutralizing with normal salt 
solution. 

Solutions for the prescriber's use may be ordered as : 
^ or 

Argenti Nitratis gr. xxv 3\ 

Aquae Destillatae q. s. f I) 30| 

M. 

Sig. — Ten per cent, solution of silver nitrate. (Poison-label.) 



74 ARNICA. 

Unofficial Salts of Silver. 

ARGYROL. — A proteid salt of silver (silver vitellin) in the form 
of black hygroscopic scales representing about 30 per cent, of metallic 
silver. It is freely soluble in water, forming a dark-colored solution 
that stains material brown to black. 

Therapeutic Action. — Said to be an antiseptic, germicide, anti- 
pruritic, etc. 

Uses. — Extensively employed in solution as a non-irritating 
application in the treatment of pharyngitis, tonsillitis, rhinitis, 
conjunctivitis, etc. Used as an injection for gonorrhea and cystitis; 
also as an application for vaginitis, vulvitis, pruritus vulvse and 
kindred conditions. 

Administration. — Usually employed in solution in distilled 
water in from 5 per cent, to 25 per cent, strength. 

In the treatment of gonorrhea : 
$ or 

Argyrol Siij 12 

Aquae Dest q. s. f&v j 180 

M. 

Sig. — Inject after urination. 

A 20 per cent, solution of argyrol as is used in tonsillitis, 
vaginitis, etc., may be ordered as : 

n or 

Argyrol gr. xc 6 

Aquas Dest q. s. fSj 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

PROTARGOL. — A proteid compound of silver representing about 8 
per cent, of the metal. 

A yellow powder, slowly but freely soluble in water. 

Therapeutic Action. — Said to be an antiseptic and germicide. 
Uses. — Employed in the treatment of gonorrhea, cystitis, 
tonsillitis, ulcers, etc. 

Administration. — Usually employed in aqueous solution. 

ARNICA. 

Latin, Arnica (Gen., Arnicae). Eng., Arnica. Synonyms, 
Arnica Flowers, Leopard's bane. The dried flower-heads of Arnica 
montana. 



ARSENUM. 75 

Official Preparation. 

Tinctura Arnicae (Gen., Tinctura Arnicse). Eng., Tincture of Arnica. 
Represents 20 per cent, of the drug. 
Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Arnica has been variously classed as an 
irritant, carminative, tonic, etc. 

Uses. — The use of arnica is largely confined to the application 
of the tincture alone, or with other agents, for bruises, sprains, 
rheumatism, etc. 

Administration. — Seldom prescribed internally. The tincture 
is sometimes employed externally with other agents in the form 
of a liniment. 

ARSENUM— Arsenic. 

{Not Official.) 

Official Salts and Preparations. 

ARSENI IODIDUM. Eng., Arsenous Iodide. Synonym, Arsenic 
Iodide. 

Average Dose. — M.2 grain (0.005 Gm.). 

Liquor Arseni et Hydrargyri Iodidi. Eng., Solution of Arsenous and 
Mercuric Iodides. Synonym, Donovan's Solution. A clear or slightly 
yellowish aqueous liquid containing about 1 per cent, of Arsenous Iodide 
and 1 per cent, of Red Mercuric Iodide. 

Incompatibles. — See Arseni Trioxidum and Hydrargyrum. 

Average Dose. — \ l / 2 minims (0.1 mil.). 

ARSENI TRIOXIDUM (Gen., Arseni Trioxidi). Eng., Arsenic Tri- 
oxide. Synonyms, Arsenous Acid, White Arsenic (the latter term is usually 
applied to the impure commercial article). / 

Form. — Heavy white powder or irregular masses. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and practically tasteless. 

Solubility. — Slowly soluble in from 30 to 100 parts of water. Sparingly 
soluble in alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Tannic acid; salts of iron, copper, and magnesium; lime 
water, iodides, etc. In the very dilute solutions in which arsenic is used, 
incompatibility is seldom a factor. 

Average Dose. — %o grain (0.002 Gm.). 

Liquor Acidi Arsenosi (Gen., Liquoris Acidi Arsenosi). Eng., Solu- 
tion of Arsenous Acid. Synonym, Solution of Arsenic Chloride. A 
colorless aqueous solution containing 1 per cent, of Arsenic Trioxide. 

Incompatibles. — See Arseni Trioxidum. 

Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Liquor Potassii Arsenitis (Gen., Liquoris Potassii Arsenitis). Eng., 
Solution of Potassium Arsenite. Synonym, Fowler's Solution. A slightly 
colored aqueous solution in the preparation of which 1 per cent. Arsenic 
Trioxide is used. 



76 ARSENUM. 

Incompatibles. — See Arseni Trioxidum. 
Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 
SODII ARSENAS. Eng., Sodium Arsenate. 
Average Dose. — %2 grain (0.005 Gm.). 

Sodii Arsenas Exsiccatus. Eng., Exsiccated Sodium Arsenate. 
Average Dose. — ^o grain (0.003 Gm.). 

Liquor Sodii Arsenatis. Eng., Solution of Sodium Arsenate. Contains 
1 per cent, of Exsiccated Sodium Arsenate. 
Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Alterative, tonic, escharotic. 
Uses. — Employed in the treatment of malaria, anemia, 
syphilis pellagra, goiter, neurasthenia, hysteria, chorea, and 
various skin diseases, as eczema, herpes, etc. Locally it is used 
in dentistry and in the treatment of cancer. 

Toxicology. — Among the symptoms of acute arsenic poison- 
ing are epigastric and abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, rice- 
water and bloody stools, purging, tenesmus, dryness of throat, 
thirst, frequent micturition, albuminuria, depression, skin lesions 
and edema. The treatment consists principally in washing out 
the stomach with a suspension of freshly precipitated ferric 
hydroxide with magnesium oxide and leaving in the stomach 
enough of the antidote to act upon any remaining arsenic. If 
this official antidote is not available or the ingredients for mak- 
ing it, the tincture of ferric chloride with magnesium oxide or 
"Milk of Magnesia" may be used. Morphine may be cautiously 
used for the intestinal condition and demulcents freely given. 
The patient should be kept warm and stimulants used as indi- 
cated. The patient should be kept under observation several 
days, as symptoms may recur. Chronic arsenic poisoning is usually 
first manifested by edema, particularly under the eyes. 

Administration. — The taste and odor of Fowler Solution is 
disagreeable to some patients, and the solution of arsenous acidl 
should not be overlooked. Some useful prescriptions illustrating 
the employment of Arsenic are shown in the following: 

The prescription for the rather extensively used Asiatic Pill 
(best given in capsule) is as follows : 

Ri or 

Arseni Trioxidi gr. ij |13 

Piperis Pulv 3ij 8|00 

Ext. Gentianse 5ij 8|00 

M. ft. cap. no. lx. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 

1 Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 



ARSENUM. 



77 



As a tonic in malaria, etc. 



Arseni Trioxidi gr. ij 

Strychninae Sulph gr. j 

Quininae Sulph gr. cl 

Massae Ferri Carb gr. cl 

M. ft. cap. no. l. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 



130 
065 
000 
000 



As a general tonic in debility, anemia, etc., the quinine sulphate is 
reduced to about 50 grains. Ferrum Reductum (about 100 grains) 
may be substituted for the Massa Ferri Carbonatis, particularly 
when there is constipation. 



|03 

|65 

I 
1|30 



In the treatment of neurasthenia, hysteria, etc.: 

Arseni Trioxidi gr. ss 

Asafoetidae Pulv gr. x 

Ext. Sumbul, 

Ferri Sulph. Exsic aa. gr. xx 

M. ft. cap. no. xx. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 



As a postoperative tonic : 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros., 

Arseni Trioxidi aa.gr. 

Ext. Nucis Vomicae gr. 

Ferri et Quin. Cit gr. 

M. ft. cap. no. c. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 



The extensively used combination of "Four Chlorides" is shown 
in the following: 



i 


|065 


XXV 


1|600 


cc 


13|000 



B or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. ij 

Liq. Acidi Arsenosi f3ij 8 

Tinct. Ferri Chloridi, 
Acidi Hydrochl. Dil., 

Glycerini aa. fSj 30 

Aquae q. s. fSvj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 



1 Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 
2Ashton: Practice of Gynecology. 



78 ASAFGETIDA. 

In combination as a tonic, particularly in the treatment of 
malaria : 

U or 

Quininse Sulph 3ij 8 

Liq. Acidi Arsenosi f 3ij 8 

Tinct. Ferri Chloridi f3vj 23 

Glycerini f §j 30 

Aquae q. s. fSvj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 

In the treatment of the chronic vomiting of childhood : 
Bi or 



Liq. Potas. Arsenitis ttixij 

Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. xxiv 1 

Aquae Menth. Pip q. s. f 5ii j 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful three times a day. 



When it is desired to give arsenic alone or to give for some par- 
ticular effect it may be ordered as follows : 

Ifc or 

Liq. Acidi Arsenosi f Sj 30| 

Sig. — Begin with three (3) drops as directed. 

Or: 
R or 

Liq. Potas. Arsenitis fSiss 61 

Elix. Aromatici q. s. £3iv 120| 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful with water after meals. 

ASAFCETIDA. 

Asafoetida (Gen., Asafcetidse). Eng., Asafetida. Synonym, 
Gum Asafetida. A gum-resin obtained by incising the rhizomes and 
roots of Ferula asafoetida and Ferula fcetida, and of some other 
species of Ferula indigenous to Persia and adjacent countries, yield- 
ing not less than 60 per cent, (or, if powdered, 50 per cent.) of 
alcohol-soluble constituents. 

Form. — a soft solid usually appearing in the form of brownish, 
irregular masses. 

Odor and Taste. — Disagreeable odor and taste. 

iRuhrah: Diseases of Children. 



ASAFCETIDA. 



79 



Solubility. — Active constituents insoluble in water. Soluble in 
alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Emulsum Asafoetidae. Eng., Emulsion of Asafetida. Contains 4 per 
cent, of Asafetida. 

Average Dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15. mils). 

Pilulae Asafoetidae. Eng., Pills of Asafetida. Each pill contains about 
3 grains of Asafetida. 

Average Dose. — 2 pills. 

Tinctura Asafoetidae. Eng., Tincture of Asafetida. Represents 20 
per cent, of Asafetida in alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Carminative, sedative, antispasmodic. 

Uses. — By mouth it is sometimes given for nervousness, hys- 
teria, flatulence, whooping-cough and kindred conditions. By 
enema it is extensively used to relieve the tympanites of typhoid, 
pelvic inflammation, peritonitis, etc. 

Administration. — Owing to the extremely disagreeable odor 
and taste, asafetida is not often prescribed for administration by 
mouth. 

The following prescriptions illustrate its employment : 



Pil. Asafoetidae 

Sig. — One after each meal. 

Or: 

Asafoetidae Pulv., 

Sodii Bicarbonatis 

M. ft. cap. no. x. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 



no. x 



or 



aa. 3ss 



In the treatment of neurasthenia, hysteria, etc. : 

Bi or 

Arseni Trioxidi gr. ss 

Asafoetidae Pulv gr. x 

Ext. Sumbul, 

Ferri Sulph. Exsic aa. gr. xx 

M. ft. cap. no. xx. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 



i Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 



80 ASPIDIUM. 

As an enema to remove intestinal gas: 

R or 

Tinct. Asafoetidse fSij 60 1 

Sig. — Use tablespoonful to J4 gallon warm water as directed. 

ASPIDIUM. 

Latin, Aspidium (Gen., Aspidii). Eng., Aspidium. Synonym, 
Male Fern. The rhizome and stipes of Dryopterus felix-mas or of 
Dryopterus marginalis. 

Average Dose. — 60 Grains (4 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Oleoresina Aspidii. Eng., Oleoresin of Aspidium. 
Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Tseniafuge and anthelmintic. 

Uses. — It is used almost exclusively for the removal of tape- 
worms. 

Administration. — If used at all it should be employed with 
extreme caution, and castor oil or other fixed oils avoided. 

In the treatment for tapeworm : 

$ or 

Oleoresinae Aspidii f 3j 4|0 

Chloroformi , , tt\.x |6 

Glycerini q. s. £5ss 15 1 

M. 

Sig.— No. 1. 

For doctor's use. 

U or 

Oleoresinse Aspidii f3j 4!00 

Olei Tiglii gtt. ij |13 

Chloroformi m x 1 65 

Glycerini q. s. f Ess 15 [ 00 

M. 

Sig.— No. 2. 

Take an hour after No. 1. 

No. 1 is administered on an empty stomach. No. 2 is given an 
hour later, and is followed in an hour with purgative if necessary. 
Patient should be under a physician's observation during the treat- 
ment and, preferably, in a hospital. 



ASPIDOSPERMA. AURAXTII DULCIS CORTEX. 81 



ASPIDOSPERMA. 

Latin, Aspidosperma. Synonym, Quebracho. The dried bark 
of Aspidosperma quebracho bianco. 
Average Dose. — 60 grains (4 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Fluidextractum Aspidospermatis. Eng., Fluidextract of Aspidosperma. 
Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 

Uses. — Has been used in 'the treatment of asthma, emphysema, 
bronchitis, etc. 

Administration. — Seldom prescribed. 

ATROPINA. 

See Belladonna, p. 86. 

ATROPINA SULPHAS. 

See Belladonna, p. 86. 

AURANTII AMARI CORTEX. 

Latin, Aurantii Amari Cortex (Gen., Aurantii Amari Corticis). 
Eng., Bitter Orange Peel. The dried rind of the fruit of Citrus 
Aurantium amara. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Fluidextractum Aurantii Amari. Eng., Fluidextract of Bitter Orange 
Peel. 

Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Tinctura Aurantii Amari. Eng., Tincture of Bitter Orange Peel. 
Represents 20 per cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 

Bitter Orange Peel is used in preparing Compound Tincture of Cin- 
chona and Compound Tincture of Gentian. 

AURANTII DULCIS CORTEX. 

Latin, Aurantii Dulcis Cortex (Gen., Aurantii Dulcis Corticis). 
Eng., Sweet Orange Peel. The fresh outer rind of the ripe fruit 
of Citrus Aurantium sinensis. 



82 AURANTII DULCIS CORTEX. 

Official Preparations and Constituent. 

Syrupus Aurantii. Eng., Syrup of Orange. Represents 2.5 per cent. 
of the drug. 

Tinctura Aurantii Dulcis. Eng., Tincture of Sweet Orange Peel. 
Represents 50 per cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 

Oleum Aurantii. Eng., Oil of Orange. Synonym, Oil of Sweet 
Orange. A volatile oil obtained by expression from the fresh peel of 
the sweet orange. 

Average Dose— -3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Official Preparations of the Oil. 

Elixir Aromaticum. Eng., Aromatic Elixir. Synonyms, Elixir of 
Orange, Elixir Simplex, Simple Elixir. Contains about 1.2 per cent, of 
Compound Spirit of Orange and 25 per cent, alcohol, with sugar and 
water. 

Spiritus Aurantii Compositus. Eng., Compound Spirit of Orange. 
Oil of Orange, 200 mils; Oil of Lemon, 50 mils; Oil of Coriander, 20 mils; 
Oil of Anise, 5 mils ; Alcohol, to make 1000 mils. 

Official Preparations of the Volatile Oil of Fresh Orange Flowers. 

Aqua Aurantii Florum. Eng., Orange Flower Water. Equal parts 
of Stronger Orange Flower Water and Distilled Water. 

Orange Flower Water is contained in several official preparations. 

Aqua Aurantii Florum Fortior. Eng., Stronger Orange Flower 
Water. Water saturated by distillation with the Volatile Oil of fresh 
Orange Flowers. 

This preparation is used in making troches of Tannic Acid. 

Syrupus Aurantii Florum. Eng., Syrup of Orange Flowers. 

Sugar 850 Gm., Orange Flower Water, to make 1000 mils. 

Therapeutic Action. — Stomachic, tonic. 

Uses. — These preparations of orange are used for flavoring 
purposes and as vehicles. The preparations of Bitter Orange 
Peel are also employed as bitter tonics. 

Aromatic Elixir is one of the most useful vehicles in the 
Pharmacopoeia. 

The smaller drug-stores often will be unable to supply good 
fresh preparations of Syrup of Orange or Syrup of Orange Flow- 
ers, and the Tincture of Sweet Orange Peel and the Compound 
Spirit of Orange are so seldom used in some sections that they 
are not carried in stock. 

Administration. — Some common methods of prescribing are 
shown in the following formulae: 



AURANTII DULCIS CORTEX. 



83 



In the treatment of headache following a debauch : 

IJi or 

Ammonii Bromidi '3iij 12 

Spir. Ammoniae Arom f 3iv 15 

Elix. Aromatici q. s. f§iij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls in water every two hours till relieved. 



As a hypnotic, analgesic, cough sedative and antispasmodic in 
childhood : 



I£2 or 

Codeinae Sulphatis gr. ss 

Antipyrinae gr. xvj 

Syrupi Aurantii q. s. f Bi j 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every two hours when needed. 



In the treatment of convulsions of infancy : 

$3 or 

Chlorali Hydrati gr. viij 

Sodii Bromidi gr. xvj 

Syrupi Aurantii q. s. f§ij 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful. Repeat in one hour if necessary. 



In the treatment of tuberculosis: 
R* or 

Creosoti nxxxiv 

Glycerini f SiJ 

Tinct. Aurantii Dulc q. s. fSiij 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful with water or milk after meals. 



1|5 

60|0 
9010 



In the treatment of stomatitis in children : 
£5 or 

Potassii Chloratis gr. xxiv 

Syrupi Aurantii f §j 

Aquae q. s. fHiij 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every two hours. 



1 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

- Ruhrah: Diseases of Children. 

3 lUd. 

4 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

5 Ruhrah: Diseases of Children. 



84 AURI ET SODII CHLORIDUM. 

AURI et SODII CHLORIDUM. 

Latin, Auri et Sodii Chloridum. Eng., Gold and Sodium 
Chloride. A mixture of equal parts by weight of the anhydrous 
chlorides of gold and sodium. An orange-yellow powder, odorless, 
having a saline and metallic taste and deliquescent when exposed 
to damp air. Freely soluble in water. 

Average Dose. — % 2 grain (0.005 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Said to be alterative, tonic, nerve seda- 
tive, aphrodisiac. 

Use. — Sometimes used in the treatment of chronic nephritis, 
cirrhosis of the liver, chronic gastritis, impotence, etc. Seldom 
prescribed. 

BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM. 

Latin, Balsamum Peruvianum (Gen., Balsami Peruviani). Eng., 
Balsam of Peru. A balsam obtained from Toluifera Pereirce. 

Form. — A thick, dark-brown liquid. 

Odor and Taste. — An agreeable vanilla-like odor and disagree- 
able bitter taste. 

Solubility. — Insoluble in water. Soluble in alcohol. 

Therapeutic Action. — Internally, said to be expectorant, stim- 
ulant, etc. Externally, antiseptic and stimulant to granulating 
areas. 

Uses. — Extensively employed in the treatment of burns, ab- 
scesses, indolent ulcers and kindred conditions. 

Administration. — Balsam of Peru is extensively used as a 
local application, being prescribed either alone (as for indolent 
ulcers) or in combinations. 

Used alone in the treatment of indolent ulcers : 

U or 

Bal. Peruviani f Bj 30| 

Sig. — Apply twice daily. 

In the treatment of superficial burns : 

$ or 

Bal. Peruviani f3iv 151 

Olei Ricini q. s. fSiv 120 1 

M. 

Sig. — Apply freely twice a day. 



BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM. 



85 



BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM. 

Latin/ Balsamum Tolutanum (Gen., Balsami Tolutani). Eng., 
Balsami of Tolu. A balsam obtained from Toluifcra Balsamum. 

Form. — A yellowish-brown plastic solid becoming brittle when 
old or dried or exposed to cold. 

Official Preparations. 

Syrupus Tolutanus. Eng., Syrup of Tolu. Represents about 1 per 
cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils). 

Tinctura Tolutana. Eng., Tincture of Tolu. Represents about 20 per 
cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Tolu is employed in several other official preparations. 

Therapeutic Action. — Expectorant, stomachic. 

Uses. — Practically confined to the employment of its prepara- 
tions as flavors and vehicles, particularly in cough preparations. 

Administration. — The Syrup is the only form in which the 
drug is often prescribed. 



In the treatment of the cough of measles : 

Potassii Citratis 3iv 

Limonis Succi f §j 

Tinct. Opii Camph f3ij 

Syr. Ipecacuanhas f 3j 

Syr. Tolutani q. s. f §i j 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours. 



In the treatment of spasmodic croup (child 2 years old) : 

B 2 or 

Ammonii Bromidi '3ss 2 

Tinct. Opii Camph f 3ss 2 

Tinct. Belladon. Fol ttlxv 1 

Syr. Tolutani f£j 30 

Aquas q. s. fEij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every hour till relieved. 



1 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 

2 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



86 



BELLADONNA. 



In the treatment of capillary bronchitis of infants : 

U 1 or 

Ammonii Carb., gr. xx 1 

Syr. Tolutani fEss 15 

Liq. Ammonii Acet q. s. f'Siij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours. 

V 

In the treatment of a cough: 

$ 2 or 

Codeinse Sulphatis gr. iiss 

Potassii Citratis .* . 3ij 8 

Syr. Tolutani flj 30 

Aquae q. s. f'Siij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every two hours. 



BELLADONNA. 

Latin, Belladonna (Gen., Belladonnae). Eng., Belladonna. 
Synonym, Deadly Night-shade. 
The following parts are official: 

Belladonnae Folia. Eng., Belladonna Leaves. The dried leaves of 
Atropa Belladonna yielding not less than 0.3 per cent, of alkaloids (prin- 
cipally atropine). 

Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

Belladonna Radix. Eng., Belladonna Root. The dried root of Atropa 
Belladonna yielding not less than 0.45 per cent, of alkaloids (principally 
atropine). 

Average Dose. — 24 grain (0.045 Gm.). 



Official Preparations of the Leaves. 

Emplastrum Belladonnae. Eng., Belladonna Plaster. Contains 30 
per cent, of the Extract of Belladonna Leaves. 

• 

Extractum Belladonnas Foliorum. Eng., Extract of Belladonna 
Leaves. Contains about 1.25 per cent, of the alkaloids of Belladonna 
Leaves. 

Average Dose. — % grain (0.015 Gm.). 

Tinctura Belladonnae Foliorum. Eng., Tincture of Belladonna 
Leaves. Represents 10 per cent, of the drug in diluted alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 12 minims (0.75 mil). 



1 Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 

2 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



BELLADONNA. 87 

Unguentum Belladonnae. Eng., Belladonna Ointment. Contains 
10 per cent, of the Extract of Belladonna Leaves. 

Official Preparations of the Root. 

Fluidextractum Belladonnae Radicis. Eng., Fluidextract of Bella- 
donna Root. 

Average Dose. — 1 minim (0.05 mil). 

Linimentum Belladonnae. Eng., Belladonna Liniment. Contains 5 
per cent, of Camphor in Fluidextract of Belladonna Root. 

Official Alkaloid and Salt. 

Atropina. Eng., Atropine. 

Average Dose. — 14.20 grain (0.0005 Gm.). 

Atrophias Sulphas. Eng., Sulphate of Atropine. 
Average Dose. — % 2 o grain (0.0005 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Stimulant, narcotic, anodyne, anti- 
spasmodic, mydriatic, rubefacient, anhydrotic, antisialic, antiga- 
laetagogue. 

Uses. — Used as an antispasmodic and anodyne in connection 
with other agents, as morphine or bromides, in the treatment of 
renal colic, gall-stone colic, cramp colic, dysmenorrhea, etc. 
Employed with other agents for cystitis, constipation, neuralgia, 
asthma, whooping-cough, incontinence of urine, etc. Useful for 
pulmonary edema, night-sweats, salivation, hay fever, and to 
arrest the secretion of milk. Used externally in ointments for 
glandular swellings, infections, etc. Atropine or homatropine 
are employed to dilate the pupil. 

Toxicology. — Belladonna poisoning is usually manifested by 
dilated pupils, dry mouth, dry and flushed skin, excitement, 
delirium, elevated blood-pressure and rapid pulse. Later there 
may follow collapse and coma. There may be a skin eruption 
which is usually searlatiniform in appearance. Treatment. — In 
the early stages the stomach should be washed out, preferably 
with a solution of potassium permanganate (about 1:3000), and 
sedatives and ice-cap used as indicated. Morphine, with proper 
care, is serviceable. During the stage of coma, stimulants, as 
caffeine, camphor, etc., are indicated. 

Administration. — Internal. — The tincture and extract and atro- 
pine sulphate are the preparations most commonly used, the tinc- 
ture being used for solutions and the extract or atropine sulphate 
when it is desired to give in pills, capsules, etc. 



BELLADONNA. 



Hypodermic. — Atropine Sulphate is the form employed, either 
alone or more commonly with morphine. It is used by the physician 
but not prescribed to be used by the patient. 

Locally. — The extract itself or the ointment made from the ex- 
tract are the preparations most commonly used. 

The following prescriptions illustrate the use of the drug : 
In the treatment of cystitis: 
3 or 

Tinct. Belladon. Fol fSij 8 

Potassii Citratis 3vj 23 

Sodii Bromidi 5iv 15 

Aquae Menth. Pip q. s. fSiij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every four hours. 

In the treatment of whooping-cough; also spasmodic croup: 



P. 



or 



Antipyrinae gr. l 3 

Sodii Bromidi 5ij 8 

Tinct. Belladon. Fol fSss 2 

Syr. Aurantii q. s. f Siij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two to four hours. 
(For child 5 years old). 

This is not used for an extended period. In whooping-cough it is 
employed to control the stage of most violent paroxysms. In croup a 
dose is usually given in the morning, and two or three doses in the after- 
noon and evening, for three days. 
In the treatment of gonorrhea : 

B 1 or 

Acidi Borici, 

Sodii Bromidi aa.gr. clx 

Tinct. Belladon. Fol &] 

Liq. Potas. Citratis q. s. fSviij 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful in water four times daily. 
In the treatment of spasmodic croup : 

$ 2 ( 

Sodii Bromidi 5s s 

Tinct. Opii Camph f3ss 

Tinct. Belladon. Fol TT^xv 

Syr. Tolutarrt fSj 

Aquae q. s. f'Sij 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every hour till relieved. 
(For child 2 years old). 



10 
4 

240 



1 White and Martin: 

2 Musser and Kelly: 



Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 
Practical Treatment. 



BELLADONNA. 



89 



As a postoperative laxative : 
$1 c 

Ext. Belladon. Fol gr. j 

Ext. Cascarse Sag gr. xx 

Ext. Colocynth. Comp gr. xxv 

M. ft. cap. no. x. 
Sig. — One at bedtime. 

In the treatment of constipation : 
n 2 . c 

Ext. Cascarse Sag gr. xi 

Ext. Nucis Vomicae gr. v 

Ext. Belladon. Fol. . '. gr. ij 

Resinae Podophylli gr. ij 

M. ft. cap. no. xx. 
Sig. — One at bedtime. 



065 
300 
600 



In the treatment of coryza: 
B3 or 

Ext. Belladon. Fol gr. ss 03 

Camphorae gr. vj 

Quininae Sulph., 

Pulv. Ipecac, et Opii aa.gr. xi j 

M. ft. cap. no. xij. 

Sig. — One every half-hour for four hours, then one every three hours. 

In the treatment of inflammations, as mastitis, furuncle, inflam- 
matory rheumatism, orchitis, etc. : 

B or 

Camphorae '3ss 21 

Ung. Belladon., 

Ichthyolis aa. 3ij 81 

Petrolati q. s. 5j 30| 

M. 

Sig. — Apply twice daily. 

To relieve pain, particularly in such conditions as cystitis, 
oophoritis, appendicitis, etc. : 

n or 

Ext. Belladon. Fol gr. j 065 

Ext. Opii gr. iij , 200 

Olei Theobromatis , q. s. 

M. ft. suppos. no. iv. 
Sig. — One twice daily. 



1 Ashton: Practice of Gynecology. 

2 Ibid. 

3 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



90 BENZALDEHYDUM. BENZOINUM. 

In the treatment of salivation : 

Ifc 1 or 

Atropine Sulphatis gr. Ys2 |002 

Sacchari Lactis 3ss 2|000 

M. ft. cht. no. x. 

Sig. — One every three hours until pupils dilate. 

As a purgative prescription, particularly for such conditions as 
colds, grip, acute alcoholism, etc. : 

$ or 

Atropine Sulph gr. M.00 |0006 

Strychninse Sulph gr. % |002O 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis gr. v |3200 

Ext. Cascarse Sag gr. vj J4000 

M. ft. cap. no. ij. 

Sig. — Take one hour apart. 

BENZALDEHYDUM. 

Latin, Benzaldehydum. Eng., Benzaldehyde. A colorless 
liquid. 

Average Dose. — T / 2 minim (0.03 mil). 
Used commercially as a flavoring agent. 

BENZINUM PURIFICATUM. 

Latin, Benzinum Purineatum. Eng., Purified Petroleum Benzin. 
Synonym, Purified Benzin. A colorless liquid. 

BENZOINUM. 



Latin, Benzoinum (Gen., Benzoini). Eng., Benzoin. Synonyms, 
Gum Benzoin, Gum Benjamin. A balsamic resin obtained from 
Styrax Benzoin and other species of Styrax. Active ingredients, 
Benzoic Acid, Volatile Oil, etc. 

Form. — Usually appearing as brownish tears or fragments. 

Odor and Taste. — Pleasant odor and slightly acid taste. 

Solubility. — Active constituents soluble in alcohol.. Insoluble 
in water. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 
Adeps Benzoinatus. — See Adeps, p. 49. 

Tinctura Benzoini. Eng., Tincture of Benzoin. Benzoin, 200 Gm.; 
Alcohol, to make 1000 mils. 

1 White and Martin: Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 



BENZOINUM. 



91 



Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Tinctura Benzoini Composita. Eng., Compound Tincture of Benzoin. 
Synonym, Friar's Balsam. Benzoin, 100 Gm. ; Storax, 80 Gm. ; Balsam of 
Tolu, 40 Gm. ; Purified Aloes, 20 Gm. ; Alcohol, to make 1000 mils. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

The tincture and the compound tincture are frequently employed. 

Therapeutic Action. — Expectorant. 

Uses. — The tinctures of benzoin are sometimes used by mouth 
as expectorants for cough, bronchitis, etc. By inhalation the com- 
pound tincture is frequently used for cough, bronchitis, pneumonia, 
croup, etc. Externally the tinctures are employed in cosmetics to 
add sticking qualities and as protectives. 

The use of Benzoin by inhalation in bronchitis, whooping-cough, 
etc., is shown in the following : 

1* or 

Tinct. Benzoini Co £Sij 601 

Sig. — Use teaspoonful to pitcher of hot water as directed. 



il£ or 

Creosoti f3ij 

Tinct. Benzonini Co q. s. fSij 

M. 

Sig. — Use teaspoonful to pitcher of hot water as directed. 



60 



Written instructions should be given in detail as to the method 
of employment. Usually for about fifteen minutes every three 
hours. 

The Compound Tincture of Benzoin lends itself well to the 
local application of remedies, as in the following for ringworm, 
etc. : 

B or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. ss 03 

Tinct. Benzoini Co q. s. f5j 30 00 

M. 

Sig. — Paint trie part twice daily. 

B or 

Acidi Salicylici gr. x [6 

Tinct. Benzoini Co q. s. f 3j 3UJU 

M. 

Sig. — Paint the part twice daily. 

ACIDUM JBENZOICUM (Gen., Acidi Benzoici). Eng., Benzoic Acid. 
Formula, HC7H5O2. An organic acid obtained from benzoin or pre- 
pared synthetically. 



92 BENZOINUM. 

Form. — Whitish scales or needles. 

Odor and Taste. — Almost odor/nss and somewhat pungent taste. 
Solubility. — In 275 parts of water and 2.3 parts of alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

Benzoic Acid is contained in Liquor Antisepticus and Tinctura Opii 
Camphorata. 

Official Benzoates. 

Incompatibles. — Acids, ferric salts, alkali hydroxides, lead acetate, cor- 
rosive mercuric chloride. 

AMMONII BENZOAS (Gen., Ammonii Benzoatis). Eng., Am- 
monium Benzoate. Formula, NH4C7H5O2. 

Form. — White crystals or crystalline powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Slight odor; saline, bitter, afterward slightly acid taste. 

Solubility. — In about 10 parts of water or 35.5 parts of alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

SODII BENZOAS (Gen., Sodii Benzoatis). Eng., Sodium Benzoate. 
Formula, NaC7H 5 02. 

Form. — A white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless ; a sweetish, astringent taste. 

Solubility. — In 1.8 parts of water or 61 parts of alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, stimulant, expectorant, diu- 
retic, antipyretic. 

Uses. — Principally used in the treatment of genito-urinary dis- 
eases, as gonorrhea, cystitis, etc., particularly when it is desirable 
to> increase the acidity of the urine. 

Administration. — Sodium Benzoate is the preparation most 
frequently used. The Benzoates may be administered in capsules 
or in solution in a vehicle, as water, peppermint water, or aromatic 
elixir. 

In cystitis, gonorrhea, etc., with alkaline urine : 

H or 

Sodii Benzoatis 3iv 15 

Potassii Bromidi '3iij 12 

Inf. Buchu q. s. f'Sij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls in water every four hours. 

For rendering the urine more acid: 
m or 

Acidi Benzoici 3jj 8| 

Acidi Borici 3iij 12 

Aquae Cinnamomi f&rij 360| 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful in water four times daily. 



1 Ashton: Practice of Gynecology. 



BENZOSULPHINIDUM. 93 

In the treatment of acne : 
I£i or 

Sodii Benzoatis 3ij 8| 

Tinct. Nucis Vomicae f3ij 8 

Flext. Cascarae Sag f§ ss 15 

Tinct. Cardamomi Comp q. s. f^iij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 

BENZOSULPHINIDUM. 

Latin, Benzosulphinidum (Gen., Benzosulphinidi). Eng., Ben- 
zosulphinide, Saccharin. 

Form. — A white, crystalline powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Nearly odorless, and intensely sweet taste. 

Solubility. — In 290 parts of water or 31 parts of alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 3 grains (0.2 Gm.). 

The product is about 500 times as sweet as sugar. 

Uses. — Employed as a substitute for sugar. 

Administration. — It is sometimes prescribed in formulae, as 
for the "tasteless" Castor Oil (see p. 236) or to be used by diabetics 
in place of sugar. 

BETAEUCAINAE HYDROCHLORIDUM. 

Latin, Betaeucainae Hydrochloridum (Gen., Betaeucainae Hydro- 
chloridi). Synonyms, Eucaine, Eucaine Chloride. A synthetic 
derivative of piperidine. 

Form. — A white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless; local anesthetic to sense of taste. 

Solubility. — Soluble in 30 parts of water and in 35 parts of 
alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Prescribed alone in sterile distilled water, or 
with the addition of solution of adrenalin chloride. 

Toxicity. — Slightly less than cocaine. 

Uses. — A local anesthetic. 

Administration. — Not prescribed to be used by patients. It is 
extensively employed by the profession in aqueous solution as a 
local anesthetic. 



i Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



94 BETANAPHTHOL. 

The Braun solution may be ordered as 
fy or 

Betaeucainae Hydroch gr. iiiss |24 

Sodii Chloridi gr. xv 1 96 

Aquae Dest. Ster q. s. fSiv 120J00 

M. 

Sig. — Formula. 

Solution of Adrenalin Chloride may be added just before using. 

BETANAPHTHOL. 

Latin, Betanaphthol (Gen., Betanaphtholis). Eng., Betanaph- 
thol. Synonym, Naphthol. A Phenol occurring in coal-tar, but 
usually prepared from naphthalene. 

Form. — Colorless or pale buff-colored crystals or powder. 
Odor and Taste. — Faint, phenol-like odor and slight pungent 
taste. 

Solubility. — In 1000 parts of water and 0.8 part alcohol. 
Incompatibles. — Antipyrine, camphor, exalgine, ferric chloride, 
menthol, phenol, potassium permanganate, urethane. 
Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 
Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, irritant. 
Uses. — Sometimes used internally for* diarrhea, intestinal in- 
digestion, flatulent dyspepsia, typhoid fever, etc. Externally, 
it is used for various skin diseases, as scabies, ringworms, sebor- 
rhea and kindred disorders. 

Administration. — Internally. — It is sometimes used as a salt, 
particularly Bismuth Betanaphthol. 

In the treatment of diarrhea of typhoid fever : 
Ri or 

Betanaphtholis 3j 4 

Bismuthi Subgal 3ij < 

M. ft. cap. no. xxiv. 

Sig. — One every three hours. 

Externally it is extensively used by the dermatologist. 
The following will illustrate some combinations : 
In the treatment of seborrhea : 
R2 or 



Resorcinolis '3j 4 

Betanaphtholis gr. xx 1 

Tinct. Cinchonas Comp f3iij 12 

Spiritus Myrciae q. s. f 5vj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Apply twice daily. 



i Anders: Practice of Medicine. 

2 Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 



BISMUTHUM. 



95 



In the treatment of seborrhea : 

$1 or 

Betanaphtholis f 3ij 8 

Alcoholis fKij 90 

Spir. Myrcise q. s. f3vj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Apply twice daily. 

In the treatment of scabies : 
R2 or 

Betanaphtholis, 

Sulphuris Prsecip ."" aa. 3ss 2 

Petrolati q. s. 3j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

Used in the treatment of grain-itch: 

B 3 or 

Betanaphtholis gr. xxx 2 

Sulphuris Prsecip gr. xl 2 

Adipis Benzoinati q. s. 5j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



In the treatment of ringworm of the scalp: 

Betanaphtholis 3ss 

Olei Cadini 3j 

Ung. Sulphuris q. s. S j 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



or 



BISMUTHUM— Bismuth. 

(Not Official.) 

Official Salts. 
General Character of Bismuth Salts. 

Form. — All white, or nearly white, powders except the subgallate, which 
is yellow, and Bismuth Betanaphthol, which is brownish. 

Odor and Taste. — All practically odorless and tasteless except Bismuth 
and Ammonium Citrate, which has a metallic taste. 



1 Ohmann-Bumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 

2 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 

3 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

4 Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 



96 BISMUTHUM. 

Solubility. — All practically insoluble except the Bismuth and Ammonium 
Citrate, which is soluble in water. 

Incompatibles. — As they are insoluble and usually given in dry ' form, 
incompatibility is seldom a factor. They are best not prescribed with other 
acids or with iodine, iodides, etc. 

BISMUTHI ET AMMONII CITRAS (Gen., Bismuthi et Ammonii 
Citratis). Eng, Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate. 

Average Dose. — 2 grains (0.125 Gm.). 

BISMUTHI SUBCARBONAS (Gen. Bismuthi Subcarbonatis). Eng., 
Bismuth Subcarbonate. 

Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

BISMUTHI SUBGALLAS (Gen. Bismuthi Subgallatis). Eng., Bis- 
muth Subgallate. 

Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

BISMUTHI SUBNITRAS (Gen, Bismuthi Subnitratis). Eng., Bis- 
muth Subnitrate. 

Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

BISMUTHI SUBSALICYLAS (Gen, Bismuthi Subsalicylatis). Eng., 
Bismuth Subsalicylate. 

Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, astringent, protective. 

Uses. — Internally used in the treatment of gastritis, hyper- 
chlorhydria, gastric ulcer, diarrhea, dysentery, etc. Externally, 
in powders or ointments in the treatment of ulcers, burns, miliaria, 
eczema and many other skin conditions. The subnitrate (33 per 
cent.) with petrolatum (Beck's Paste) is used for chronic suppurat- 
ing sinuses, cavities, etc., particularly of tuberculous origin. 

Administration. — Internally. — The subnitrate is the salt of 
common choice, though the subgallate is considered more 
astringent, and the subcarbonate better for some forms of gas- 
tric disturbances. The tendency is to give large doses. These 
salts may be given dry or in mixtures, but when in the latter 
form, as the powders are heavy, care should be exercised that 
the liquid be sufficiently thick to hold the powder suspended while 
a dose is being poured. 

The following examples show some usual combinations : 

When it is desired to administer a bismuth salt alone it may be 
ordered as follows: 

B or 

Bismuthi Subnit 3ij 8| 

Ft. cht. no. xij. 

Sig. — One every four hours. 



BISMUTHUM. 



97 



Or: 
U or 

Bismuthi Subnit gr. clx 

Muc. Acaciae Bss 

Syr. Aurantii q. s. fBij 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every four hours. (Shake-label.) 



In the treatment of the intestinal disturbances of childhood when 
the bismuth salt does not change the character of the stool it is 
often combined with sulphur at the time of administration. In 
addition to one of the prescriptions just given, another is written as 
follows : 

B or 

Sulphuris Praecip gr. xxx 2| 

M. ft. cht. no. xv. 

Sig. — One with each dose of the other medicine. 

In the treatment of diarrhea of typhoid fever : 

Ri or 

Betanaphtholis 3j 4 

Bismuthi Subgal 3ij 8 

M. ft. cap. no. xxiv. 

Sig. — One every three hours. 

This could also be ordered in suspension in mucilage of acacia, 
syrup, etc. 

Used for the relief of abdominal tympany : 

ft 2 sor 

Phenylis Salicyl gr. xx 1 13 

Bismuthi Subnit gr. 1 310 

M. ft. cap. no. x. 

Sig. — One two hours after each meal. 
This may be ordered in powders. 

In the treatment of dysentery : 

B 3 or 

Phenylis Salicyl., 
Bismuthi Subnit., 

Cretan Prasp aa. 3j 

M. ft. cht. no. xij. 

Sig. — One every two hours. 



1 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 
2 Ashton: Practice of Gynecology. 
3 Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 

7 



98 BISMUTHUM. 

In the treatment of gastric ulcer, etc. : 

B or 

Atropine Sulph gr. M.5 1004 

Bismuthi Subnitratis 3iv 15 000 

Magnesii Oxidi 3iij 12 000 

Calcii Carb. Prsecip 3ij 8 000 

M. ft. cht. no. xv. 

Sig. — One in a glass of milk three times a day. 

In the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, nausea, etc. : 
3 or 

Bismuthi Subnit 3iij 

Spir. Chlorof ormi f 3iss 

Tinct. Opii Camph '3iij 

Spir. Vini Gallici f'3vj 

Mist. Cretse q. s. fSiij 

Sig. — Tablespoonful every three hours until relieved. 

In the treatment of diarrhea of typhoid fever : 

Bismuthi Subnitratis gr. clx 

Phenolis Liq trtxxx 

Tinct. Opii Deod f3j 

Mucil. Acaciae f Hj 

Aquae q. s. f Siv 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every three hours. (Shake-label.) 

In the treatment of acute intestinal indigestion: 

B 2 or 

Phenolis gr. iv 32 

Naphthaleni gr. xxx 2 00 

Bismuthi Subsalicyl gr. lxxx 5 00 

Glycerini fSj 30 00 

Aquse Chloroformi q. s. fSiij 90 00 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls in water every two hours. (Shake-label.) 

In the treatment of enterocolitis : 
Rs or 

Bismuthi Subnitratis 3iij 12 

Tinct. Kino, 

Tinct. Opii Camph aa. fSiss 45 

Mist. Cretan q. s. fgvj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful every three hours. (Shake-label.) 

Practice of Medicine. 



12 




6 




12 




23 




90 




(Shake-label.) 


or 

10 





2 





4 





30 





120 






1 Hughes 

2 IUd. 

3 IUd. 



BISMUTHUM. 



99 



Xlj 



1 Shoemaker: ' Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 

2 Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 

3 Ibid. 

4Ashton: Practice of Gynecology. 



Externally. — Bismuth Subnitrate is extensively used as a local 
application. It is prescribed either alone or with other agents. 

The following will illustrate : 

As a local application in the treatment of impetigo, fever blis- 
ters, etc.: 

& or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis gr. xv 1 

Bismuthi Subnitratis q. s. 3iv 15 

M. 

Sig. — Apply twice daily. 

In the treatment of herpes, bromidrosis, etc. : 

U 1 or 

Alumenis Pulv 3j 4 

Phenylis Salicyl 3ss 2 

Bismuthi Subnit 3j 4 

Ung. Zinci Oxidi q. s. 3 j 30 

M. 

Sig.— Apply. 

In the treatment of erythema venenatum : 

R 2 or 

Morphinae Sulph gr. v 

Bismuthi Subnit 3j 4 

Ung. Aquae Rosae q. s. 3j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply in a thin layer. 

In the treatment of ecthyma: 

R 3 or 

Acidi Borici gr. 

Bismuthi Subnit 3j 

Picis Liquidae gr. 

Ung. Aquae Rosae q. s. 3 j 

M. 

Sig. — Apply on a cloth twice daily. 

In the treatment of dermatitis: 
R4 

Phenolis gr. 

Bismuthi Subnit 3iss 6 

Adipis Lanse Hyd 3ij 8 

Ung. Zinci Oxidi q. s. 3j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply locally. 



100 BROMOFORMUM. BROMUM. 

BROMOFORMUM. 

Latin, Bromoformum. Eng., Bromoform. A colorless liquid. 
Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 
Therapeutic Action. — Antispasmodic, anesthetic. 
Uses. — Has been recommended principally for the treatment 
of whooping-cough. Not often prescribed. 

BROMUM. 

(Not Official.) 

Latin, Bromum. Eng., Bromine. A heavy, dark, brownish-red 
liquid. 

Official Bromides. 

General Characteristics. 

Form. — Colorless crystals or white granular or crystalline powders. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and having a sharp, saline, rather disagree- 
able taste. 

Solubility. — Soluble in less than 2 parts of water and usually deliques- 
cent Soluble in alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Acids, acid salts, many metallic salts, alkaloids, chlorine 
water, salts of mercury, spirit of nitrous ether. 

AMMONII BROMIDUM (Gen., Ammonii Bromidi). Eng., Am- 
monium Bromide. Formula, NH^Br. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

CALCII BROMIDUM (Gen., Calcii Bromidi). Eng., Calcium Bro- 
mide. Formula, CaBr2. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

LITHII BROMIDUM (Gen., Lithii Bromidi). Eng., Lithium Bro- 
mide. Formula, LiBr. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

POTASSII BROMIDUM (Gen., Potassii Bromidi). Eng., Potassium 
Bromide. Formula, KBr. 

SODII BROMIDUM (Gen., Sodii Bromidi). Eng., Sodium Bromide. 
Formula, NaBr. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

STRONTII BROMIDUM (Gen., Strontii Bromidi). Eng., Strontium 
Bromide. Formula, SrBr2. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

ACIDUM HYDROBROMICUM DILUTUM. (Gen. Acidi Hydro- 
bromici Diluti). Eng., Diluted Hydrobromic Acid. An aqueous solution 
containing about 10 per cent, of HBr. 

Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Sedative, hypnotic, anodyne, antispas- 
modic. 






BROMUM. 



101 



Uses. — To relieve pain or produce quiet or sleep in headache, 
nervousness, hysteria, epilepsy, alcoholism, tetanus, rabies, 
strychnine poisoning, eclampsia and kindred conditions. 

Administration. — It will be noted that the bromides are all 
white or nearly white salts freely soluble in water, forming 
clear, colorless solutions. Most of them will become moist on 
exposure to air, so should not be dispensed in powder. The taste 
of the salts is usually sharp, so they should be well diluted. 
When diluted the taste is not very disagreeable. They are best 
prescribed in solution in such vehicles as water, peppermint 
water, aromatic elixir, etc. 

Potassium Bromide is the most largely used, but is not necessarily 
the most desirable. 

The bromides may be administered by mouth or rectum. 

A bromide may be ordered alone, as : 

3 or 

Sodii Bromidi 3ij 8| 

Elix. Aromatici q. s. fBj 301 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every three hours when needed. 

As a hypnotic, sedative, etc., they are often combined with other 
agents, as: 

3 or 

Chlorali Hydrati 3j 

Sodii Bromidi 3ij 

Tinct. Hyoscyami f 3ss 

Aquae Menth. Pip q. s. f 3 j 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every four hours when necessary. 

Or: 
3 or 

Codeinae Phos gr. iv 

Chlorali Hydrati 3j 

Pbtassii Bromidi 3ij 

Aquae Chloroformi q. s. f5j 3 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every four hours until relieved. 

Bromides are often prescribed as : 
B or 

Ammon. Bromidi gr. xx 

Sodii Bromidi ' gr. xxx 

Strontii Bromidi gr. xxx 

Potassii Bromidi gr. xl 

Syr. Aurantii q. s. fSj 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every three hours when necessary. 



102 BROMUM. 

In the treatment of convulsions : 
$i or 

Chlorali Hydrati gr. viij 5 

Sodii Bromidi gr. xvj 1 

Syrupi Aurantii q. s. f'Sij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful. Repeat in one hour if necessary. (For child 2 
years old.) 

In the treatment of acute laryngitis: 

R 2 or 

Chlorali Hydrati gr. lxxv 5 

Ammonii Bromidi gr. xxx 2 

Potassii Bromidi . . . gr. xlv 3 

Aquae Cinnamomi q. s. £5ij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every twenty minutes till improvement 
takes place. 

In the treatment of headache following a debauch: 
US or 

Ammonii Bromidi 3iij 

Spir. Ammonise Arom f 5iv 

Elix. Aromatici q. s. f Siij 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls in water every two hours til 

In the treatment of gonorrhea : 
1*4 or 

Acidi Borici, 

Sodii Bromidi aa.gr. clx 10 

Tinct. Belladon. Fol f5j 4 

Liq. Potas. Citratis q. s. fHviij 240 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful in water four times daily. 

Or: 

$5 or 

Tinct. Veratri Tn,viij 5 

Potassii Bromidi, 

Sodii Bicarb aa.gr. clx 10 

Liq. Potas. Citratis q. s. fSviij 240 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful in water every two hours. 

iRuhrah: Diseases of Children. 

2 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

3 Ibid. 

* White and Martin: Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 
6 IUd . 



relieved. 



BUCHU. CAFFEINA. 103 

In the treatment of spasmodic croup : 

$i or 

Ammonii Bromidi 3ss 2 

Tinct. Opii Camph fSss 2 

Tinct. Belladon. Fol -n\xv 1 

Syr. Tolutani fSj 30 

Aquae q. s. f 3ij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every hour till relieved. (For child 2 years old.) 

Bromides are frequently used by enema, as in strychnine poison- 
ing, convulsions, etc.: 

B or 

Chlorali Hydrati 3j 4 

Sodii Bromidi 3ij 8 

Aquae q. s. fSij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Use tablespoonful to cup of warm water as enema. 

BUCHU. 

Latin, Buchu (Gen., Buchu). Eng., Buchu. The dried leaves 
of Barosma betulitia or of Barosma serratifolia. 
Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Fluidextractum Buchu. Eng., Fluidextract of Buchu. 
Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Diuretic, urinary disinfectant, diapho- 
retic. 

Uses. — Principally employed in the treatment of diseases of 
the genito-urinary tract. 

Administration. — Usually prescribed in combination with 
other agents, the most popular preparation being the Elixir of 
Buchu, Juniper and Potassium Acetate. 

CAFFEINA. 

Latin, CafTeina (Gen., Caffeinse). Eng., Caffeine. A feebly 
basic alkaloid obtained from tea (Thea sinensis) or coffee (Coffea 
arabica). Also occurring in other plants or prepared synthetically. 
Coffee contains about 0.67 to 2.25 per cent., and tea about 3.2 per 
cent. 

Average Dose. — 2y 2 grains (0.15 Gm.). 

1 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



104 CAFFEINA. 

Official Preparations. 

Caffeina Citrata (Gen., Caffeinae Citratse). Eng., Citrated Caffeine. 
Composed of equal parts of Caffeine and Citric Acid. 
Form. — A white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and a slightly bitter taste. 
Solubility. — Soluble in water or alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 5 grains (0.3 Gm.). 

Caffeina Citrata Effervescens. Eng., Effervescent Citrated Caffeine. 
Contains 4 per cent. Caffeine. 

Average Dose. — 60 grains (4 Gm.). 

Caffeinae Sodiobenzoas (Gen., Caffeinse Sodiobenzoatis). Eng., Caf- 
feine Sodiobenzoate. A mixture of caffeine and sodium benzoate in equal 
parts. 

Form. — A white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and a slightly bitter taste. 

Solubility. — Soluble in 1.1 parts of water; some caffeine separates on 
standing. Soluble in 30 parts of Alcohol. 

Average Dose. — By mouth 5 grains (0.3 Gm.). Hypodermic, 3 grains 
(0.2 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Stimulant, diuretic. 

Uses. — To counteract the depressing effects of analgesics and 
antipyretics in the treatment of headache, neuralgia, colds, grip, 
etc. In the treatment of dropsy and cardiac weakness. An effi- 
cient antidote for poisoning by opium, alcohol and some other 
narcotics. 

Administration. — Caffeine is usually prescribed in the form 
of citrated caffeine either in solution or dry. The Citric Acid is 
used to render the alkaloid more soluble. It is not a salt, but a mix- 
ture. Caffeine is also rendered more soluble by the addition 
of such drugs as antipyrine, potassium bromide and sodium 
benzoate and salicylate, etc. 

The following prescriptions show some frequently used combina- 
tions : 



In the treatment of colds, etc. : 

R or 

Caffeinse Citratae gr. x 

Acidi Acetylsalicylici gr. xl 2 

Quininse Hydrobrom gr. xx 1 

M. ft. cap. no. xv. 

Sig. — Take 6 today and 4 tomorrow. 



Instructions can be given patient as to time of taking, etc., as, 
1 in the morning, 2 at noon, and 3 at night. 



CALAMINA PR^PARATA. 

The following has been recommended for headache 

R.i or 

Acetanilidi gr. lxxij 

Caffeinse Citratse, 

Camphorse Monobromatse aa! gr. xij 

Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. xlviij 

M. ft. cap. no. xxiv. 

Sig. — One every half-hour until four (4) are taken. 



105 



In the treatment of chronic valvular disease : 

Caffeinse Citratse 3ss 

Strychninse Sulph gr. ^ 

Sparteinse Sulph gr. iij 

M. ft. cap. no. xij. 

Sig. — One every four hours. 



or 



In the treatment of migraine : 
B3 or 

Caffeinse Citratae gr. v 

Camphorse Monobromatse gr. xx 

Acetphenetidini gr. xx 

M. ft. cap. no. x. 

Sig. — One every two hours until relieved. 



|32 
1|30 

1130 



CALAMINA PRiEPARATA. 

Latin, Calamina Prasparata. Eng., Prepared Calamine. Not 
official. 

A mixture of the native carbonate and silicate of zinc. 

A pinkish or flesh-colored powder of earthy appearance, prac- 
tically odorless and insoluble in water. 

It was official in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia of 1850. 

Therapeutic Action. — Astringent, desiccant. 

Uses. — In the treatment of herpes, some forms of eczema, 
ulcerations, etc. 

Administration.— It is used rather frequently by the der- 
matologist in external applications. 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

2 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 

3 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



106 CALCIUM. 

In the treatment of herpes progenitalis : 

Ri or 

Zinci Oxidi, 

Calamine Prep aa. gr. x 

Glycerini, 

Alcoholis aa. n^xij 

Aquae q. s. f&j 60 

M. 

Sig. — Apply freely. (Shake-label.) 



CALCIUM. 

(Not Official.) 

Official Salts and Preparations of Calcium. 

CALCII BROMIDUM.— See Bromum, p. 100. 

CALCII CARBONAS PR.2ECIPITATUS. Eng., Precipitated Cal- 
cium Carbonate. Synonym, Precipitated Chalk. Formula, CaC0 3 . 

Form. — White powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and tasteless. 

Solubility. — Practically insoluble in water or alcohol. This salt is used 
in making some other preparations of minor importance. 

Average Dose. — IS grains (1 Gm.). 

CALCII CHLORIDUM (Gen., Calcii Chloridi). Eng., Calcium Chlo- 
ride. Formula, CaCb. 

Form. — White powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless; sharp, saline taste. 

Solubility. — In 0.62 part of water or 10 parts of alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Acids, carbonates, sulphates, etc. 

Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

CALCII GLYCEROPHOSPHAS.— See Glycerophosphates, p. 30. 

CALCII HYPOPHOSPHIS.— See Acidum Hypophosphorosum, p. 29. 

CALCII LACTAS (Gen., Calcii Lactatis). Eng., Calcium Lactate 
(Formula, Ca(C 3 H 5 3 )2 + 5H 2 0). 

Form. — White powder or granular masses. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and nearly tasteless. 

Solubility. — Soluble in 20 parts of water. Almost insoluble in alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

CALCII SULPHIDUM CRUDUM. Eng., Crude Calcium Sulphide. 
Synonyms, Calx Sulphurata; Sulphurated Lime (U. S. P., viii). It con- 
tains not less than 55 per cent, of CaS. 

Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

CALX. Eng., Calcium Oxide, Lime. Synonym, Quick Lime. 

CALX CHLORINATA. Eng., Chlorinated Lime. Synonym, Chlo- 
ride of Lime. A product resulting from the action of chlorine upon 



1 Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 



CALCIUM. 107 

calcium hydroxide and containing not less than 30 per cent, of available 
chlorine. 

Care should be exercised to avoid confusing this with calcium chlo- 
ride. Chlorinated Lime is not used internally, but is a disinfectant em- 
ployed for the chlorine content. Calcium chloride is used internally and 
for the calcium content. 

CRETA PRiEPARATA (Gen., Cretae Prasparatse) . Eng., Prepared 
Chalk. Synonym, Drop Chalk. A native form of Calcium Carbonate 
freed from most of its impurities by elutriation and containing, when 
dried to a constant weight, not less than 97 per cent, of CaC03. 

Form. — Whitish powder often moulded into cones. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and tasteless. 

Solubility. — Practically insoluble in water or alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Acids, salicylates, alum, etc. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Misrura Cretae. Eng., Chalk Mixture. Compound Chalk Powder, 20 
Gm. ; Cinnamon Water, 40 mils ; Water, to make 100 mils. 

Averaged Dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils). 

Pulveris Cretae Compositus. Eng., Compound Chalk Powder. Pre- 
pared Chalk, 30 Gm.; Acacia, 20 Gm.; Powdered Sugar, 50 Gm. 

Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Prepared chalk is contained in Hydrargyrum Cum Creta. 

Linimentum Calcis. Eng., Lime Liniment. Synonym, Carron Oil. 
Equal parts of Linseed Oil and Lime Water. 

LIQUOR CALCIS. Eng., Lime Water. A saturated aqueous solu- 
tion which should contain not less than 0.14 per cent, of pure Calcium 
Hydroxide. 

Average Dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils). 

This solution should be clear when dispensed, as unfortunate results 
have occurred from patients using a preparation containing an excess of 
the calcium salt and ignorantly shaking the preparation before using. 

SYRUPUS CALCII LACTOPHOSPHATIS. Eng., Syrup of Cal- 
cium Lactophosphate. 

Average Dose. — 2 l / 2 fluidrachmsi (10 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Prepared Chalk, Precipitated Calcium 
Carbonate and Lime Water are antacid and mildly astringent. Chlo- 
rinated Lime is antiseptic and disinfectant. Calcium Chloride and 
Lactate are classed as resolvents and hemostatics. 

Uses. — The precipitated carbonate is used for hyperchlor- 
hydria, gastric ulcer, etc. Prepared chalk is used in combination 
with other agents in dusting powders or ointments in the treat- 
ment of eczema, dermatitis, ulcers, etc. Its preparations are used 
for diarrhea, dysentery and other gastro-intestinal conditions. 
Lime Water is extensively employed in the artificial feeding of 
infants and the milk diet of adults ; also as a spray for diphtheria, 



108 CALCIUM. 

etc. Lime Liniment is employed for burns. Calcium chloride and 
lactate are used for hemorrhages, particularly purpura hemor- 
rhagica, scurvy, etc. Recommended for chronic bronchitis and 
asthma. 

Administration. — Internally. — In solution, Calcium Chloride 
or Lactate, or Calcium) Hydroxide in the form of Lime Water, are 
the preparations ordinarily prescribed. They are usually pre- 
scribed alone. 

To increase the coagulability of the blood, as in the treatment 
of purpura: 

B or 

Calcii Chloridi 3j 4 

Aquae Dest q. s. fSij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful in water every two hours if necessary. 

Lime Water is largely used in the artificial feeding of infants. 
Patients should be cautioned that a clear solution is necessary and 
that they should not shake the bottle before using, as it might dis- 
turb a sediment. It may be ordered as : 

B or 

Liquoris Calcis Oj 480| 

Sig. — Lime water. 

Prepared Chalk in powders or suspension is largely used, par- 
ticularly in intestinal disturbances. It is prescribed either alone 
or with other agents. The following will illustrate : 

In the treatment of dysentery : 
$1 or 

Phenylis Salicyl., 
Bismuthi Subnit., 

Cretse Prsep aa. 3j 4 

M. ft. cht. no. xij. 

Sig. — One every two hours. 

In the treatment of catarrhal enteritis of childhood: 

$2 or 

Tinct. Opii Deodorati nixvj 1 

Bismuthi Subnitratis gr. lxxx 5 

Misturse Cretae q. s. f.5ij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every two hours. (Shake-label.) 



1 Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 

2 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



CALCIUM. 109 

In the treatment of enteric troubles of childhood: 

B or 

Bismuthi Subnit 3ij 8 

Misturse Cretse q. s. fSij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every three hours until relieved. (Shake-label.) 

In the treatment of enterocolitis: 

IJi or 

Bismuthi Subnit Siij 12 

Tinct. Kino, 

Tinct. Opii Camph aa. fftss 45 

Misturse Cretse q. s. fSvj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoon ful every three hours. (Shake-label.) 

Calcium Carbonate and Phosphate are frequently employed in- 
ternally in dry form. 

In the treatment of hyperacidity: 
B or 

Magnesii Oxidi 3iv 15|0 

Calcii Carb. Prsec, Siij 12 10 

Bismuthi Subnit aa. Siij 12J0 

01. Menth. Pip m,v |3 

M. 

Sig. — Level teaspoonful in glass of milk two hours after meals. 

This may be ordered in twenty powders and the directions made 
to read "One in glass of milk two hours after meals." 

Externally. — Lime Liniment is an old-time remedy tor burns. 
It is usually prescribed alone or with a small amount of Phenol. 

B or 

Phenolis Liquef acti nixv 1 1 

Linimenti Calcis q. s. £Svj 180) 

M. 

Sig. — Apply to burn as directed. (Shake-label.) 

Some prescribers prefer to order lime water and olive oil in equal 
parts, and for some reasons it would seem more desirable. 

Calcium Carbonate and Phosphate and Prepared Chalk are some- 
times used externally. 



1 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



110 CALUMBA. CAMBOGIA. 

In the treatment of erythema venenatum: 

Ri or 

Acidi Borici gr. xv 110 

Talci Purificati gr. xx 1 13 

Cretse Prsep 3iv 15|0 

Magnesii Carbonatis Siij 12 

M. 

Sig. — Use as a dusting powder. 

In the treatment of scabies: 
R2 or 

Sulphuris Loti, 
Olei Cadini, 

Cretse Prsep aa. Si j 8 

Saponis Mollis 3v 19 

Adipis q. s. Sij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Rub in thoroughly. 

CALUMBA. 

Latin, Calumba (Gen., Calumbse). Eng., Calumba. Synonyms, 
Calumbo, ' Columbo, Colombo. The dried root of Jateorhiza pal- 
mat a. 

Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Tinctura Calumbae. Eng., Tincture of Calumba. Represents 20 per 
cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Bitter tonic. 

Uses. — Principally used as a vehicle for tonic preparations. 
Administration. — The tincture is used almost exclusively and 
is usually prescribed with such agents as nux vomica. 

CAMBOGIA. 

Latin, Cambogia (Gen., Cambogise). Eng., Gamboge. A gum- 
resin obtained from Garcinia Hanburii. 
Average Dose. — 2 grains (0.125 Gm.). 
Gamboge is contained in Compound Cathartic Pills. 
Therapeutic Action. — Cathartic. 



1 Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 

2 Ibid. 



CAMPHORA. Ill 

Uses. — Employed in combination when an active purgative of 
the drastic and hydragogue type is indicated. 

Administration. — It is seldom used except in the compound 
cathartic pill. 

CAMPHORA. 

Latin, Camphora (Gen., Camphorae). Eng., Camphor. Syno- 
nym, Gum Camphor. Formula, CioH 16 0. A ketone obtained from 
Cinnamomum Camphora. 

Form. — White, translucent masses. 

Odor and Taste. — Characteristic pleasant odor, and a pungent, 
aromatic taste. 

Solubility. — Sparingly soluble in water. Readily soluble in 
alcohol. 

Incompatible s. — Will liquefy when rubbed with hydrated chloral, 
menthol, phenol, thymol, etc. Camphor Water is incompatible with 
strong solutions of salts. 

Average Dose. — By mouth, 3 grains (0.2 Gm.) ; hypodermic, 1^2 
grains (0.1 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Aqua Camphorae. Eng., Camphor Water. A saturated aqueous solu- 
tion of Camphor. 

Average Dose. — 2 J / 2 fluidrachms (10 mils). 

Linimentum Camphoras. Eng., Camphor Liniment. Synonym, Cam- 
phorated Oil. Camphor, 200 Gm.; Cotton Seed Oil, 800 Gm. 

Spiritus Camphorae. Eng., Spirit of Camphor. Synonym, Tincture 
of Camphor. Camphor, 100 Gm.; Alcohol, to make 1000 mils. 

Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Camphor is contained in some other preparations, as Linimentum 
Saponis, Tinctura Opii Camphorata, etc. 

CAMPHORA MONOBROMATA (Gen., Camphorae Monobromatae). 
Eng., Monobromated Camphor. 

Form. — Colorless needles, scales, or powder. 

Odor and Taste. — A mild but characteristic camphoraceous odor and taste. 
Solubility. — Almost insoluble in water. Soluble in 6.5 parts of alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 2 grains (0.125 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic, anti- 
septic. Monobromated camphor is also esteemed as a nerve 
sedative and anaphrodisiac. 

Uses. — Camphor is used as a stimulant in collapse, narcotic 
poisoning, etc. Camphor and monobromated camphor are em- 



112 CAMPHORA. 

ployed in the treatment of colds, bronchitis, pneumonia, head- 
ache, diarrhea, hysteria, and kindred conditions. Externally cam- 
phor is used for dermatitis, pruritus, neuralgia, etc. 

Administration. — Camphor is sometimes used hypodermatic- 
ally, and the form of choice is camphor dissolved in sterile oil. 
The aseptic packages put out by the pharmaceutical manufacturers 
are the most desirable. 

Camphor is frequently prescribed in dry form in capsules with 
other agents. 

In the treatment of coryza : 

$i or 

Ext. Belladon. Fol gr. ss 03 

Camphorse gr. vj 40 

Quininse Sulph., 

Pulv. Ipecac, et Opii aa. gr. xij 80 

M. ft. cap. no. xij. 

Sig. — One every half -hour for four hours, then one every three hours. 

In the treatment of influenza : 
IP or 



Caffeinae Citratse gr. x 

Camphorse gr. x 

Acetphenetidini gr. xxx 

M. ft. cap. no. x. 

Sig. — One every two hours. 



Camphor Water is a frequently employed vehicle. 
Camphor is frequently used locally in solution or liquefied. 
As an inhalation in coryza: 

R or 

Camphorae, 

Mentholis aa. 3ss 2 

Tinct. Benzoini Co q. s. f5j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Use teaspoonful to pitcher of hot water every four hours. 

As a spray in coryza, laryngitis, etc. : 
n or 

Camphorse gr. vj 

Eucalyptolis, 
01. Menth. Pip., 

Olei Pini Syl aa. ttl vj 4 

Petrolati Liq q. s. f.SVj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Use as a spray every four hours. 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 
2 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



CAMPHORA. 



113 



1 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 

2 Ibid. 

3 Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeuticsl 

4 Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 

5 Ibid. 

8 



Patients should be instructed to inhale while using spray. 
The following liquefies when triturated : 

In the treatment of neuralgia: 
$i or 

Chlorali Hydrati, 
Camphorae, 

Mentholis aa. 3j 

M. et tere bene. 

Sig. — Paint over parts as directed. 

Some combinations in ointments are as follows: 
In the treatment of pruritus: 

B2 or 

Mentholis, 

Camphorae, 

Chlorali Hydrati aa. gr. v 

Petrolati q. s. Sss 15 

M. 

Sig. — Apply locally. 

As an application in pruritic diseases of the skin : 
$3 or 

Phenolis gr. v 

Camphorae gr. x 

Sulphuris Subl gr. xxx 2 

Ung. Zinci Oxidi q. s. 3j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply frequently to irritable surface. / 

In the treatment of dermatitis calorica: 
B 4 or 

Phenolis, 

Camphorae aa. 3ss 2 

Adipis Lanae Hyd Bj 30 

Ung. Aquae Rosae q. s. Si j 60 

M. 

Sig. — Apply on cloth every four hours. 

In the treatment of eczema of the scrotum: 
B 5 or 

Camphorae, 

Chlorali Hydrati aa. gr. xx 1 

Adipis Lanae Hyd Sss 15 

Ung. Aquae Rosae q. s. E] 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply liberally several times daily. 



114 CANNABIS. 

Camphor Liniment may be ordered as in the following for 
bronchitis in children: 

3 or 

Linimenti Camphorae flBij 60| 

Sig. — Warm and apply to chest as directed. 

Monobromated Camphor is usually prescribed in capsules with 
other agents. 

In the treatment of cold, influenza, etc.: 
B or 

Camphorae Monobrom., 

Quininae Hydrobrom . aa. gr. xv 1 

Acidi Acetylsalicyl gr. xxx 2 

M. ft. cap. no. xij. 

Sig. — One every hour till four (4) are taken. 

The others may be ordered to be taken as one every four hours. 

This is particularly used in connection with hot drinks, foot- 
baths, etc, to abort a "cold." 



The following has been recommended in headache : 

Ri or 

Acetanilidi gr. lxxij 

Caffeinae Citratse, 

Camphorse Monobromatae aa. gr. xij 

Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. xlviij 

M. ft. cap. no. xxiv. 

Sig.— One every half-hour until four (4) are taken. 



In the treatment of migraine: 
$2 or 

Caffeinae Citratae gr. v |32 

Camphorae Monobromatae gr. xx 1130 

Acetphenetidini gr. xx 1 30 

M. ft. cap. no. x. 

Sig. — One every two hours until relieved. 

CANNABIS. 

Latin, Cannabis (Gen., Cannabis). Eng., Cannabis. Synonyms, 
Cannabis Indica (U. S. P., viii), Indian Cannabis, Indian Hemp. 
Dried flowering tops of the pistillate plant of Cannabis sativa or of 
the variety indica. 

Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.065 Gm.). 



1 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

2 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



CANNABIS. 115 

Official Preparations. 

Extractum Cannabis. Eng., Extract of Cannabis. A soft solid about 
five times the strength of the crude drug. 
Average Dose. — % grain (0.01 Gm.). 

Fluidextractum Cannabis. Eng., Fluidextract of Cannabis. 
Average Dose. — 1^2 minims (0.1 mil). 

Tinctura Cannabis. Eng., Tincture of Cannabis. Represents 10 per 
cent, of the drug in alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 12 minims (0.75 mil). 

Cannabis is considered by some as very uncertain in its action 
and many prescribers will not employ it. 

Therapeutic Action. — Sedative, anodyne, narcotic. 

Uses. — For headache, neuralgia and kindred conditions. It 
is an ingredient in many of the corn remedies. 

Administration. — Internally. — The tincture is the preparation 
usually employed. 

It may be prescribed alone, as : 
3 or 

Tinct. Cannabis f 3j 4| 

Tinct. Aurantii Dulc q. s. f3j 30| 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoon ful in water every four hours. 

Some prescribe the tincture alone by drops and increase to effect. 
About two drops must be allowed for each minim. 

n or 

Tincturae Cannabis f5j 301 

Sig. — Begin with 10 drops three times a day. 

It is sometimes used with other agents. The following will 
illustrate : 

In a hypnotic preparation : 

B or 

Chlorali Hydrati 5j 4 

Sodii Bromidi Sij 8 

Tinct. Cannabis f3j 4 

Elix. Aromatici q. s. f3j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every four hours when necessary. 

Externally. — The extract is sometimes used in combination with 
other agents. The following will illustrate : 



116 CANTHARIS. CAPSICUM. 

In the treatment of clavus : 

3 1 or 

Acidi Salicylici gr. xxx 2|0 

Ext. Cannabis gr. x 6 

Collodii Flex q. s. fSss 15|0 

M. 

Sig. — Apply to lesions twice daily. 

In employing the above many add Ol. Ricini, f3j. 

CANTHARIS. 

Latin, Cantharis (Gen., Cantharidis). Eng., Cantharides. 
Synonym, Spanish Flies. The dried beetles Cantharis vesicatoria. 

Official Preparations. 

Ceratum Cantharidis. Eng., Cantharides Cerate. Contains 35 per 
cent, of the drug. 

Collodium Cantharidatum. Eng., Cantharidal Collodion. Represents 
60 per cent, of the drug. 

Emplastrum Cantharidis. Eng., Cantharides Plaster. Cantharides 
Cerate and Resin Plaster spread on fabric. Each square centimeter of 
spread plaster contains 0.1 Gm. of Cantharides Cerate. 

Tinctura Cantharidis. Eng., Tincture of Cantharides. Represents 10 
per cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — V/2, minims (0.1 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Rubefacient, vesicant, and also classed 
as a diuretic and aphrodisiac, though not used as such. 

Uses. — Sometimes used as a counter-irritant as in the treat- 
ment of neuralgia, sciatica, or related conditions. Used in hair 
preparations to stop loss of hair. 

Administration. — Cantharides is seldom prescribed. The 
Cerate or Collodion is sometimes ordered for external use to produce 
counter-irritation. 

The tincture is employed with other agents in applications to 
the scalp. Internally it is almost unemployed. 

CAPSICUM. 

Latin, Capsicum (Gen., Capsici). Eng., Capsicum. Synonyms, 
Cayenne Pepper, African Pepper, Red Pepper. The dried ripe fruit 
of Capsicum frutescens. 

Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 



1 Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 



CARBO LIGNI. CARDAMOMI SEMEN. 117 

Official Preparations. 

Emplastrum Capsici. Eng., Capsicum Plaster. Oleoresin of Capsi- 
cum spread in a thin coating over adhesive plaster. 

Oleoresina Capsici. Eng., Oleoresin of Capsicum. 

Average Dose. — y 2 grain (0.03 Gm.). 

Tinctura Capsici. Eng., Tincture of Capsicum. Represents 10 per 
cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 8 minims (0.5 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Rubefacient, vesicant, stimulant, stom- 
achic. 

Uses. — Alcoholism, indigestion, certain forms of nephritis, etc. 

Administration. — Capsicum is not often prescribed. The 
most frequent employment is that of the powdered drug or the 
tincture with other agents : 

In a laxative preparation for tuberculosis: 
3$i or 

Mas. Hydrargyri, 
Aloes Pulv., 
Ipecacuanha? Pulv., 

Capsici Pulv aa. gr. xij 

M. ft. cap. no. xxiv. 
Sig. — One at night. 

CARBO LIGNI. 

Latin, Carbo Ligni. Eng., Wood Charcoal. Synonym, Charcoal. 
Charcoal prepared from soft wood and finely powdered. A black, 
odorless, tasteless and insoluble powder. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Absorbent. 

Uses. — Employed in testing intestinal activity and sometimes 
prescribed for certain forms of dyspepsia. Its medicinal value is 
questionable. 

Administration. — Charcoal is sometimes employed internally 
alone or with other agents. It is usually administered in cap- 
sules. Not over 5 grains should be ordered to each capsule. 

CARDAMOMI SEMEN. 

Latin, Cardamom! Semen. Eng., Cardamom Seed (Cardamo- 
mum, U. S. P., viii). The dried seeds of Elettaria Cardamomum. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



118 



CARDAMOMI SEMEN. 



Official Preparations. 

Tinctura Cardamomi. Eng., Tincture of Cardamom. Represents 15 
per cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Tinctura Cardamomi Composita. Eng., Compound Tincture of Car- 
damom. Cardamom seed, 20 Gm.; Saigon Cinnamon, 25 Gm.; Caraway, 
12 Gm.; Cochineal, 5 Gm.; Glycerin, 50 mils ; Diluted Alcohol, to make 
1000 mils. 

.Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Stomachic, carminative. 

Uses. — In flatulent colic, loss of appetite, etc. A vehicle and 
flavoring agent. 

Administration. — Usually prescribed as a vehicle and adju- 
vant for more active agents. The compound tincture is the 
preparation of choice. 

In the treatment of constipation: 
Bi or 

Flext. Cascarae Sag f Ej 30 

Tinct. Cardamomi Comp f Sss 15 

Glycerini fSj 30 

Aquae Menth. Pip q. s. f&iij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 



In the treatment of acne: 

Sodii Benzoatis 3ij 

Tinct. Nucis Vomicae f 3ij 

Flext. Cascarae Sag f3ss 

Tinct. Cardamomi Comp q. s. fSiij 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 



8 

8 

15 
90 



As a laxative in the treatment of acne: 

$3 

Flext. Cascarse Sag., 

Tinct. Nucis Vomicae aa. f 3ii j 

Tinct. Cardamomi Comp q. s. f Siij 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water before meals. 



i Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 

3 Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 



or 



CARUM. CASCARA SAGRADA. 119 

CARUM. 

Latin, Carum. Eng., Caraway. Synonym, Caraway Seed. The 
dried fruit of Carum Carvi. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Official Constituent. 

Oleum Cari. Eng., Oil of Caraway. 

Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Oil of Caraway is contained in the Compound Spirit of Juniper. 

Therapeutic Action. — Stomachic, carminative. 
Uses. — A domestic remedy for flatulent colic, particularly of 
infants. Seldom prescribed. 

CARYOPHYLLUS. 

Latin, Caryophyllus. Eng., Clove. The dried flower-buds of 
Eugenia aromatic a or Jambosa caryophyllus. 
Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

Official Constituents. 

Oleum Caryophylli. Eng., Oil of Clove. 

Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Eugenol. Eng., Eugenol. An unsaturated aromatic phenol obtained 
from Oil of Cloves and other sources. 
Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 
Cloves are contained in some other official preparations. 

Therapeutic Action. — Stomachic, carminative, antiseptic, 
irritant, local analgesic. 

Uses. — Employed as a flavoring agent and as an adjuvant to 
stomachic preparations. The oil is used locally for toothache. 

Administration. — Seldom used in medicine, except the oil, 
which is extensively employed by dentists. 

CASCARA SAGRADA. 

Latin, Cascara Sagrada. Eng., Cascara Sagrada. Synonyms, 
Cascara, Rhamnus Purshiana (U. S. P., viii). The dried bark of 
Rhamnus Purshiana. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Extractum Cascarae Sagradae. Eng., Extract of Cascara Sagrada. 
Form. — A dark-colored powder. 
Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 



120 CASCARA SAGRADA. 

Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae. Eng., Fluidextract of Cascara 
Sagrada. 

Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae Aromaticum. Eng., Aromatic 

Fluidextract of Cascara Sagrada. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Purgative, stomachic,, tonic. 

Uses. — Extensively used alone or in combination with other 
agents to produce purgation. Particularly serviceable in the treat- 
ment of chronic constipation. 

Administration. — All three of these preparations are exten- 
sively used. The fluidextract and the aromatic fluidextract are 
more commonly employed alone and administered three times 
a day, particularly when the effort' is to correct a chronic con- 
stipation. The dose may often be gradually decreased until the 
drug is entirely discontinued, while the improved physical con- 
dition continues. 

The simple fluidextract is very bitter, so given three times a 
day it exercises a tonic effect aside from its laxative action. The 
aromatic fluidextract is supposed to represent the same strength of 
the drug, but many prescribers claim that its purgative action is 
decidedly less than that of the other preparation. The aromatic 
fluidextract is miscible with water, the plain fluidextract is not. The 
U. S. P. average dose is frequently exceeded, particularly when the 
fluidextracts are ordered alone. 

The extract is seldom ordered alone, but is frequently used with 
other agents. It is preferably administered in capsules. The crude 
drug is seldom if ever prescribed. 

As a tonic and laxative: 

$ or 

Flext. Cascarae Sagr . fSj 30 

Glycerini, 

Elix. Aromatici aa. f Sss 15 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful after meals. 

Or: 

B or 

Flext. Cascarae Sagr. Arom., 

Glycerini aa. fSss 15 

Ext. Malti q. s. f&j 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful after meals. 



CATECHU. 



121 



Or: 

Flext. Cascarse Sagr. Arom. . 
Sig. — Teaspoonful at bedtime. 



or 



fSj 



As a laxative in the treatment of acne : 

Flext. Cascarse Sagr., 

Tinct. Nucis Vomicse aa f 3iij 

Tinct. Cardamomi Comp q. s. fSiij 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water before meals. 



or 



30| 



In capsules in combination with other purgatives : 

B or 

Atropine Sulph gr. %oo 

Strychninse Sulph gr. Yso 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis gr. v 

Ext. Cascarse Sagr gr. vj 

M. ft. cap. no. ij. 

Sig. — Take an hour apart. 

In the treatment of constipation: 
3 2 or 

Ext. Belladon. Fol gr. ij 

Resinae Podophylli gr. ij 

Ext. Nucis Vomicse gr. v 

Ext. Cascaras Sagr gr. xl 

M. ft. cap. no. xx. 
Sig. — One at bedtime. 



0006 
0002 
3200 
4000 



113 
13 

|32 
2150 



CATECHU. 

(Not Official.) 

Latin, Catechu (Gen., Catechu). Eng., Catechu. An extract 
prepared from the wood of Acacia catechu. 

The U. S. P. of 1900 dropped Catechu and adopted Gambir in 
its place, owing to the greater uniformity of the latter. 

Therapeutic Action. — Astringent. 

Uses. — Principally in the treatment of diarrhea. 

Administration. — Catechu in the form of the tincture is still 
prescribed by the profession. 



1 Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 
2Ashton: Practice of Gynecology. 



122 CERATA— CERATES. CERII OXALAS. 

In the treatment of gonorrhea: 

Ri or 

Zinci Sulphatis gr. xv 1 

Plumbi Acetatis gr. xx 1 

Tincturse Opii, 

Tincturae Catechu aa. f3ij 2 

Aquas q. s. fSvj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Inject after urination. (Shake-label.) 



CERATA— Cerates. 

Cerates are unctuous substances of such consistency that they 
may be easily spread, at ordinary temperature, upon muslin, or 
similar material, with a spatula, and yet not so soft as to liquefy 
and run when applied to the skin. They are not often prescribed. 
The following three cerates are official : — 

Ceratum. — See Cera Flava. 

Ceratum Cantharidis. — See Cantharis. 

Ceratum Resinae. — See Terebinthina. 
I 

CERA FLAVA. 

Latin, Cera Flava. Eng., Yellow Wax. A solid substance pre- 
pared from the honeycomb of the bee, Apis mellifera. 

Official Preparations. 

Cera Alba. Eng., White Wax. Yellow wax bleached. 
Ceratum. Eng., Cerate. White Wax, 300 Gm.; Benzoinated Lard, 
700 Gm. 

Wax is a constituent of all the official cerates except one. 

CERII OXALAS, 

Latin, Cerii Oxalas (Gen., Cerii Oxalatis). Eng., Cerium 
Oxalate. A mixture of the oxalates of cerium and other associated 
elements. 

Form. — A white or nearly white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and tasteless. 

Solubility. — Insoluble in water or alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 3 grains (0.2 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiemetic. 



1 White and Martin: Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 



CETACEUM. CHLORALUM HYDRATUM. 123 

Uses. — Principally used in the treatment of nausea and vomit- 
ing, particularly that of pregnancy. Recommended for certain 
forms of diarrhea. 

Administration. — This is used in dry form or suspended in a 
liquid, either alone or, more frequently, with other agents. 

The above dose of the U. S. P. is often exceeded. 

Some combinations are illustrated in the following: 

In the treatment of postanesthetic vomiting : 

B 1 • or 

Cocainae Hydrochlor. . . gr. j 065 

Acetanilidi gr. x 650 

Cerii Oxalatis gr. xx 1 300 

M. ft. cht. no. iv. 

Sig. — One every two hours when indicated. 

In suspension in the treatment of nausea: 
$ or 

Cocainae Hydrochlor gr. j 065 

Cerii Oxalatis 3ss 2 000 

Bismuthi Subnit 3j 4 000 

Syr. Acaciae fSj 30 000 

Aquas q. s. f&iij 90 000 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful every hour till relieved. (Shake-label.) 

CETACEUM. 

Latin, Cetaceum. Eng., Spermaceti. A concrete, fatty sub- 
stance, obtained from the head of sperm whale, Physeter macro- 
cephalus. 

CHLORALUM HYDRATUM. 

Latin, Chloralum Hydratum (Gen., Chlorali Hydrati). Eng., 
Hydrated Chloral. Synonyms, Chloral, Chloral Hydrate. Formula, 
C 2 HC1 3 + H 2 0. 

Form. — Colorless crystals. 

Odor and Taste. — An aromatic, penetrating odor and somewhat 
bitter taste. 

Solubility. — Freely soluble in water. Soluble in alcohol, but 
decomposed by strong alcoholic solutions. 

lAshton: Practice of Gynecology. 



124 CHLORALUM HYDRATUM. 

Incompatibles. — Alcohol, alkalies, borates, potassium iodide 
and permanganate, etc. It liquefies when rubbed with camphor, 
phenol, menthol, thymol, etc. 

Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Hypnotic, analgesic, antispasmodic, 
antiseptic. 

Uses. — Used for insomnia, particularly when the result of 
nervous excitement. Employed in the treatment of convulsions, 
as those of strychnine poisoning, tetanus, etc., and for the con- 
vulsions of childhood. Frequently used in the management of 
labor. 

Toxicology. — Acute poisoning with hydrated chloral is usually 
characterized by coma, lowered blood-pressure, impaired respira- 
tion, lowered temperature, dilated pupils and abolished reflexes. 
Treatment. — The stomach should be washed out, the patient 
kept warm, and stimulants, as caffeine, strychnine, atropine and 
camphor, used. Artificial respiration, if necessary. 

Administration. — Hydrated Chloral cannot be prescribed in 
dry form, but is used in solution or ointment. 

Internally. — Used in aqueous solution either alone or with other 
agents, as the bromides. It is administered either by mouth or by 
rectum. 

Some combinations are shown by the following: 



In the treatment of convulsions of childhood : 

Bi or 

Chlorali Hydrati gr. viij 

Sodii Bromidi gr. xvj 1 

Syrupi Aurantii q. s. f Si j 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful. Repeat in one hour if necessary. 



In the treatment of acute laryngitis: 
IP or 

Chlorali Hydrati gr. lxxv 5 

Ammonii Bromidi gr. xxx 2 

Potassii Bromidi gr. xlv 3 

Aquae Cinnamomi q. s. f Sij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every twenty minutes until improvement 
takes place. 



i Ruhrah: Diseases of Children. 

2 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



CHLOROFORMUM. 



125 



or 



. . aa. gr. v 
q. s. Sss 



In the treatment of pruritus: 
R2 or 

Chlorali Hydrati 5j 

Petrolati q. s. 5j 

M. 

Sig. — Apply locally. 

The following liquefies when triturated: 
In the treatment of neuralgia: 

R3 or 

Chlorali Hydrati, 

Camphorae, 

Mentholis aa. 3j 

M. et tere bene. 

Sig. — Paint over parts as directed. 



Externally. — Some combinations are shown by the following 
In the treatment of eczema of the scrotum: 

Camphorae, 

Chlorali Hydrati aa gr. xx 

Adipis Lanae Hyd 5ss 

Ung. Aquae Rosae q. s. 3j 

M. 

Sig. — Apply liberally several times daily. 

In the treatment of pruritus: 

Mentholis, 
Camphorae, 

Chlorali Hydrati 

M. et adde 

Petrolati 

Sig. — Apply locally. 



32 

15|00 



CHLOROFORMUM. 

Latin, Chloroformum (Gen., Chloroformi). Eng., Chloroform. 
Formula, CHCI3. 

Form. — A heavy, colorless liquid. 

Odor and Taste. — Characteristic odor and burning, sweetish 
taste. 

Solubility. — In about 210 volumes of water and in all proportions 
in alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 5 minims (0.3 mil). 



1 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 
2 Ashton: Practice of Gynecology. 
3 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



126 



CHLOROFORMUM. 



Official Preparations. 

Aqua Chloroformi. Eng., Chloroform Water. A saturated, aqueous 
solution containing about 0.5 per cent, of Chloroform. 

Average Dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils). 

Linimentum Chloroformi. Eng., Chloroform Liniment. Chloroform, 
300 mils; Soap Liniment, 700 mils. 

Spiritus Chloroformi. Eng., Spirit of Chloroform. Chloroform, 60 
mils; Alcohol, 940 mils. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — General anesthetic, sedative, antispas- 
modic,, anodyne, carminative, rubefacient. 

Uses. — By inhalation, extensively used as a general anes- 
thetic, though not considered as safe as ether. By mouth, it is 
used in the treatment of acute indigestion, dysentery, diarrhea, 
and various abdominal pains; also for the cough of bronchitis 
and kindred conditions. Externally it is an ingredient of lini- 
ments for sprains, rheumatism, etc. 

Administration. — Internally. — Chloroform Water is sometimes 
used as a vehicle in the administration of sedatives, carmina- 
tives, etc. 

Spirit of Chloroform is used alone or with other agents. 

Some combinations for internal use are shown in the following : 

In the treatment of acute bronchitis: 
Ri or 

Terebeni fSij 8| 

Creosoti f3ss 2| 

Acacise q. s. 

Aquae Chloroformi q. s. fSiij 90| 

M. ft. emulsion. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful with water every four hours. 



In the treatment of an acute exacerbation of a dry chronic 
bronchitis : 

$2 or 

Ammonii Chloridi 3ij 8 

Tinct. Hyoscyami, 

Syr. Scillse Comp aa. f 3iv 15 

Aquae Chloroformi q. s. f Siij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every three hours. 



1 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 

2 iua. 



CHLOROFORMUM. 



127 



In the treatment of acute intestinal indigestion: 
I£i or 

Naphthaleni gr. xxx 2 00 

Bismuthi Subsalicyl gr. lxxx 5 00 

Phenolis gr. iv 32 

Glycerini f5j 30 00 

Aquae Chlorof ormi q. s. fSiij 90 00 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls in water every two hours. (Shake-label.) 



In a preparation for indigestion : 
#2 or 

Pepsini 3j 

Acidi Hydrochlor. Dil f3iv 

Strychninae Sulph gr. ss 

Glycerini . . . .- f Ess 

Aquae Chlorof ormi q. s. f Bii j 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 

In the treatment of cough : 

B or 

Spir. Chloroformi, 

Tinct. Opii Camph aa. f 3ij 

Elix. Aromatici q. s. f Si j 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours. (Shake-label.) 

In the treatment of "cramp colic," acute indigestion, etc. 

$ or 

Spir. Chloroformi, 

Spir. Menth. Pip aa. f §ss 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours till relieved. 



4100 

15|00 

|03 

15(00 

90100 



15 



In the treatment of tapeworm: 

R or 

Oleoresinae Aspidii f3j 4 

Chloroformi fiixv 1 00 

Olei Tiglii ttl iv 25 

Glycerini ' q. s. f&j 60 00 

M. 

Sig.-— Take half at 8 a.m., the rest in an hour if needed. (Shake- 
label.) 



1 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 

2 Ibid. 



128 CHONDRUS. CHROMII TRIOXIDUM. 

Externally. — The official Chloroform Liniment is used alone or 
with other agents, or chloroform is prescribed , with Soap Lini- 
ment in other proportions. Decided rubefacient action is effected 
by covering after applying. 

Some illustrations are shown in the following: 

Externally Chloroform may be ordered as: 

n . or 

Lin. Chloroformi f£vj 1801 

Sig. — Apply with massage as directed. 

Or: 

3 or 

Mentholis 3j 4 

Chloroformi fSj 30 

Lin. Saponis q. s. f Bvj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Apply with massage as directed. 

In the treatment of neuralgia (to be applied with friction along 
the course of the affected nerve) : 

Bi or 

Tinct. Aconiti, 

Chloroformi aa. fSj 30 

Lin. Saponis q. s. f Svj 120 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. (Poison-label.) 

CHONDRUS. 

Latin, Chondrus. Eng., Chondrus. Synonyms, Irish Moss, 
Carrageen. The dried plant of Chondrus crispus or of Gigartina 
mamillosa. 

Average dose. — In decoction, 4 drachms (15 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Demulcent, nutrient. 

Uses. — Seldom employed. Recommended for diarrhea, 
dysentery, inflammations of the genito-urinary tract and some 
skin diseases. 

Administration. — May be employed in the form of a mucilage. 

CHROMII TRIOXIDUM. 

Latin, Chromii Trioxidum (Gen., Chromii Trioxidi). Eng., 
Chromium Trioxide. Synonym, Chromic Acid. Small crystals or 
prisms of a dark purplish-red color. Very soluble in water. 



i Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 



CHRYSAROBINUM. 129 

Therapeutic Action. — Caustic. 

Uses. — Sometimes used in the treatment of warts, etc. 
Administration. — it is used either in the pure state or in 
aqueous solution. 

CHRYSAROBINUM. 

Latin, Chrysarobinum (Gen., Chrysarobini). Eng., Chrysarobin. 
A neutral principle extracted from Goa powder. 

Form. — A pale orange-yellow powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and tasteless. 

Solubility. — Very slightly soluble in water. Soluble in 85 parts 
of alcohol. 

Average Dose. — y 2 grain (0.03 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Unguentum Chrysarobini. Eng., Chrysarobin Ointment. Chrysa- 
robin, 6 Gm. ; Benzoinated Lard, 94 Gm. 

t 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiparasitic. 

Uses. — Principally in the treatment of skin diseases, as ring- 
worm, psoriasis, etc. 

Administration. — Internally. — Seldom used. 
Externally. — It should be used with caution as it is a powerful 
irritant and is liable to cause dermatitis, and on the face, edema, also. 
It stains the skin a yellowish-brown. Some combinations are shown 
in the following: 

In the treatment of tinea barbae : 
Ifci or 

Chrysarobini 3ss 2 

Adipis Lanse Hyd 3ss 15 

Ung. Aquae Rosse q. s. §j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply thoroughly to scalp once daily. 

In the treatment of psoriasis : 
B2 or 

Chrysarobini 3j 4 

Acidi Salicylici gr. xx 13 

JEtheris f3j 4 

Olei Ricini ttlx 6 

Collodii q. s. fSj 30 

M. 

Sig.— Paint on affected parts. 



i Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 
2 Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 



130 CIMICIFUGA. CINCHONA RUBRA. 

CIMICIFUGA. 

Latin, Cimicifuga. Eng., Cimicifuga. Synonyms, Black Snake- 
root, Black Cohosh. The dried rhizome and roots of Cimicifuga 
racemosa. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Extractum Cimicifugae. Eng., Extract of Cimicifuga. 
Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

Fluidextractum Cimicifugae. Eng., Fluidextract of Cimicifuga. 
Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Has been classed as a simple bitter, mild 
cardiac stimulant, alterative and emmenagogue. 

Uses. — Has been used for chorea, amenorrhea, dysmenor- 
rhea, and some other conditions. 

Administration. — Cimicifuga or its preparations are seldom 
prescribed as such. The drug is used in some unofficial prepara- 
tions that are sometimes employed. 

CINCHONA. 

Latin, Cinchona (Gen., Cinchonae). Eng., Cinchona. Synonyms, 
Yellow Cinchona, Peruvian Bark, Jesuits' Bark, etc. The dried bark 
of Cinchona Ledgeriana, Cinchona Calisaya, and of hybrids of these 
with other speciesi of Cinchona. 

CINCHONA RUBRA. 

Latin, Cinchona Rubra. Eng., Red Cinchona. Synonyms, Peru- 
vian Bark, Jesuits' Bark, etc. The dried bark of Cinchona 
succirubra or of its hybrids. 

Constituents of Cinchona and Red Cinchona. 

Not less than 5 per cent, of alkaloids, the most important of which is 
the official Quinine. The cinchonas contain tannic acid. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Official Preparations of Cinchona. 

Fluidextractum Cinchonae. Eng., Fluidextract of Cinchona. 
Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Tinctura Cinchonae. Eng., Tincture of Cinchona. Represents 20 per 
cent, of Cinchona in glycerin, alcohol and water. 
Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 



CINCHONA RUBRA. 131 

Official Preparation of Red Cinchona. 

Tinctura Cinchonae Composita. Eng., Compound Tincture of Cin- 
chona. Represents Red Cinchona, 100 Gm.; Bitter Orange Peel, 80 Gm.; 
Serpentaria, 20 Gm. in glycerin, alcohol and water, to make 1000 mils. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 

Official Alkaloids and Salts. 
(Obtained from both.) 

Quinina. Eng., Quinine. 

Average Dose. — Tonic V/ 2 grains (0.1 Gm.) ; antimalarial, at least 15 
grains (1 Gm.) daily. 

Used in many official preparations. 

Quininae Sulphas (Gen., Quininse Sulphatis). Eng., Quinine Sulphate. 
Synonym, Quinine. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and a bitter taste. 

Solubility. — In 725 parts of water or 107 parts of alcohol. 

Incompatible*. — Ammonia, alkalies, lime-water, tannic acid, Donovan's 
solution, iodine, iodides, bromides, etc. 

Average Dose. — Tonic l l / 2 grains (0.1 Gm.) ; antimalarial, at least 15 
grains (1 Gm.) daily. 

Quininae Bisulphas (Gen., Quininae Bisulphatis). Eng., Quinine Bi- 
sulphate. 

Form, Odor, Taste, Incompatibility and Dose. — Same as Quininse Sulphas. 

Solubility. — In 9 parts of water or 23 parts of alcohol. 

Quininae Dihydrochloridum (Gen., Quininae Dihydrochloridi). Eng., 
Quinine Dihydrochloride. 

Form, Odor, Taste, Dose. — Same as Quininae Sulphas. 

Solubility. — In 0.6 part of water, or 12 parts of alcohol. 

Quininae et Ureae Hydrochloridum (Gen., Quininae et Ureae Hydro- 
chloride. Eng., Quinine and Urea Hydrochloride. Synonyms, Quinine 
and Urea Chloride, Quinine Carbamate. 

Form, Odor, Taste. — Same as Quininae Sulphas. 

Solubility. — In 0.9 part of water, or 2.4 parts of alcohol. 

Average Dose. — Hypodermic (one dose daily), 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Quininae Hydrobromidum (Gen. Quininae Hydrobromidi). Eng., 
Quinine Hydrobromide. 

Form, Odor, Taste, Incompatibility and Dose. — Same as Quininae Sulphas. 

Solubility. — In 40 parts of water or 0.9 part of alcohol. 

Quininae Hydrochloridum (Gen., Quininae Hydrochloridi). Eng., 
Quinine Hydrochloride. Synonyms, Quinine Muriate, Quinine Hydro- 
chlorate. 

Form, Odor, Taste, Incompatibility and Dose. — Same as Quininae Sulphas. 

Solubility. — In 18 parts of water or 0.8 part of alcohol. 

Quininae Salicylas (Gen., Quininae Salicylatis). Eng., Quinine 
Salicylate.- 

Form, Odor, Taste, Incompatibility and Dose. — Same as Quininae Sulphas. 

Solubility. — In about 77 parts of water or 14 parts of alcohol. 



132 CINCHONA RUBRA. 

Quininae Tannas (Gen., Quininae Tannatis). Eng., Quinine Tannate. 

Form. — A pale-yellow or yellowish-white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and tasteless or not having more than a 
slightly bitter or astringent taste. 

Solubility. — Only slightly soluble in water; somewhat more soluble in 
alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 3 grains (0.2 Gm.). 

Cinchoninae Sulphas. Eng., Cinchonine Sulphate. 

Form, Odor, Taste, Incompatibility. — Same as Quininae Sulphas. 

Solubility. — In 60 parts of water or 12^ parts of alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 2y 2 grains (0.15 Gm.). 

Cinchonidinae Sulphas. Eng., Cinchonidine Sulphate. 

Form, Odor, Taste, Incompatibility. — Same as Quininae Sulphas. 

Solubility. — In 65 parts of water or 90 parts of alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 2y 2 grains (0.15 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Cinchona and its preparations and official 
alkaloids are antimalarial, antipyretic, tonic, antiseptic. 

Uses. — The preparations of cinchona are used as bitter tonics. 
The alkaloids other than quinine are seldom employed by the 
profession. 

Quinine — by the mouth — is used for malaria, coryza, influenza, 
bronchitis, pertussis, erysipelas, septicemia, etc. 

By Enema. — Injections or irrigations are used for amebic dysen- 
tery, pinworms, ulcerated colon, gonorrhea, cystitis, abscesses, etc. 

Externally. — For sores, ulcers, scalp diseases. 

By Needle. — For malaria and as a local anesthetic. 

Cinchonism. — Severe results from taking quinine are very 
rare, but considerable discomfort is quite common. Many people 
have such an idiosyncrasy for the drug that even a few grains 
will occasion alarming symptoms. The usual toxic symptoms 
are a sense of fullness in the head, dizziness, ringing in the ears, 
nausea, partial or even total deafness. There may be itching of the 
skin with or without eruption. The skin may show lesions any- 
where from a mild erythema to purpura hemorrhagica. These 
symptoms may be accompanied with an elevation of temperature. 
Quinine given during pregnancy may produce an abortion. 

Treatment. — The unpleasant symptoms of cinchonism may be 
in part prevented by associating the bromides with the drug. If 
very disagreeable symptoms develop, the drug should be discontinued 
unless there is more demand for its continuance. Sodium or 
potassium bromide in rather large doses may be given and elim- 
ination favored. The cutaneous symptoms may be treated by 



CINCHONA RUBRA. 133 

starch or bran baths and antipruritic inunctions or applications, 
if necessary. Hypodermic injections of adrenalin may be of value. 

Administration. — By Mouth. — The Bark, Fluidextract and 
Tincture are seldom used. The Compound Tincture is fre- 
quently employed, but as it contains only about 0.3 grain total 
alkaloids to the teaspoonful it has little effect except that due 
to its bitter taste. 

It should be remembered that the tinctures and fluidextract 
of cinchona contain tannic acid. The use of the Compound 
Tincture is illustrated in the following prescription, in which 
case it is said to prevent the unpleasant gastric disturbances that 
might result from the use of the other agents. The cinchona alka- 
loids are not precipitated for reasons elsewhere explained. 

$ or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. j |065 

Potassii Iodidi 3i v 15|000 

Tinct. Cinchonas Comp f3ij 60|000 

Aquae q. s. f&v 120|000 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water an hour before meals. 

Tasteless Administration by Mouth. — The quinine salts in cap- 
sules are by far the most desirable form for administration in the 
vast majority of cases, where the patient is old enough to swallow a 
capsule. Pills and tablets possess no advantages over capsules and 
are particularly subject to the disadvantages mentioned under Pills, 
p. 377, and Tablets, p. 377. 

The prescriber should see that the pharmacist dispenses the cap- 
sules free from adhering particles. 

The salts of choice seem to be Quinine Sulphate, Hydrobromide, 
and Hydrochloride for general use as an antiperiodic and tonic, and 
Quinine Hydrobromide and Salicylate for colds, influenza, ton- 
sillitis, etc! 

Not more than 5 grains should usually be ordered to the capsule. 

Some frequently used prescriptions are as follows: 

In the treatment of malaria: 

$ or 

Quininse Hydrobromidi gr. xc 6] 

Ft. cap. no. xviij. 

Sig.— Take six (6) each day as directed. 

Written instructions should be given, based on the time of the 
expected chill, so that the greatest possible concentration of the 



134 



CINCHONA RUBRA. 



drug may be present in the blood at the time of liberation of the 
malaria organisms. With this in view, it is certainly necessary to 
base the size of the dose on the probable amount of blood in the 
particular patient (size of patient). 

The prescription direction may read as 

Sig. — One each morning at 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 

For children, see below, and p. 135. 

In the treatment of malaria following the first three days of 
quinine in large doses : 

3 or 

Arseni Trioxidi gr. ij 130 

Strychninse Sulph gr. j 065 

Quininae Sulph., 

Ferri Reducti aa gr. cl 10 000 

M. ft. cap. no. l. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 

While it is customary to continue the treatment longer than six- 
teen days, it is usually desirable to order in the above amount, so 
that the other ingredients may be changed or discontinued, as con- 
ditions may indicate. 

This may be prescribed for children in the proper doses, put into 
powders, and directions given that they may be administered in syrup 
of chocolate. For adults the Massa Ferri Carbonatis is frequently 
used instead of the Ferrum Reductum. 

In the treatment of subinvolution of the uterus : 

Ri or 

Strychninse Sulph gr. j 

Ext. Ergotse, 

Quininae Sulph aa.gr. xxx 

M. ft. cap. no. xxx. 

Sig. — One before each meal. 

In the treatment of coryza: 

R2 ^ or 

Ext. Belladon. Fol gr. ss 

Camphorae gr. vj 

Quininse Sulph., 

Pulv. Ipecac, et Opii aa. gr. xi j 

M. ft. cap. no. xij. 



065 
000 



Sig. — One every half-hour for four hours, then one every three hours. 



i Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 
2 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



CINCHONA RUBRA. 



135 



In the treatment of grip, cold, etc. : 
3 or 

Caffeinae Citratae gr. x 

Quininae Hydrobrom gr. xx 

Acidi Acetylsalicyl gr. L 

M. ft. cap. no. xvj. 

Sig. — One every two hours till eight (8) are taken each day. 



In the treatment of chronic heart disease: 

Digitalis Pulv, 

Quininae Hydrochlor aa. gr. xv 

Ext. Valerianae 3j 

M. ft. cap. no. xxx. 

Sig. — One three times a day. 



or 



The principle in preparing a so-called "tasteless" quinine is to 
use a salt that will dissolve only to the smallest possible extent, so 
it will not come into contact with the special nerve-endings in such 
form as to be appreciated. The sulphate is probably the best salt 
for this purpose. The tannate is less bitter but has to be given in 
large amounts and at least is slower and more uncertain in action. 
It is usually possible to ascertain the preference of the child as 
to flavor. Glycyrrhiza may be distinctly disagreeable to some, while 
syrup of chocolate would be very acceptable. 

Some adults and practically all small children are unable to 
swallow capsules. The prescriber should always ascertain as to this 
matter before writing his prescription. If patient is a child 8 to 
10 years of age, but has never been tried on capsules, the prescription 
may be written for that form and the nurse instructed to empty 
them and administer in syrup of chocolate if the capsules cannot 
be swallowed. This method is sometimes desirable, anyway, as, for 
example, when other agents are ordered with the quinine salt that 
cannot well be put in solution. To illustrate: The following has 
been used for a child 6 years old, to follow the customary three 
days' intensive quinine treatment for malaria : 

$ or 

Arseni Trioxidi, 

Strychninas Sulph aa. gr. % 

Quininae Sulph., 

Ferri Reducti aa. gr. l 

M. ft. cap. no. L. 

Sig. — One after meals as directed. 



002 



000 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



136 CINCHONA RUBRA. 

A "tasteless" syrup for administration to a child : 

ty or 

Quininae Sulphatis gr. xvj 1 

Syr. Eriodictyi Arom q. s. f3ij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Five (5) teaspoonfuls each day as directed. (Shake-label.) 

Syrup of glycyrrhiza or syrup of chocolate may be ordered as 
the vehicle in the above. 

In the treatment of malaria (child 6 years old) : 

I* or 

Quininae Sulphatis gr. xxx 21 

Ft. cht. no. xviij. 

Sig. — Six (6) powders in chocolate syrup each day as directed. 

Bitter Solutions. — These are frequently desirable for adults and 
sometimes for children. Some combinations are shown in the fol- 
lowing : 

As a bitter tonic to follow the intensive treatment of malaria : 
n or 

Quininae Sulphatis Siiss 10 

Tinct. Ferri Chlor f 3vj 23 

Liq. Acidi Arsenosi f 3ij 8 

Aquae q. s. f §v j 180 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 

H or 

Quininae Sulphatis Siiss 10 

Acidi Sulph. Arom f3ij 8 

Elix. Aromatici q. s. fSvj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water before meals. 

Hypodermic Use. — This method is sometimes employed, particu- 
larly when it is desirable to get the patient rapidly under the in- 
fluence of the drug. Quinine Hydrochloride is sometimes used but 
Quinine Dihydrochloride is even more desirable for this purpose. 
It is soluble id less than its own weight of water. 

Quinine and Urea Hydrochloride is soluble in its own weight of 
water, so is a valuable form; for hypodermic use. Hypodermic 
employment is, of course, confined to the physician himself. He 
may use the tablets and prepare the solutions extemporaneously or 
order them as follows : 



CINCHONA RUBRA. 



137 



±* . or 

Quininse Dihydrochlor 3j 

Aquae Destillatae q. s. f Bss 

M. 

Sig. — Formula. 

Or: 

B or 

Quin. et Ureae Hydrochlor gr. xxx 

Aquas Dest q. s. f 3j 

M. 

Sig. — Formula. 



4|0 

15|0 



These solutions should be given largely diluted and even then 
there is frequently slow absorption, local irritation, and, it is 
claimed, sometimes even tetanus. 

Intravenously. — Considered by many as preferable to the hypo- 
dermic method. The solutions, as just stated for hypodermic use, 
may be employed only largely diluted with normal saline. 

By Rectum. — The administration of quinine in the Murphy drip 
for constitutional effect is probably practical and worthy of more 
thorough investigation. 

Other Uses. — The salts of quinine are sometimes used in enemas, 
as the following for amebic dysentery : 

3 or 

Quininae Sulphatis Bj 30| 

Ft. cht. no. x. 

Sig. — Use one to y 2 gallon of warm water as directed. 

Or the following for pinworms in a child : 
n or 

Quininae Bisulphatis gr. xxx 2 

Quassias Bj 30 

Sig. — Make a tea with y 2 gallon hot water and use as directed. 

Quinine and its salts are sometimes used in hair tonics, oint- 
ments, etc. 

In the treatment of alopecia : 

I*i or. 

Resorcinolis gr. lxxx 5 

Quininae gr. xv 10 

Olei Ricini ttlxx 1 3 

Alcoholis q. s. f. Siv 120 

M. ' 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



i Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 



138 CINNAMOMUM. 



CINNAMOMUM. 

Latin, Cinnamomum. Eng., Cinnamon. 
The following are official : 

CINNAMOMUM SAIGONICUM. Eng., Saigon Cinnamon. The 
dried bark of an undetermined species of Cinnamomum. 
Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Purvis Aromaticus. Eng., Aromatic Powder. A finely powdered mix- 
ture of Saigon Cinnamon, Ginger, Cardamom and Nutmeg. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Fluidextractum Aromaticum. Eng., Aromatic Fluidextract. Repre- 
sents 100 per cent, of Aromatic Powder in alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Tinctura Cinnamomi. Eng., Tincture of Cinnamon. Represents 20 
per cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Saigon Cinnamon also enters into several other preparations. 

CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM. Eng., Ceylon Cinnamon. The 
dried inner bark of the cultivated trees of Cinnamomum zeylanicum. 
Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

OLEUM CASSLffi. Eng., Oil of Cinnamon. Synonym, Oil of 

Cassia. A volatile oil distilled from Cassia cinnamon. 
Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Official Preparations of the Oil. 

Aqua Cinnamomi. Eng., Cinnamon Water. Distilled water saturated 
with Oil of Cinnamon. 

Average Dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils). 

Spiritus Cinnamomi. Eng., Spirit of Cinnamon. Contains 10 per 
cent, of the oil in alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

The oil, water and spirit are used in making other official preparations. 

Therapeutic Action. — Stomachic and carminative. 

Uses. — The preparations of cinnamon are used as vehicles or 
flavors. 

Administration. — With the exception of the water, which is 
much employed as a pleasant vehicle, the preparations of cin- 
namon are not often prescribed. 



COCAINA. 139 

As a vehicle in a prescription for rendering the urine more acid : 

B 1 or 

Acidi Benzoici ! 3ij 8 

Acidi Borici Siij 12 

Aquae Cinnamomi fSxij 360 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful in water four times daily. 

As a vehicle in a prescription for the treatment of chlorosis as- 
sociated with constipation : 

B 2 or 

Aloes Purificati gr. xl 3 

Mas. Ferri Carb 5ij 8 

Pulv. Aromatici q. s. 

M. ft. cap. no. xx. 
Sig. — One at bedtime. 



COCAINA. 

Latin, Cocaina. Eng., Cocaine. An alkaloid obtained from Ery- 
throxylon Coca. 

Average Dose. — % grain (0.015 Gm.). 

Cocainae Hydrochloridum (Gen., Cocainse Hydrochloridi). Eng., 
Cocaine Hydrochloride. 

Form. — Colorless prisms, flaky leaflets or white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and having a bitter taste. 

Solubility. — In 0.4 part of water and 3.2 parts of alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Alkalies, bromides, iodides, mercury salts, chloroform, etc. 

Average Dose. — % grain (0.015 Gm.). 

Cocaine Hydrochloride is used almost to the exclusion of all 
other preparations from coca. 

Therapeutic Action. — Local anesthetic, antiemetic, stimulant. 

Uses. — Chiefly employed to produce local anesthesia for sur- 
gical work; also used for pruritus, eczema, hemorrhoids, anal fis- 
sure, etc. Used to counteract unpleasant effects of other agents 
in the treatment of eye diseases, rhinitis, etc. 

Administration. — By Mouth. — It is not often prescribed in this 
way except to allay gastric irritability. The following will illustrate : 



1 Ashton: Practice of Gynecology. 

2 Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 



140 



COCAINA. 



9* 

Cocainae Hydrochlor gr. j 

Acetanilidi gr. x 

Cerii Oxalatis gr. xx 

M. ft. cht. no. iv. 

Sig. — One every two hours when indicated. 



or 



065 
650 
300 



For Hypodermic Use. — It is used either alone or with such agents 
as Sodium Chloride or Adrenalin Chloride. Hypodermic solutions 
are not ordered for the patient's use, and the physician frequently 
employs tablets to make the solution extemporaneously. They may 
be ordered as follows : 



As a local anesthetic: 

R2 or 

Cocainae Hydrochlor gr. j 

Sodii Chloridi gr. iij 

Adrenalin Chlor. (Sol. 1:1000) niv 

Aquae Destil. Ster q. s. fSj 

M. 

Sig. — Formula. 



30 



065 
200 
300 
000 



Unless the solution is for immediate use, the adrenalin should 
be omitted from the prescription, and added just before the prep- 
aration is employed. 



To prescribe percentage solutions of cocaine: 
R or 

Cocainae Hydrochlor gr. xviij 

Aquae Destil. Ster q. s. f3j 

M. 

Sig. — Four per cent, solution cocaine hydrochloride. 



Locally. — Cocaine is frequently a constituent of local applica- 
tions, i 



In the treatment of erythema venenatum : 

Cocainae Hydrochlor gr. x 

Adrenalin Chloridi (1:1000) fSss 

Aquae Rosse q. s. f Svj 

M. 

Sig. — Apply every two hours. 



or 



[65 

15J00 
180|00 



1 Ashton: Practice of Gynecology. 

2 White and Martin: Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 

3 Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of thel Skin. 



COCAINA. 



141 



In the treatment of conjunctival inflammation as caused by 
foreign particles, etc. : 



B 'or 

Cocainae Hydrochlor gr. ij 

Adrenalin Chlor. (1 : 1000) tt\v 

Acidi Borici gr. x 

Aquae Destil. Ster q. s. £5j 

M. 

Sig. — Drop in eye every three hours till relieved. 



30 



In the treatment of turgescent rhinitis: 

Cocainae Hydrochlor gr. v 

Antipyrinae gr. xv 

Aquae Dest q. s. f Sj 

M. 

Sig. — For physician's use. 



13 

10 

300 



This is usually applied on long, slender rolls of absorbent cotton 
made by rolling cotton around a probe or applicator and then slipping 
it off. They are dipped into the solution and inserted in the nose and 
allowed to remain a few minutes. 



In the treatment of erythema scarlatiniforme : 

$1 or 

Cocainae Hydrochlor gr. iv 126 

Acetanilidi gr. xx 1 130 

Zinci Oxidi 3iss 6|00 

Ung. Zinci Oxidi q. s. |>ij 60(00 

M. 

Sig. — Apply thin on a cloth. 

In the treatment of herpes progenitalis : 

B 2 or 

Cocainae Hydrochlor gr. j 065 

Mentholis gr. xij 800 

Adipis Lanae Hyd q. s. 3ss 15 000 

M. 

Sig.. — Apply locally. 

1 Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 

2 White and Martin: Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 



142 COCCUS. COLCHICUM. 

In the treatment of pruritus ani: 

B 1 or 

Cocainse Hydrochlor gr. x 65 

Phenolis gr. xx 1 30 

Petrolati q. s. Sj 30 00 

M. 

Sig. — Apply locally. 

COCCUS. 

Latin, Coccus. Eng., Cochineal. The dried female of the insect 
Coccus cacti. 

Used in manufacturing as a coloring agent, but not often pre- 
scribed. 

CODEINA. 

See Opium, p. 239. 

CODEINA PHOSPHAS. 

See Opium, p. 239. 

CODEINA SULPHAS. 

See Opium, p. 239. 

COLCHICUM. 

The corm and the seed are official. 
Principal Constituent. — Colchicine. 

COLCHICI CORMUS. Eng., Colchicum Corm. The dried corm of 
Colchicum autumnale. 

Official Preparation. 

Extractum Colchici Cormi. Eng., Extract of Colchicum Corm. 
Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

COLCHICI SEMEN. Eng., Colchicum Seed. The dried seeds of 

Colchicum autumnale. 

Average Dose. — 3 grains (0.2 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Fluidextractum Colchici Seminis. Eng., Fluidextract of Colchicum 
Seed. 

Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 



1 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



COLLODIUM. 143 

Tinctura Colchici Seminis. Eng., Tincture of Colchicum Seed. Rep- 
resents 10 per cent, of the drug. 
Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Official Alkaloid from Colchicum. 

Colchicina. Eng., Colchicine. 

Form. — Pale-yellow scales or powder. 

Solubility. — In 22 parts of water. Very soluble in alcohol. 

Average Dose. — %2o grain (0.0005 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antirheumatic, analgesic. 

Uses. — Emplo) T ed in the treatment of rheumatism, gout and 
neuralgia. 

Administration. — The Tincture or the unofficial Wine (10 per 
cent.) are the preparations most employed. They are usually pre- 
scribed with other agents, as the salicylates, etc. 

In rheumatism, gout, etc. : 
$ or 

Sodii Salicylatis gr. clx 10 

Sodii Bicarbonatis '3ij 8 

Tinct. Colchici Sem f3iv 15 

Aquae Menth. Pip q. s. f§iv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful every four hours. 

COLLODIUM— Collodion. 

Latin, Collodium (Gen., Collodii). Eng., Collodion. Pyroxylin, 
40 Gm. ; Ether, 750 mils ; Alcohol, 250 mils. 

This is a liquid preparation, intended for external use, having 
for its base a solution of pyroxylin or gun-cotton, in a mixture of 
ether and alcohol. 

Official Preparations. 

Collodium Cantharidatum. See Cantharis. 

Collodium Flexile. Eng., Flexible Collodion. Collodion, 950 Gm.; 
Camphor, 20 Gm.; Castor Oil, 30 Gm. 

Therapeutic Action. — Protective. 

Uses. — As a protective dressing for wounds and as a vehicle 
for the administration of active agents, as in the treatment of clavus 
and various skin diseases. 

Administration. — They are used locally either alone or with 
other agents. 



144 COLOCYNTHIS. 

In the treatment of clavus : 

B 1 or 

Acidi Salicylici gr. xxx 2 

Ext. Cannabis gr. x 6 

Collodii Flex q. s. fSss 15 

M. 

Sig. — Apply twice daily. 

Many prescribers add about 25 per cent, of Oleum Ricini to 
collodion to render it more flexible and to prevent too rapid evapo- 
ration. 

In the treatment of psoriasis : 

$ 2 or 

Chrysarobini Sj 4 

Acidi Salicylici gr. xx 13 

^Etheris f5j 4 

Olei Ricini nxx 

Collodii q. s. fgj 30|'0 

M. 

Sig. — Paint on affected parts. 



COLOCYNTHIS. 

Latin, Colocynthis (Gen., Coloeynthidis). Eng., Colocynth. 
Synonym, Bitter Apple. The peeled dried fruit of Citrullus Colo- 
cynthis. 

Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Extractum Coloeynthidis. Eng., Extract of Colocynth. 
Average Dose. — y 2 grain (0.03 Gm.). 

Extractum Coloeynthidis Compositum. Eng., Compound Extract of 
Colocynth. Extract of ; Colocynth, 160 Gm. ; Aloes, 500 Gm. ; Resin of 
Scammony, 140 Gm.; Cardamom Seed, 50 Gm.; Powdered Soap, 150 Gm. 
A bitter, brownish powder. 

Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

Compound Extract of Colocynth is a constituent in the official Pilulae 
Catharticae Compositse. 

Therapeutic Action. — Purgative of the hydragogue, drastic, 
and possibly cholagogue type. 



i Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 
2 Ibid. 



COPAIBA. 145 

Uses. — Employed almost exclusively in combination with 
other agents to produce purgation. 

Administration. — Compound Extract of Colocynth is seldom 
prescribed alone, but it is sometimes used with other purgative 
agents. The full U. S. P. dose is not often employed. It is very 
apt to produce griping. Combinations like the following are 
used: 

As a postoperative laxative : 
$1 or 

Ext. Belladon. Fol gr. j 065 

Ext. Cascarae Sag gr. xx 1 300 

Ext. Colocynth. Comp gr. xxv 1 600 

M. ft. cap. no. x. 
Sig. — One at bedtime. 

As a purgative : 
B » or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis gr. iij 200 

Ext. Colocynth. Comp gr. vj 400 

Ext. Hyoscyami gr. j 065 

M. ft. cap. no. iij. 
Sig. — One every hour. 

COPAIBA. 

Latin, Copaiba (Gen., Copaibse). Eng., Copaiba. Synonym, 
Balsam of Copaiba. An oleoresin derived from South American 
species of Copaiba. 

Form. — A pale-yellow or brownish-yellow, more or less trans- 
parent and viscid liquid. 

Odor and Taste. — Very disagreeable. 

Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Diuretic, antiseptic. 

Uses. — Its disagreeable taste and odor and disturbance of 
digestive function have caused this drug to be almost dropped 
by the profession. It has been recommended for gonorrhea, cystitis 
and kindred conditions. 

Administration. — Seldom prescribed. It is best administered 
in the ready-prepared, soft, elastic capsules. It can be obtained in 
this form either alone or with other agents, as Salol, Oil of Santal, 
etc. 



lAshton: Practice of Gynecology. 

10 



146 CORIANDRUM. CREOSOTUM. 

CORIANDRUM. 

Latin, Coriandrum. Eng., Coriander. Synonym, Coriander 
Seed. The dried ripe fruit of Coriandrum sativum. 
Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gnu). 

Official Constituent. 

Oleum Coriandri. Eng., Oil of Coriander. 

Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Solubility. — Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol. 

Therapeutic Action. — Stomachic and carminative. 

Uses. — As a flavoring agent and recommended to prevent 
griping of purgatives. 

Administration. — Oil of Coriander is contained in several of- 
ficial preparations. Coriander or the Oil are seldom prescribed 
as such. 

COTARNINJE HYDROCHLORIDUM. 

Latin, Cotarninae Hydrochloridum (Gen., Cotarninse Hydro- 
chloridi). Eng., Cotarnine Hydrochloride. Synonym, Stypticin. 
The hydrochloride of a synthetic alkaloid obtained from narcotine. 

Form. — Yellow powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Practically odorless and tasteless. 

Solubility. — Very soluble in water or alcohol ; deliquescent. 

Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Hemostatic. 

Uses. — Used to aid in arresting hemorrhage, as pulmonary, 
uterine, etc. ; also in the treatment of purpura hemorrhagica. 

Administration. — Usually prescribed alone in capsules. 

CREOSOTUM. 

Latin, Creosotum (Gen., Creosoti). Eng., Creosote. Synonym, 
Beechwood Creosote. A mixture of phenols and phenol deriva- 
tives, chiefly guaiacol and creosol, obtained during the distillation 
of wood-tar. 

Form. — An almost colorless liquid. 

Odor and Taste. — Penetrating odor and burning taste. 

Solubility. — In about 140 parts of water, but without formingi a 
clear solution. Freely soluble in alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Cupric, ferric and silver salts, acacia, albumin, 
and oxidizing agents. 

Average Dose. — 4 minims (0.25 mil). 



CREOSOTUM. 147 

Official Preparations and Salt. 

Aqua Creosoti. Eng., Creosote Water. Creosote, 10 mils; Distilled 
Water, 990 mils. 

Average Dose. — 2>4 fluidrachms (10 mils). 

Creosoti Carbonas (Gen., Creosoti Carbonatis). Eng., Creosote Car- 
bonate. Synonym, Creosotal. A mixture of the carbonates of various 
constituents of creosote, chiefly guaiacol and creosol. 

Form. — A thick, oily liquid. 

Odor and Taste. — Almost odorless and tasteless. 

Solubility. — Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, germicide, expectorant, 
irritant. 

Uses. — Creosote is employed by mouth or inhalation in the 
treatment of coughs, bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, croup, etc. 
Locally it is used for toothache and for various skin diseases. 

The carbonate is used by mouth in the treatment of bronchitis, 
pneumonia, tuberculosis, etc. 

Administration. — By Mouth. — Creosote is too powerful an 
irritant to be prescribed pure, but is frequently used in bland 
liquids, as emulsions, particularly the Emulsion of Codliver Oil 
and the Emulsion of Oil of Turpentine. 

Prescribed alone, as in the treatment of tuberculosis : 
$ or 

Creosote f 5ij 60| 

Sig. — Begin with four (4) drops as directed. 

In the treatment of tuberculosis, bronchitis, etc. : 
Ifc or 

Creosoti f 3j 4 

Emul. 01. Morrh. cum Hypoph q. s. Oj 480 

M. tere bene. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful after meals and at bedtime. (Shake-label.) 

Or: 
3 or 

Creosoti Carbonatis f3v 19 

Emul. 01. Morrh. cum Hypoph q. s. Oj 480 

M. tere bene. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful after meals and at bedtime. (Shake-label.) 

B or 

Creosoti f 3ss 2 

Emul. Petrolei fgviij 240 

M. tere bene. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful after meals and at bedtime. (Shake-label.) 



148 



CREOSOTUM. 



In the treatment of bronchitis : 

B 1 or 

Terebeni f3ij 8 

Creosoti f3ss 2 

Acacise q. s. 

Aquae Chlorof ormi q. s. f Siij 90 

M. ft. emul. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful with water every four hours. 

In the treatment of tuberculosis: 

$ 2 or 

Creosoti f 3j 41 

Tinct. Gentianse Comp fSj 30 

Alcoholis q. s. fSviij 240 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water or milk after meals. 



In the treatment of tuberculosis: 

$3 

Creosoti trtxxiv 

Glycerini fSij 

Tinct. Aurantii Dulc q. s. fSiij 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water or milk after meals. 



or 



Creosote Carbonate, being less irritating, may be administered 
alone in capsules. 

Creosote is frequently employed as an inhalation, alone or with 
other agents. A common method is to arrange for a supply of 
aqueous vapor, as in the following : 

As an inhalation in bronchitis, laryngitis, etc. 
R or 

Creosoti f3ij 8 

Tinct. Benzoini Co q. s. f Sij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Use teaspoonful to pitcher of hot water as directed. 

Patient may be given instructions, as to use for fifteen minutes every 
three hours. Children are sometimes best treated during sleep by making 
a tent out of a newspaper. 

Locally. — Creosote is a constituent of many of the toothache 
remedies, or is used alone for that purpose. 



i Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 

2 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

3 Ibid. 



CRESOL. CUBEBA. 149 

CRESOL. 

Latin, Cresol (Gen., Cresolis). Eng., Cresol. A mixture of 
isomeric cresolsi obtained from coal-tar. 

A colorless or straw-colored liquid turning yellowish brown on 
prolonged exposure to light. 

Soluble in 50 parts of water, usually forming a cloudy solution. 

Average Dose. — 1 minim (0.05 mil). 

Official Preparation. 

Liquor Cresolis Compositus. Eng., Compound Solution of Cresol. 
Alcohol, 30 mils; Cresol, 500 Gm. ; Linseed Oil, 300 Gm.; Potassium Hy- 
droxide, 80 Gm.; Water, to make 1000 Gm. 

Miscible with water in all proportions. This was introduced into the 
U. S. P. to furnish a uniform and reliable preparation to replace the numer- 
ous more or less uncertain proprietaries. 

Therapeutic Action. — Disinfectant, germicide. 

Uses. — Employed as a cleansing solution and dressing after 
labor and for infected wounds, periostitis and other infective and 
suppurative conditions. 

Administration. — The compound solution or some of the sim- 
ilar proprietary products are employed. They are prescribed 
alone and used properly diluted with water (1 : 20 to 1 : 1000). 

For local use after labor : 

$ or 

Liq. Cresolis Co fSiv 120| 

Sig. — Use teaspoonful to quart of warm water as directed. (Poison- 
label.) 

Nurse is instructed to pour over the vulva after urination, etc. 

This prescription, with the exception that the water is used hot, 
is used for soaking the parts in some suppurating conditions, as of 
the feet in osteoperiostitis, etc. 

GRETA PRiEPARATA. 

See Calcium, p. 106. 

CUBEBA. 

Latin, Cubeba. Eng., Cubeb. The dried, unripe but fully grown 
fruit of Piper Cubeba. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 



150 CUPRI SULPHAS. DIACETYLMORPHIN^. 

Official Preparations and Constituents. 

Oleoresina Cubebae. Eng., Oleoresin of Cubeb. 
Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

Trochisci Cubebae. Eng., Troches of Cubeb. Each troche contains 
about 0.02 mil (% minim) of Oleoresin of Cubeb. 

Oleum Cubebae. Eng., Oil of Cubeb. 
Average Dose. — 8 minims (0.5 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Diuretic, urinary antiseptic, irritant. 

Uses. — By mouth for gonorrhea, cystitis, etc. By mouth or 
inhalation for, bronchitis, asthma, hay fever, nasal catarrh, etc. 

Administration. — By mouth it is usually prescribed in the 
form of the ready-prepared capsules, either alone or more fre- 
quently with other agents, as copaiba, salol or santal oil. It is 
used for inhalation in the form of cigarettes or of powders to 
be smoked in a pipe. 

CUPRI SULPHAS. 

Latin, Cupri Sulphas. Eng., Copper Sulphate. Synonyms, Blue 
Vitriol, Blue Stone. 

Large, deep-blue crystals. 

Average Dose. — Emetic, 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Astringent, styptic, caustic, antiseptic, 
emetic. 

Uses. — Still frequently employed as a domestic remedy, but 
almost unused by the profession. 

DECOCTUM— Decoction. 

Decoctions are liquid preparations made by boiling vegetable 
substances with water. When the strength and method of prepara- 
tion are not otherwise specified, they are made by boiling 5 parts of 
the coarsely comminuted drug for fifteen minutes with enough water 
to make 100 parts. There are no official decoctions. 

DIACETYLMORPHINJE. 

See Opium, p. 239. 

DIACETYLMORPHINJE HYDRO CHLORIDUM. 

See Opium, p. 239. 



DIASTASUM. DIGITALIS. 151 

DIASTASUM. 

Latin, Diastasurru (Gen., Diastasi). Eng., Diastase. A mixture 
containing amylolytic enzymes obtained from an infusion of malt. 
It converts not less than fifty times its weight of potato starch into 
sugars. 

Form. — A yellowish-white powder, or translucent scales. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and tasteless. 

Solubility. — Soluble in water; almost insoluble in alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 'Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Digestant. 

Uses. — For the digestion of starchy food. 

It is seldom prescribed as such, but preparations containing it 
are sometimes employed. 

DIGITALIS. 

Latin, Digitalis (Gen., Digitalis). Eng., Digitalis. Synonym, 
Foxglove. The dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea. 

Principal Constituents. — The glucosides, digitoxin, digitalin, digi- 
talein, digitonin, digitin ; tannic acid, etc. 

Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Fluidextractum Digitalis. Eng., Fluidextract of Digitalis. 
Average Dose. — 1 minim (0.05 mil). 

Infusum Digitalis. Eng., Infusion of Digitalis. Represents 1.5 per 
cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 

Tinctura Digitalis. Eng., Tincture of Digitalis. Represents 10 per 
cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 8 minims (0.5 mil). 

Unofficial Preparation. 

Digitalinum. Eng., Digitalin. A glucoside obtained from Digitalis. 
Average Dose. — M.00 grain (0.0006 Gm.). 

This is not to be confused with Digitalinum Germanicum. It seems to 
have been established that these preparations are uncertain, and that the 
dosage ~as usually given is not based on the modern intelligent employ- 
ment of digitalis. 

Many standardized proprietary preparations of digitalis are available. 



152 DIGITALIS. 

Therapeutic Action. — Cardiac tonic and stimulant, diuretic. 

Uses. — Employed for various cardiac and renal diseases and 
conditions. 

Administration, — The physiologically tested, fat-free; tincture 
put out by the larger pharmaceutical houses is now extensively 
employed, and is probably the preparation of choice with discrim- 
inating prescribers. 

All preparations may produce gastric disturbances. For rapid 
effect it is customary to use some specially prepared preparation 
hypodermically. 

Digitalis or its preparations are usually administered only two 
or three times a day, as the effect is slow in developing, but lasting. 

The tendency among those best able to intelligently use Digitalis 
is to* give rather large doses till effect (or its continuance is contra- 
indicated), and then maintain the effect with smaller doses. As the 
effect of the drug is slow in developing, but lasting, it is better to 
calculate dosage on a twenty-four-hour basis than by the amount 
of each single administration. 

In beginning the use of the drug in a given case, particularly if 
it is to be used by needle, it is ( necessary to take into consideration 
the amount of the drug, if any, that has been recently administered. 

The powdered Leaves, Fluidextract, Tincture, and Infusion are 
administered by mouth. Digitalin is sometimes given by mouth or 
needle. 

Many of our best therapists prescribe the Tincture alone, to be 
administered by drops, well diluted with water, as : 

Jfc or 

Tincturse Digitalis f5j 30| 

Sig. — Begin with fifty (50) drops as directed. 

Fifty drops would average a little more than twenty minims. 

The advantage is that the dose can be readily increased or dimin- 
ished. It must be remembered, however, that tinctures average 
about 120 drops to every 60 minims, and that this may vary greatly, 
owing to shape of dropper, temperature, etc. 

As a diuretic, the infusion is the preparation of frequent choice, 
as it has been claimed that water does not dissolve digitoxin to an 
appreciable extent, but does dissolve the other active constituents. 
Present information tends to establish this as an error. It is used 
alone or with other agents, as Spirit of Nitrous Ether, Potassium 
Citrate, etc. The infusion should be freshly prepared. 



DIGITALIS. 



153 



Some common methods of prescribing digitalis are as follows : 

In the treatment of heart disease, etc. : 
R or 

Tinct. Digitalis, 

Tinct. Nucis Vom aa. f Sss 15 

Sig. — Twenty (20) drops in water three times a day. 

Or: 
R or 

Tinct. Digitalis. 

Flext. Cascarse Sag. Ar aa f 3v j 22 5 

Tinct. Cardam. Co q. s. fgiv 120 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water three times a day. 



In the treatment of chronic heart disease : 

Digitalis Pulv., 

Quininse Hydrochlor aa. gr. xv 

Ext. Valerianae 3j 

M. ft. cap. no. xxx. 

Sig. — One three times a day. 



In the treatment of chronic nephritis with anasarca 
I* or 

Digitalis Pulv., 
Scillae Pulv., 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis aa. gr. xx 

Ext. Hyoscyami gr. x 

M. ft. cap. no. xx. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 



This is a much ordered formula, but the calomel is in such 



dosage that it often will not be tolerated. 



In the treatment of goiter : 
R2 or 

Strychninse Sulph gr. ss 

Ferri Arsenatis gr. ij 

Extracti Digitalis gr. iv 

Extracti Ergotse gr. xxx 

M. ft. cap. no. xxiv. 
Sig.— One after each meal. 



1 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

2 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 



154 ELATERINUM. 

In the treatment of ascites: 
R 1 or 

Potassii Acetatis Bj 30 

Spir. iEtheris Nit fSss 15 

Inf. Digitalis q. s. fSiv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls every six hours. 

In the treatment of chronic valvular disease: 

3 2 or 

Potassii Acetatis 3j 4 

Inf usi Digitalis q. s. fSij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful every three hours. 

ELATERINUM. 

Latin, Elaterinum (Gen., Elaterini). Eng., Elaterin. A prin- 
ciple obtained from Elaterium, a substance deposited by the juice 
of Ecballium Elaterium. 

Form. — Minute white scales or crystals. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless; a slightly acrid, bitter taste. 

Solubility. — Insoluble in water; soluble in 325 parts of alcohol. 

Average Dose. — % grain (0.003 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Trituratio Elaterini. Eng., Trituration of Elaterin. Contains 10 per 
cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — x / 2 grain (0.03 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Drastic purgative. 

Uses. — Employed principally in those urgent cases when 
immediate and active purgation is desired, or when the patient 
is unable to swallow the dose of other purgatives, as in apoplexy, 
uremia and eclampsia. 

Administration. — The drug is suspended in a small amount 
of water or olive oil, and if patient is unconscious it is allowed 
to pass back to the pharynx a few drops at a time. 

Elixir Aromaticum. — See Aurantium. 
Elixir Glycyrrhizae. — See Glycyrrhiza. 
Emetinae Hydrochloridum. — See Ipecacuanha. 



i Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 
2 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 



ERGOTA. 155 

Emplastrum Belladonnae. — See Belladonna. 
Emplastrum Cantharidis. — See Cantharis. 
Emplastrum Capsici. — See Capsicum. 

Emplastrum Elasticum. Eng., Rubber Plaster. Synonyms, Rubber 
Adhesive Plaster; Adhesive Plaster. 
Emplastrum Plumbi. — See Plumbum. 
Emplastrum Resinae. — See Terebinthina. 
Emplastrum Sinapis. — See Sinapis. 
Emulsum Amygdalae. — See Amygdala. 
Emulsum Asafoetidae. — See Asafcetida. 
Emulsum Olei Morrhuae. — See Oleum Morrhuae. 
Emulsum Olei Terebinthinae. — See Terebinthina. 

ERGOTA. 

Latin, Ergota (Gen., Ergotse). Eng., Ergot. Synonym, Ergot 
of Rye, Rye Smut. 

The carefully dried sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea, a fungous 
growth replacing the grain of rye, Secale cereale. 

Principal Constituents. — Ergotine, Tannic Acid, etc. 

Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Extractum Ergotae. Eng., Extract of Ergot. Synonym, Ergotin. 
A soft solid about eight times the strength of the drug. 
Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.),. 

Fluidextractum Ergotae. Eng., Fluidextract of Ergot. 
Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Oxytocic, emmenagogue, and hemostatic 
(for uterine hemorrhage). 

Uses. — Employed after the third stage of labor to promote 
contraction of the uterus ; also for menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, 
purpura hsemorrhagica, etc. 

It should be remembered that Ergot is a hemostatic for uterine 
hemorrhage, and its indiscriminate use, particularly in cerebral 
hemorrhage, is to be condemned. 

Administration. — For temporary use, as during labor, the 
Fluidextract is the preparation usually employed. When the 
use of. Ergot is to be continued for some time, it is frequently 
advisable to administer the Extract in capsules on account of the 
disagreeable taste of the drug. 



156 



ERGOTA. 



The preparation "Ergotin" should not be confused with Ergotine 
the alkaloid. When a solid preparation is desired it is better to 
order the official extract. 

Most of the larger pharmaceutical manufacturing houses now 
physiologically test all the ergot they put on the market. Its hypo- 
dermic use has sometimes been followed by such unpleasant results 
that it should be used in this way only in cases of extreme emergency, 
and then the special aseptic hypodermic preparations should be 
employed. 

Some common methods of prescribing ergot are as follows: 

In the treatment of goiter : 
Bi or 

Strychnine Sulph gr. ss 03 

Ferri Arsenitis gr. ij 13 

Extracti Digitalis gr. iv 26 

Extracti Ergotas Sss 2 00 

M. ft. cap. no. xxiv. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 



In the treatment of menorrhagia and metrorrhagia : 
1^2 or 

Strychninse Sulph gr. ss 

Hydrastininaa Hydrochl gr. x 

Extracti Ergotae gr. xl 

M. ft. cap. no. xx. 

Sig. — One two hours after meals. 

In the treatment of subinvolution of the uterus : 
R3 or 

Strychninse Sulph gr. j 

Ext. Ergotae, 

Quininaa Sulph aa.gr. xxx 

M. ft. cap. no. xxx. 

Sig. — One before each meal. 

In the treatment of menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, etc.: 
R or 

Flext. Ergotae f 5\j 

Flext. Hydrastis, 

Tinct. Nucis Vomicae aa. f'Sss 

Tinct. Aurant. Dulc q. s. fifiv 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 



065 
000 



30 

15 

120 



1 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 

2 Ashton: Practice of Gynecology. 

3 Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 



ERIODICTYON. EUCALYPTUS. 157 

ERIODICTYON. 

Latin, Eriodictyon (Gen., Eriodictyi). Eng., Eriodictyon. 
Synonym, Yerba Santa. The dried leaves of Eriodictyon cali- 
fornicum. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Fluidextractum Eriodictyi. Eng., Fluidextract of Eriodictyon. 
Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

National Formulary Preparations. 

Elixir Eriodictyi Aromaticum. Eng., Aromatic Elixir of Eriodictyon. 
Represents 6.25 per cent, of the drug with aromatics. 

Average Dose. — 2 fluidrachms (8 mils). 

Syrupus Eriodictyi Aromaticus. Eng., Aromatic Syrup of Eriodictyon. 
Represents 3.2 per cent, of the drug with aromatics. 

Average Dose. — 2 fluidrachms (8 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Classed as an expectorant and tonic. 
Uses. — Employed almost exclusively to disguise the taste of 
quinine. 

Administration. — For disguising the taste of quinine, the 
Aromatic Syrup is preferable. The Aromatic Elixir is also some- 
times used. The taste of Eriodictyon itself is very objectionable 
to some patients. 

B or 

Quininae Sulphatis gr. xxx 21 

Syr. Eriodictyi Arom q. s. f&ij 60| 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful as directed. (Shake-label.) 

EUCALYPTUS. 

Latin, Eucalyptus. Eng., Eucalyptus. Synonym, Blue Gum 
Leaves. The dried leaves of Eucalyptus Globulus, collected from 
the older parts of the tree. 

Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Official Preparation and Constituents. 

Fluidextractum Eucalypti. Eng., Fluidextract of Eucalyptus. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Oleum Eucalypti. Eng., Oil of Eucalyptus. 

Average Dose. — 8 minims (0.5 mil). 



158 EUGENOL. 

Eucalyptol. Eng., Eucalyptol. An organic compound obtained from 
the volatile oil of Eucalyptus and other sources. A colorless liquid, very 
slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 5 minims (0.3 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, rubefacient, expectorant, 
antispasmodic. 

Uses. — Principally employed as Eucalyptol in sprays or inhala- 
tions for nasal catarrh, acute rhinitis, hay fever, asthma, bronchitis, 
etc. Sometimes used externally in the treatment of ulcers and vari- 
ous skin diseases. 

Administration. — Eucalyptol and the Oil of Eucalyptus are 
frequently employed in oily sprays. Liquid petrolatum is an ex- 
cellent vehicle. If used in aqueous solutions the quantity must 
be comparatively small. For external use they may be pre- 
scribed in bland oils, or such ointment vehicles as Petrolatum. 



$ or 

Camphorae gr. iv 

Eucalyptolis, 
01. Pini Pum., 

01. Menth. Pip aa. gtt. iv 

Petrolati Liq q. s. fSiv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Spray nose and throat every three hours. 

EUGENOL. 

See Caryophyllus, p. 119. 

Extractum Aconiti. — See Aconitum. 

Extractum Belladonnae Foliorum. — See Belladonna. 

Extractum Cannabis. — See Cannabis. 

Extractum Cascarae Sagradae. — See Cascara Sagrada. 

Extractum Cimicifugae. — See Cimicifuga. 

Extractum Colchici Cormi. — See Colchicum. 

Extractum Colocynthidis. — See Colocynthis. 

Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum. — See Colocynthis. 

Extractum Ergotae. — See Ergota. 

Extractum Fellis Bovis. — See Fel Bovis. 

Extractum Gelsemii. — See Gelsemium. 

Extractum Gentianae. — See Gentiana. 

Extractum Glycyrrhizae. — See Glycyrrhiza. 

Extractum Glycyrrhizae Purum. — See Glycyrrhiza. 

Extractum Hydrastis. — See Hydrastis. 

Extractum Hyoscyami. — See Hyoscyamus. 

Extractum Malti. — See Maltum. 

Extractum Nucis Vomicae. — See Nux Vomica. 



26 



FEL BOVIS. FERRUM. 159 

Extractum Opii. — See Opium. 

Extractum Physostigmatis. — See Physostigma. 

Extractum Rhei. — See Rheum. 

Extractum Stramonii. — See Stramonium. 

Extractum Sumbul. — See Sumbul. 

Extractum Taraxaci. — See Taraxacum. 

Extractum Viburni Prunifolii. — See Viburnum Prunifolium. 

FEL BOVIS. 

Latin, Fel Bovis (Gen., Fellis Bovis). Eng., Oxgall. The fresh 
bile off the ox, Bos taurus. 

A brownish-green or dark-green liquid. 

Official Preparation. 

Extractum Fellis Bovis. Eng., Extract of Oxgall. Synonym, Pow- 
dered Extract of Oxgall. A powder representing eight times the strength 
of oxgall. 

Average Dose. — X 1 /?. grains (0.1 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Cholagogue, purgative and intestinal 
antiseptic. 

Uses. — It is generally prescribed with other purgative agents, 
particularly for intestinal indigestion, tympanites, etc. 

The previous Pharmacopeia did not contain a usable (dried) 
preparation, so the unofficial Inspissated Oxgall (Fel Bovis Inspis- 
satus) was the preparation most frequently employed. This should 
now be replaced by the official powdered extract, which answers 
every requirement. 

$ 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis gr. v 30 

Ext. Fel. Bovis gr. ij 12 

Pulv. Rhei gr. v 30 

Ext. Hyoscyami gr. j 06 

M. ft. cap. no. iij. 

Sig. — One every two hours. 

FERRUM. 

Latin, Ferrum (Gen., Ferri). Eng., Iron. 
Metallic iron in the form of fine bright wire. 

Official Preparations and Salts. 

FERRUM REDUCTUM. Eng., Reduced Iron. Synonyms, Iron by 
Hydrogen, Black Iron, Quevennes' Iron. Contains not less than 90 per 
cent, of metallic Iron. 



160 FERRUM. 

Form. — A grayish-black, granular powder. 
Odor and Taste. — Odorless and Tasteless. 
Solubility. — Insoluble in water or alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Oxidizing agents, salts of antimony, bismuth, copper, lead, 
mercury and silver. 

Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

FERRI CARBONAS SACCHARATUS. Eng., Saccharated Ferrous 
Carbonate. A brownish powder containing about 15 per cent, of Ferrous 
Carbonate. 

Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

MASSA FERRI CARBONATIS. Eng., Mass of Ferrous Carbonate. 
Synonym, Vallet's Mass. A soft, dark-colored mass containing about 35 
per cent, of Ferrous Carbonate. 

Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

PILULE FERRI CARBONATIS. Eng., Pills of Ferrous Carbonate. 
Synonyms, Blaud's Pills, Ferruginous Pills, Chalybeate Pills. Each pill 
contains about 1 grain of Ferrous Carbonate. 

Average Dose. — 2 pills. 

FERRI CHLORIDUM. Eng., Ferric Chloride. Synonym, Iron Per- 
chloride. 

Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

Liquor Ferri Chloridi. Eng., Solution of Ferric Chloride. 
Average Dose. — \y 2 minims (0.1 mil.). 

Tinctura Ferri Chloridi. Eng., Tincture of Ferric Chloride. Synonym, 
Tincture of Iron. A hydroalcoholic liquid containing some free acid and 
about 13 per cent, of Ferric Chloride. 

Average Dose. — 8 minims (0.5 mil). 

FERRI ET AMMONII CITRAS. Eng., Iron and Ammonium Citrate. 
Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

FERRI ET QUININE CITRAS. Eng., Iron and Quinine Citrate. 
Synonyms, Ferri et Quininse Citras Solubilis (U. S. P., viii). 
Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

FERRI PHOSPHAS. Eng., Ferric Phosphate. Synonym, Ferri 
Phosphas Solubilis (U. S. P., viii). 
Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

FERRI HYDROXIDUM CUM MAGNESII OXIDO. Eng., Ferric 
Hydroxide with Magnesium Oxide. 

Average Dose. — Arsenical antidote — 4 fluidounces (120 mils). 

SYRUPUS FERRI IODIDI. Eng., Syrup of Ferrous Iodide. Con- 
tains about 5 per cent, by weight of Ferrous Iodide. 
Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

PILULE FERRI IODIDI. Eng., Pills of Ferrous Iodide. Each pill 
contains about 1 grain of Ferrous Iodide. 
Average Dose. — 2 pills. 



FERRUM. 161 

FERRI SULPHAS. Eng., Ferrous Sulphate. Synonyms, Green Vit- 
riol; if impure, Copperas. 

Average Dose. — V/2 grains (0.1 Gm.). 

Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus. Eng., Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate. 
Synonyms, Dried Ferrous Sulphate. 100 parts of Ferrous Sulphate are 
deprived of water of crystallization till the weight is reduced to about 
65 parts. A grayish-white powder. 

Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

Ferri Sulphas Granulatus. Eng., Granulated Ferrous Sulphate. A 
greenish, granular powder. 

Average Dose. — \V 2 grains (0.1 Gm.). 

Liquor Ferri Subsulphatis. Eng., Solution of Ferric Subsulphate. 
Synonym, Monsel's Solution. 

Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Liquor Ferri Tersulphatis. Eng., Solution of Ferric Sulphate. 

LIQUOR FERRI ET AMMONII ACETATIS. Eng., Solution of 
Iron and Ammonium Acetate. Synonym, Basham's Mixture. 

Average Dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils). 

Unofficial Preparations. 

Compound Glycerophosphates in the form of the syrup, elixir or solution 
(without sugar) have about the same formula as the Compound Syrup of 
Hypophosphites (see p. 30) except that the glycerophosphates instead of 
the hypophosphites are used. They seem to be excellent pharmaceutical 
products. The preparation without sugar is particularly popular. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 

Elixir Ferri, Quininae et Strychninae Phosphatum. Eng., Elixir of the 
Phosphates of Iron, Quinine, and Strychnine. Synonym, Elixir of I. Q. 
and S. Each fluidounce represents, about, Iron Phosphate 8 grains, 
Quinine 4 grains, Strychnine Ys grain. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidounce (4 mils). 

This was official in the previous Pharmacopeia and is one of the 
most extensively used preparations in medicine. 

Liquor Ferri Peptonati Cum Mangano. Eng., Solution of Peptone of 
Iron with Manganese. 

A National Formulary preparation frequently prescribed. 

Average Dose. — 2 fluidrachms (8 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Tonic, hematinic. The iodide is also 
alterative and the chloride, sulphate and some others are 
astringent and styptic. Most of the solutions of iron are anti- 
septic or disinfectant. 

Uses. — Internally the preparations of iron are employed in 
the treatment of anemia, chlorosis, malaria, amenorrhea, ery- 
sipelas and many other conditions. Locally, they are used for 
tonsillitis, pharyngitis, diphtheria, epistaxis, gastric ulcer, etc. 

11 



162 FERRUM. 

Administration. — The medicinal use of the preparations of 
Iron are confined almost altogether to administration by mouth. 
They are usually either given alone or associated only with the 
salts of metals or alkaloids. Administration may be either in 
solid form or in solution. 

The greatest care should be used to< protect the patient's teeth, 
particularly in administering the syrup of the iodide or the tincture 
of the chloride. These should not be given for an extended period 
of time. Probably the safest way to protect the teeth is to have the 
patient take the medicine, well diluted with water, through a glass 
tube extending well back into the mouth, and then clean the mouth 
and teeth with a solution of sodium bicarbonate. 

Solid Form. — Where comparatively large amounts of iron are to 
be given, or the use continued for an extended time, this is usually 
the most desirable form on account of the action of iron on the teeth 
and the unpleasant taste of most of the liquid preparations. Re- 
duced Iron, the Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate, the Mass of Ferrous 
Carbonate, Pills of Ferrous Carbonate and the Pills of Ferrous 
Iodide are employed, but the latter are particularly apt to deteriorate 
with age, and they are so infrequently used that it is usually hard to 
find a fresh stock on the shelves of the average pharmacy. 

It should be remembered that the Mass of Ferrous Carbonate is a 
soft solid; so, while it can be dispensed in capsules alone or with 
other agents, it will first have to be made into pill form. 

The Pills of Ferrous Carbonate are on the market in all sizes, 
from about 2 to 5 grains. The "5-grain" pill, which contains about 
1 grain of the Ferrous Carbonate, is the official pill and is what is 
dispensed unless some other size is specified. It has been claimed 
that these pills soon become insoluble if kept, but this does not seem 
to be the case if they are well made. 

In the treatment of chlorosis: 

Pil. Ferri Carbonatis no. c 

Sig. — Two after each meal. ' 

This is the most economical way of administering Ferrous Carbonate. 

In the treatment of chlorosis, etc. : 
B or 

Ferri Sulphatis Gran gr. cc 12 

Potassii Carbonatis gr. c 6 

M. ft. cap. no. l. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 



FERRUM. 



163 



Strychnine, arsenic, etc., may also be ordered in this. This forms 
the fresh carbonate and liberates water of crystallization, producing a moist 
mixture, which has to be made into a mass before putting into capsules. 



In the treatment of anemia: 

IM or 

Ferri Sulph. Exsic, 

Potassii Bicarb aa. Sj 

M. ft. cap. no. xxiv. 
Sig. — One after each meal. 
The idea here is to have the fresh Ferrous Carbonate formed in the 
stomach. 



In the treatment of amenorrhea (to be used 6 days preceding 
expected period) : 



$2 or 

Aloini gr. ij 

Mas. Ferri Carb gr. xxx 

Apiol f 5j 

M. ft. cap. no. xij. 

Sig. — One morning and evening. 



In the treatment of chlorosis associated with constipation : 
$3 or 

Aloes gr. xl 3 

Mas. Ferri Carb 3ij 8 

Pulv. Aromatici q. s. 

M. ft. cap. no. xx. 
Sig. — One at bedtime. 



As a tonic, particularly in the treatment of malaria : 

I* or 

Strychninse Sulphatis gr. j 

Arseni Trioxidi gr. ij 

Quininse Sulphatis gr. cl 

Ferri Reducti gr. c 

M. ft. cap. no. l. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 



065 
130 
000 
000 



Massa Ferri Carbonatis in four-grain doses may be used instead of the 
Ferrum Reductum. 



1 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

2 Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 

3 IUd. 



164 FERRUM. 

In the treatment of neurasthenia, hysteria, etc. : 

Ri or 

Arseni Trioxidi gr. ss 03 

Asafoetida Pulv gr. x 65 

Ext. Sumbul, 

Ferri Sulph. Exsic aa. gr. xx 1 30 

M. ft. cap. no. xx. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 

In the treatment of goiter: 

$ 2 or 

Strychninae Sulph gr. ss 03 

Ferri Arsenatis gr. ij 13 

Extracti Digitalis gr. iv 26 

Ext. Ergotae 3ss 2 00 

M. ft. cap. no. xxiv. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 

As a postoperative tonic : 

$3 or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros., 

Arseni Trioxidi aa. gr. j 065 

Ext. Nucis Vomicae gr. xxv 1 600 

Ferri et Quin. Cit gr. cc 13]000 

M. ft. cap. no. c. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 

In Solution. — Care should be used to protect the teeth, as pre- 
viously outlined, 

The Tincture of Ferric Chloride, the Syrup of Ferrous Iodide, 
the Elixir of Iron, Quinine and Strychnine and the Compound Syrup 
of Hypophosphites are the preparations most frequently employed. 

The Syrup of Ferrous Iodide is usually prescribed alone. It is 
the most alterative preparation of iron. It is damaging to the teeth, 
is apt to produce iodism, and altogether is so undesirable that it 
seems that its use should be discouraged. Probably the safest way 
to administer the drug is to order the patient to put the desired 
number of drops in a capsule just before taking. 



i Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 
2 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 
3 Ashton: Practice of Gynecology. 



FERRUM. 



165 



For a child 8 years old : 

Syr. Ferri Iodidi f §j 

Sig. — Take five (5) drops in capsule after meals. 



30| 



The Tincture of Ferric Chloride is used alone or with other 
agents. The U. S. P. average dose is frequently exceeded. 

For example, the following is sometimes used empirically in 
erysipelas : 

I* or 

Tinct. Ferri Chlor., 

Elixir Aromatici aa. f 5j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water through a tube every four hours. 

Some combinations are as follows : 

As a tonic in the treatment of anemia, etc. : 
ft or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. ij 13 

Liq. Acidi Arsenosi fSij 8 00 

Tinct. Ferri Chlor f5iv 15 00 

Acidi Hydrochl. Dil f 3iv 15 00 

Glycerini fgj 30 00 

Aquae Dest q. s. ££vj 180 00 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 

As a tonic, particularly in malaria : 
B or * 

Quininae Sulphatis gr. cl 10 

Liq. Acidi Arsenosi 5ij 8 

Tinct. Ferri Chlor f3vj 23 

Glycerini f5j 30 

Aquae q. s. f 5vj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 

In an aperient preparation for the treatment of comedo : 
Bi or 

Magnesii Sulphatis §iss 451 

Ferri Sulphatis gr. xvj 1 1 

Acidi Sulph. Dil 3ij 8| 

Aquae q. s. fSviij 240| 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful in water before breakfast. 



1 Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 



166 



FERRUM. 



In the treatment of stomatitis of childhood : 

B 1 or 

Potassii Chloratis gr. xxiv 

Tinct. Ferri Chlor nxxxxvj 

Syr. Zingiberis fEss 

Aquae q. s. fSiij 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours. 



In the treatment of tonsillitis, pharyngitis, etc. : 

R or 

Potassii Chloratis 3ij 8 

Tinct. Ferri Chlor. fSiij 12 

Acidi Sulphurosi fSiv 15 

Glycerini f 3vj 22 

Aquae q. s. f3vj 180 

M. 

Sig. ; Tablespoon ful in water every four hours. 



The Elixir of Iron, Quinine and Strychnine Phosphate, the Com- 
pound Syrup of Hypophosphites, the Compound Glycerophosphates 
and the Solution of the Peptonate of Iron with Manganese are used 
where a more pleasant preparation is desired and the action of the 
other agents included is also indicated. They are usually prescribed 
alone. 

As a tonic, etc. : 
R or 

Elix. Ferri, Quin. et Strych. Phos fSviij 240| 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 

As a tonic, etc. : 
U or 

Liq. Ferri Pep. cum Mang fSviij 240| 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls in water after meals. 

In smaller doses this is frequently administered to children. Solution of 
Arsenous Acid, etc., may be added as indicated. 

Fluidextractum Aconiti. — See Aconitum. 
Fluidextractum Aromaticum. — See Cinnamomum. 
Fluidextractum Aspidospermatis. — See Aspidosperma. 
Fluidextractum Aurantii Amari. — See Aurantium. 
Fluidextractum Belladonnae Radicis. — See Belladonna. 
Fluidextractum Buchu. — See Buchu. 



i Ruhrah: Diseases of Children. 



FCENICULUM. 167 

Fluidextractum Cannabis. — See Cannabis. 

Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae. — See Cascara Sagrada. 

Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae Aromaticum. — See Cascara Sagrada. 

Fluidextractum Cimicifugae. — See Cimicifuga. 

Fluidextractum Cinchonae. — See Cinchona. 

Fluidextractum Colchici Seminis. — See Colchicum. 

Fluidextractum Digitalis. — See Digitalis. 

Fluidextractum Ergotae. — See Ergota. 

Fluidextractum Eriodictyi. — See Eriodictyon. 

Fluidextractum Eucalypti. — See Eucalyptus. 

Fluidextractum Frangulae. — See Frangula. 

Fluidextractum Gelsemii. — See Gelsemium. 

Fluidextractum Gentianae. — See Gentiana. 

Fluidextractum Glycyrrhizae. — See Glycyrrhiza. 

Fluidextractum Granati. — See Granatum. 

Fluidextractum Grindeliae. — See Grindelia. 

Fluidextractum Guaranae. — See Guarana. 

Fluidextractum Hydrastis. — See Hydrastis. 

Fluidextractum Hyoscyami. — See Hyoscyamus. 

Fluidextractum Ipecacuanhae. — See Ipecacuanha. 

Fluidextractum Lobeliae. — See Lobelia. 

Fluidextractum Nucis Vomicae. — See Nux Vomica. 

Fluidextractum Pilocarpi. — See Pilocarpus. 

Fluidextractum Podophylli. — See Podophyllum. 

Fluidextractum Rhei. — See Rheum. 

Fluidextractum Rosae. — See Rosa. 

Fluidextractum Sabal. — See Sabal. 

Fluidextractum Sarsaparillae. — See Sarsaparilla. 

Fluidextractum Sarsaparillae Compositum. — See Sarsaparilla. 

Fluidextractum Scillae. — See Scilla. 

Fluidextractum Senegae. — See Senega. 

Fluidextractum Sennae. — See Senna. 

Fluidextractum Spigeliae. — See Spigelia. 

Fluidextractum Staphisagriae. — See Staphisagria. 

Fluidextractum Stillingiae. — See Stillingia. 

Fluidextractum Sumbul. — See Sumbul. 

Fluidextractum Taraxaci. — See Taraxacum. 

Fluidextractum Tritici. — See Triticum. 

Fluidextractum Uvae Ursi. — See Uva Ursi. 

Fluidextractum Veratri Viridi. — See Veratrum Viride. 

Fluidextractum Viburni Prunifolii. — See Viburnum Prunifolium. 

Fluidextractum Xanthoxyli. — See Xanthoxylum. 

Fluidextractum Zingiberis. — See Zingiber. 

FCENICULUM. 

Latin, Foeniculum. Eng., Fennel. Synonym, Fennel Seed. The 
dried, ripe fruit of cultivated varieties of Foeniculum vulgar e. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 



168 FORMALDEHYDUM. FRANGULA. 

Official Constituent and Preparations. 

Oleum Foeniculi. Eng., Oil of Fennel. 
Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil).. 

Aqua Foeniculi. Eng., Fennel Water. 
Average Dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils). 

Fennel and the Oil of Fennel are contained in several official 
preparations. 

Therapeutic Action. — Classed as a stomachic, carminative, 
galactagogue, diuretic, etc. 

Uses. — Principally used in combination with other agents as 
a flavor and possibly to prevent the griping of purgatives. Sel- 
dom prescribed as such. 

FORMALDEHYDUM. 

Official in the form of the solution given below. 

Liquor Formaldehydi. Eng., Solution of Formaldehyde. Synonym, 
.Formalin. A colorless, aqueous solution containing not less than 37 per 
cent, by weight of absolute Formaldehyde (HCOH). It is miscible with 
water or alcohol. 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, disinfectant. 

This preparation is, of course, extensively used by the profession, 
but is seldom prescribed. It is the most desirable agent for disin- 
fecting rooms, clothing, etc., as it does not damage or decolorize 
material. Special "generators" are usually employed for liberating 
the gas from solution. For rooms about 1 pint is used for each 
1000 cubic feet of space. 

Formaldehyde Torches are a convenient form for use. They contain 
paraformaldehyde, a solid condensation product of formaldehyde, and the 
gas is liberated by heat. See Paraformaldehydum. 

FRANGULA. 

Latin, Frangula. Eng., Frangula. Synonym, Buckthorn. The 
dried bark of Rhamnus Frangula. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Fluidextractum Frangulae. Eng., Fluidextract of Frangula. 
Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Laxative. 

Uses. — Chronic constipation. Seldom prescribed. 



GALLA. GAMBIR. GELATINUM. 169 

GALLA. 

Latin, Galla. Eng., Nntgall. An excrescence on Qitercus infec- 
toria and other allied species of Ouercus, caused by the punctures 
and deposited ova of Cynips tinctoria. 

Principal Constituents. 
Tannic Acid, Gallic Acid, etc. 

Official Preparation. 

Unguentum Gallae. Eng., Nutgall Ointment. Contains 20 per cent, of 
the drug. 

Therapeutic Action. — Astringent, styptic. 

Uses. — Almost unused as such. See Tannic and Gallic Acids. 

GAMBIR. 

Latin, Gambir. Eng., Gambir. Synonym, Pale Catechu. An 
extract prepared from the leaves and twigs of Ourouparia Gambir. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Tinctura Gambir Composita. Eng., Compound Tincture of Gambir. 
Represents Gambir, 5 per cent.; Cinnamon, 2.5 per cent. 
Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Astringent. 

Uses. — Used in the treatment of diarrhea, hemorrhoids, 
epistaxis, etc. 

This was introduced into the Pharmacopeia (viii) to replace 
Catechu. 

Administration. — The Compound Tincture is the preparation 
of choice. Its most common use is as an intestinal astringent, 
in which case it is usually prescribed with other agents, as bis- 
muth subnitrate, chalk mixture, etc. 

GELATINUM. 

Latin, Gelatinum. Eng., Gelatin. The purified product obtained 
from certain animal tissues, as skin, ligaments, and bones, by treat- 
ment with boiling water. 

An amorphous, more or less transparent solid. 



170 GELSEMIUM. GENTIANA. 

Official Preparation. 

Gelatinum Glycerinatum. Eng., Glycerinated Gelatin. Contains 50 per 
cent, of gelatin. 

GELSEMIUM. 

Latin, Gelsemium. Eng., Gelsemium. Synonyms, Yellow 
Jasmine (or Jassamine), Carolina Jasmine. The dried rhizome and 
roots of Gelsemium sempervirens. 

Average Dose. — T / 2 grain (0.03 Gmi.). 

Official Preparations. 

Extractum Gelsemii. Eng., Extract of Gelsemium. A powder rep- 
resenting about 4 times the strength of the drug. 

Average Dose. — Yq grain (0.01 Gm.). 

Fluidextractum Gelsemii. Eng., Fluidextract of Gelsemium. 

Average Dose. — 1 / 2 minims (0.3 mil). 

Tinctura Gelsemii. Eng., Tincture of Gelsemium. Represents 10 per 
cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 4 minims (0.25 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Classed as a nervine y sedative, antispas- 
modic, antiperiodic. 

Uses. — Recommended for headache, migraine, neuralgia, dys- 
menorrhea, asthma, whooping-cough, chorea, laryngismus stridulus, 
etc. 

Administration. — It is usually recommended in the form of 
the tincture to be prescribed alone. Not often employed. 

GENTIANA. 

Latin, Gentiana (Gen., Gentianae). Eng., Gentian. The dried 
rhizome and roots of Gentiana lutea. 
Average dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Extractum Gentianae. Eng., Extract of Gentian. 
Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

Fluidextractum Gentianae. Eng., Fluidextract of Gentian. 
Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Tinctura Gentianae Composita. Eng., Compound Tincture of Gentian. 
Gentian, 100 Gm.; Bitter Orange Peel, 40 Gm.; Cardamom Seed, 10 Gm.; 
Alcohol, 500 mils ; Water and Glycerin, to make 1000 mils. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 



GENTIANA. 



171 



Therapeutic Action. — Bitter tonic, stomachic. 
Uses. — Employed as a simple bitter, usually in combination 
with more active agents. 

Administration. — The use of Gentian is practically confined 
to the employment of the Extract in pill masses, and the Com- 
pound Tincture as a vehicle. Some combinations are as follows : 
In tonic pills or capsules: 
n or 

Strychninae Sulph gr. ss 030 

Arseni Trioxidi gr. j 065 

Ferri Reducti gr. xxx 2 000 

Ext. Gentianae q. s. 

M. ft. pil. no. xxx. 
Sig. — One after each meal. 
Note that in using the extract as an excipient the amount is left to the 
discretion of the druggist. 

Or: 

$ or 

Strychninae Sulph gr. ss 03 

Arseni Trioxidi gr. j 06 

Ferri Reducti gr. xxx 2 00 

Ext. Gentianae 3ij 8 00 

M. ft. cap. no. xxx. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 

As a bitter tonic : 

B or 

Tinct. Nucis Vomicae f3iv 15 

Tinct. Gentianae Co q. s. f 3iv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water before meals. 

$1 or 

Arseni Trioxidi gr. ij 13 

Piperis Pulv 3ij 8 00 

Ext. Gentianae 3ij 8 00 

M. ft. cap. no. lx. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 

In the treatment of tuberculosis: 
R2 or 

Creosoti f3j 4 

Tinct. Gentianae Comp f Bj 30 

Alcoholis q. s. fgviij 2401 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water or milk after meals. 



i Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 
~ Musser and Kelly r Practical Treatment. 



172 GLUCOSUM. GLYCERINUM. 



GLUCOSUM. 

Latin, Glucosum (Gen., Glucosi). Eng., Glucose. A syrupy 
product obtained by the incomplete hydrolysis of starch, consisting 
chiefly of dextrose and dextrins. 

Form. — A, colorless or slightly colored, thick, syrupy liquid. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless or nearly so, and has a sweet taste. 

Solubility. — Very soluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol. 

Uses. — Chiefly used as a. nutrient, and in the treatment of 
eclampsia, uremia, and kindred conditions. 

Administration. — Chiefly by Murphy Drip, usually in about 6 
per cent, solutions, and by intravenous infusion in solutions of 30 
per cent, or less. 

GLYCERINUM. 

Latin, Glycerinum (Gen., Glycerini). Eng., Glycerin. Syno- 
nym, Glycerol. A liquid obtained by the hydrolysis of vegetable or 
animal fats or fixed oils. 

Form. — A clear, colorless liquid of a syrupy consistence. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. Sweet taste and producing a sense 
of warmth upon the mouth and lips. 

Solubility. — Miscible with water and alcohol in all proportions. 

Incompatibles. — Oxidizing agents such as nitric acid, potassium 
permanganate, etc. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 

Official Preparations. 

Suppositoria Glycerini. Eng., Suppositories of Glycerin. Each sup- 
pository contains about 3 Gm. (45 grains) of Glycerin. Glycerin is a 
constituent of all the glycerites and of many other official preparations. 

Therapeutic Action. — Laxative, dehydrating agent, antiseptic, 
emollient. 

Uses. — Largely used as a vehicle, solvent and sweetening 
agent. Used by rectum as a laxative. By vaginal tampons it 
is used for subinvolution, pelvic congestion, etc. Recommended 
for renal calculi, chronic constipation and many other conditions. 
Externally it is used in many lotions and ointments for skin 
diseases. 

Administration. — Glycerin is not often prescribed alone, but 
is a constituent of many preparations for internal or local use. 
The following will illustrate: 



GLYCERINUM. 



173 



In the treatment of bronchitis: 

3i 

Tinct. Opii Camph., 

Spir. Vini Gallici, 

Glycerini aa. f H.j 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every three hours. 



30 



In the treatment of tuberculosis 



Creosoti irLxxiv 1 

Glycerini f3ij 8 

Tinct. Aurantii Dulc q. s. fSiij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water or milk after meals. 



In a purgative preparation: 

R 3 or 

Tinct. Nucis Vomicae fSss 15 

Flext. Cascarae Sagr f'5j 30 

Glycerini f Bss 15 

Aquae Chlorof ormi q. s. f §ii j 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 



Locally. — The strong affinity of Glycerin for water makes it a 
valuable agent in preparations for use. as tampons, suppositories, etc. 

It is a much-used emollient, and is a constituent of many face 
lotions, etc. Some combinations of glycerin for local use are shown 
in the following: 



As a local application for chapped hands, etc. : 

3 or 

Phenolis Liq iT[vj 

Glycerini, 

Alcoholis aa. f 5j 

Aquae Rosae q. s. fSiij 



Sig. — Apply after bathing. 



1 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

2 Ibid. 

3 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



174 GLYCERITUM. GLYCERYLIS NITRAS. 

Used for cleansing the nose in infectious diseases: 

S 1 or 

Phenolis Liq mvj 

Sodii Bicarb gr. xxx 2 

Sodii Boratis gr. xl 2 

Glycerini f 3ij 8 

Aquae Dest q. s. fSvj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Spray as directed. 



GLYCERITUM— Glycerite. 

Glycerites are solutions of medicinal substances in glycerin. 
They are not often prescribed. The following five glycerites are 
official : 

Glyceritum Acidi Tannici. — See Acidum Tannicum. 
Glyceritum Amyli. — See Amylum. 
Glyceritum Boroglycerini. — See Acidum Boricum. 
Glyceritum Hydrastis. — See Hydrastis. 
Glyceritum Phenolis. — See Phenol. 

GLYCERYLIS NITRAS. 

Latin, Glycerylis Nitras. Eng., Glyceryl Trinitrate — Nitro- 
glycerin. 

Average Dose. — %oo grain (0.0006 Gm.). 

The drug as such is not official, but the U. S. P. contains the 
following : 

Spiritus Glycerylis Nitratis. Eng., Spirit of Glyceryl Trinitrate. 

Synonyms, Spirit of Nitroglycerin, Spirit of Glonoin. A colorless alco- 
holic solution containing 1 per cent, of Glyceryl Trinitrate. 
Average Dose. — 1 minim (0.05 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Vasodilator, circulatory depressant. 

Uses. — Employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, asthma, 
etc. 

Administration. — Nitroglycerin is frequently used, but not 
often prescribed by physicians. Hypodermic tablets containing 
from y 50 to %oo grain can be obtained for use. In rapidity 
of action and duration of effect Nitroglycerin stands between 
Amyl Nitrite and Sodium Nitrite. 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



GLYCYRRHIZA. GOSSYPIUM PURIFICATUM. 175 

GLYCYRRHIZA. 

Latin, Glycyrrhiza (Gen., Glycyrrhizse) . Eng., Glycyrrhiza. 
Synonym, Liquorice. The dried rhizome and roots of Glycyrrhiza 
glabra typica or Glycyrrhiza glabra glandulifera. 

Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Elixir Glycyrrhizae. Eng., Elixir of Glycyrrhiza (Elixir Adjuvans, 
U. S. P., VIII). Fluidextract of Glycyrrhiza, 125 mils; Aromatic Elixir, 
875 mils. 

Extractum Glycyrrhizae Purum. Eng., Pure Extract of Glycyrrhiza. 

Fluidextractum Glycyrrhizae. Eng., Fluidextract of Glycyrrhiza. 
Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Glycyrrhizinum Ammoniatum. Eng., Ammoniated Glycyrrhizin. 
Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita. Eng., Compound Mixture of Glycyr- 
rhiza. Synonym, Brown Mixture. Pure Extract of Glycyrrhiza, 30 Gm. ; 
Syrup, 50 mils ; Acacia, 30 Gm. ; Camphorated Tincture of Opium, 120 
mils; Antimony and Potassium Tartrate, 0.24 Gm.; Spirit of Nitrons Ether, 
30 mils ; Water, to make 1000 mils. 

Average Dose. — 2y 2 fiuidrachms (10 mils). 

Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Composita. Eng., Compound Powder of 
Glycyrrhiza. Senna, 180 Gm.; Glycyrrhiza, 236 Gm.; Washed Sulphur, 
80 Gm.; Oil of Fennel, 4 Gm.; Powdered Sugar, 500 Gm. 

Average Dose. — 1 drachm (4 Gm.). 

Glycyrrhiza is a constituent in many other official and N. F. preparations. 

Therapeutic Action. — Expectorant, laxative. 

Uses. — Sometimes employed in the treatment of cough, bron- 
chitis, etc., and in laxative preparations. It is used to disguise 
the taste of quinine. 

Administration. — To disguise the taste of quinine the Fluid- 
extract and the unofficial Syrup are employed. The Compound 
Mixture and the Compound Powder are usually prescribed alone. 

GOSSYPIUM PURIFICATUM. 

Latin, Gossypiuni Purificatum. Eng., Purified Cotton. Synonym, 
Absorbent Cotton. The hairs of the seed of Gossypium herbaceum 
or other cultivated species of Gossypium, freed from adhering im 
purities and deprived of fatty matter. 



176 GRANATUM. GRINDELIA. GUAIACOL. 



GRANATUM. 

Latin, Granatum. Eng., Pomegranate. The bark of the stem 
and root of Punica Granatum. 

Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Official Preparation and Constituent. 

Fluidextractum Granati. Eng., Fluidextract of Pomegranate. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Pelletierinae Tannas. Eng., Pelletierine Tannate. A mixture of the 
tannates of four alkaloids obtained from Pomegranate. A light-yellow, 
odorless powder having an astringent taste. Soluble in 240 parts of 
water or 16 parts of alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Teniafuge and anthelmintic. 

Uses. — To remove tapeworms. 

Administration. — Usually given in the form of Pelletierine 
Tannate, which is preferably given in capsules. The success of 
the treatment seems to largely depend on having the intestinal 
tract fairly empty before administering the drug, and on follow- 
ing it in from one to two hours with a sufficiently active saline 
purgative. The treatment is apt to produce temporary dizziness 
and nausea. 

GRINDELIA. 

Latin, Grindelia. Eng., Grindelia. The dried leaves and flower- 
ing tops of Grindelia camp or um or Grindelia cwneijolia, or of Grin- 
delia squarrosa. 

Average Dose.— 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Fluidextractum Grindeliae. Eng., Fluidextract of Grindelia. 
Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Expectorant, diuretic, antispasmodic. 
Uses. — Recommended for bronchitis, asthma, cystitis, and as 
a local application for poisoning by ivy. Seldom prescribed. 

GUAIACOL. 

Latin, Guaiacol (Gen., Guaiacolis). Eng., Guaiacol. One of the 
chief constituents of Creosote. 



GUAIACOL. 17/ 

Form. — As usually seen, a colorless liquid. 

Solubility. — In 53 parts of water. Readily soluble in alcohol, 
glycerin and oils. 

Average Dose. — 8 minims (0.5 mil). 

Official Preparation. 

Guaiacolis Carbonas (Gen., Guaiacolis Carbonatis). Eng., Guaiacol 
Carbonate. Synonym, Duotal. 
Form. — A white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Almost odorless and tasteless. 
Solubility. — Insoluble in water, soluble in 60 parts of alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, germicide, expectorant, 
antipyretic. 

Uses. — Employed in the treatment of phthisis, bronchitis, etc. 
Locally for tonsillitis, orchitis and adenitis. The carbonate is 
extensively used as an antirheumatic, particularly in certain forms 
of arthritis. 

Administration. — Guaiacol may be administered by mouth 
by incorporating with some bland agent, as emulsion of codliver 
oil or emulsion of petroleum, but for internal administration the 
carbonate is used almost exclusively. Its comparative freedom from 
odor and taste renders it easy to take in powders, which is the 
preferable form for large doses. Small closes are often given in 
capsules. The local application of guaiacol and the administration 
of the carbonate are shown in the following prescriptions : 

In a local application, as in the treatment of orchitis, lymphangitis, 
arthritis, etc. : 

R or 

Guaiacolis tti.x1 2 5 

Olei Olivse q. s. fSj 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply a teaspoonful once daily. 

In the treatment of acute bronchitis : 

R 1 or 

Guaiacolis Sss 2 

Olei Gaultherise f£j 4 

Adipis Lanae Hydr q. s. §j 30 

M. . 

Sig. — Apply to chest as directed. 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

12 



178 



GUAIACUM. 



Guaiacol Carbonate may be administered in powders or capsules. 
While in this way it may be mixed with other agents, it is the custom 
to order it alone. 



In the treatment of "rheumatism": 

3 or 

Guaiacolis Carb gr. cc 131 

Ft. cht. no. xx. 

Sig. — One every four hours. 

Or: 

$ or 

Guaiacolis Carb gr. clx 10 

Syr. Tolutani q. s. f 3i j 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every three hours. (Shake-label.) 

Or: 

$ or 

Guaiacolis Carb gr. cc 131 

Ft. cap. no. xl. 

Sig. — Two (2) every four hours. 



GUAIACUM. 

Latin, Guaiacum (Gen., Guaiaci). Eng., Guaiac. The resin of 
the wood of Guaiacum officinale or of Guaiacum sanctum. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 



Official Preparations. 

Tinctura Guaiaci. Eng., Tincture of Guaiac. Represents 20 per cent, 
of the drug in alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 

Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata. Eng., Ammoniated Tincture of Guaiac. 
Represents 20 per cent, of the drug in Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia. 
Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Classed as an alterative, diaphoretic, 
laxative, etc. 

Uses. — Recommended for tonsillitis, rheumatism and related 
conditions. A valuable reagent in testing for blood. 

Administration. — Seldom prescribed. The taste is usually 
considered very disagreeable. 



GUARANA. > HEXAMETHYLENAMINA. 179 

GUARANA. 

Latin, Guarana. Eng., Guarana. A dried paste consisting chiefly 
of the crushed seeds of Paullinia Cupana. 
Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Fluidextractum Guaranae. Eng., Fluidextract of Guarana. 
Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Stimulant, diuretic, astringent. 
Uses. — Recommended for headache, diarrhea, etc. Seldom 
used. 

HAMAMELIS. 

Latin, Hamamelis. Eng., Hamamelis. Synonym, Witchhazel. 
Not official, but the U. S. P., ix, contains the following : 

Official Preparation. 

Aqua Hamamelidis. Eng., Hamamelis Water. Synonyms, Extract of 
Witchhazel, Distilled Extract of Witchhazel. A saturated aqueous solution 
obtained by distilling with steam or water the bark, twigs, smaller stems or 
the entire shrub of Hamamelis Virginiana: 15 per cent, of alcohol is added 
to the distillate. 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic and astringent. It is probable 
that what therapeutic virtue the preparation possesses depends on 
the alcohol and the tannic acid it contains. 

Uses. — A popular household remedy for wounds, infections, 
insect-bites, etc. Seldom prescribed. 

HEXAMETHYLENAMINA. 

Latin, Hexamethylenamina (Gen., Hexamethylenaminae). Eng., 
Hexamethylenamine. Synonym, Hexamethylene-tetramine, Urotro- 
pin, A condensation product of Ammonia and Formaldehyde. 

Form. — Small, colorless crystals or white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless, almost tasteless. 

Solubility. — In 1.5 parts of water and in 12.5 parts of alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — All acids. 

Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Diuretic, urinary antiseptic. 

Uses. — Employed in the treatment of gonorrhea, cystitis, 
pyelitis, renal calculi, phosphaturia, typhoid fever, etc. Recom- 



180 HUMULUS. 

mended (?) for argyria, biliary calculi, arthritis, gout, bronchitis, 
etc. 

Administration. — Usually prescribed alone, either in aqueous 
solution or in the form of tablets to be dissolved in water. While 
other sizes of tablets may be obtained the 7^-grain are the most 
popular. It is best to have each dose administered in a glass of 
water. 

The tendency is to administer large doses, and some of our best 
therapists give as much as 15 grains every three hours. 

Some patients cannot tolerate the drug, and even small doses 
may cause painful micturition or even hematuria. In giving the 
drug, it is always desirable to have the patient or nurse instructed 
as to untoward symptoms and discontinue its use upon their appear- 
ance. 

The simultaneous use of alkalies interferes with the decomposi- 
tion therefore with the action of the drug. 

In solution: 

B or 

Hexamethylenaminae 3iv 15 

Aquae q. s. f Siv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in glass of water every four hours. 

In tablets : 

Tab. Hexamethylenamin8e (7^2 gr.) no. xx. 

Sig. — One in water every 4 hours. 

Patient should be told to break up the tablet, else its solution is sometimes 
very slow. 

HOMATROPINJE HYDROBROMIDUM. 

See Belladonna, p. 87. 

HUMULUS. 

Latin, Humulus. Eng., Hops. The dried strobiles of Humidus 
Lupulus. 

Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Stomachic, carminative, sedative, anti- 
spasmodic. 



HYDRARGYRUM. 181 

Uses. — Recommended in the treatment of hysteria, flatulent 
colic, atonic dyspepsia, alcoholic psychosis, etc. In the form of 
malt beverages, used to promote appetite and digestion and as 
a galactagogue for nursing mothers, etc. 

HYDRARGYRUM. 

Latin, Hydrargyrum. Eng., Mercury. Synonym, Quicksilver. 

Incompatibles of Mercurial Salts and Preparations. 

The incompatibles of mercurials are so general and the indica- 
tions for combinations so limited that it is usually better to learn 
what may than what may not be used with them. Most of the 
desirable combinations are indicated in the following pages. 

Preparations of Metallic Mercury. 

HYDRARGYRUM CUM CRETA (Gen., Hydrargyri Cum Creta). 
Eng., Mercury with Chalk. Synonym, Gray Powder. Contains 38 per 
cent, of Mercury. 

Form. — A gray powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless, slightly sweetish taste. 

Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

MASSA HYDRARGYRI (Gen, Massje Hydrargyri). Eng., Mass of 
Mercury. Synonyms, Blue Mass, Blue Pill. Contains 33 per cent, of 
Mercury. 

Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI (Gen., Unguenti Hydrargyri). 
Eng, Mercurial Ointment. Contains 50 per cent, of mercury. 

Unguentum Hydrargyri Dilutum. Eng, Blue Ointment. Contains 
about 30 per cent, of Mercury. 

Salts of Mercury and their Preparations. 

HYDRARGYRUM AMMONIATUM (Gen, Hydrargyri Ammoniati). 
Eng, Ammoniated Mercury. Synonym, White Precipitate. Contains 
about 80 per cent, of Mercury. 

Form. — White pieces or powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and having a metallic taste. 

Solubility. — Insoluble in water or alcohol. 

Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammoniati. Eng, Ointment of Ammoniated 
Mercury. Contains 10 per cent, of Ammoniated Mercury. 

HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM CORROSIVUM (Gen, Hydrargyri 
Chloridi Corrosivi). Eng, Corrosive Mercuric Chloride. Synonyms, - 
Corrosive Sublimate, Bichloride of Mercury, etc. 



182 HYDRARGYRUM. 

Form. — Heavy, colorless crystals or crystalline masses. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless; an acrid, metallic taste. 

Solubility. — In 13.5 parts of water or 3.8 parts of alcohol. More readily 
soluble in the presence of ammonium chloride. 

Average Dose. — %o grain (0.003 Gm.). 

HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM MITE (Gen., Hydrargyri Chloridi 
Mitis). Eng., Mild Mercurous Chloride. Synonyms, Calomel, Mercurous 
Chloride, Subchloride of Mercury. 

Form. — White or yellowish-white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and tasteless. 

Solubility. — Insoluble in water or alcohol. 

Average Dose. — Laxative — 2y 2 grains (0.15 Gm.). Alterative — r /i grain 
(0.015 Gm.). 

HYDRARGYRI IODIDUM FLAVUM (Gen., Hydrargyri Iodidi 
Flavi). Eng., Yellow Mercurous Iodide. Synonyms, Protiodide of Mer- 
cury, Green Iodide of Mercury, Mercurous Iodide. 

Form. — A yellow powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and tasteless. 

Solubility. — Almost insoluble in water. Insoluble in alcohol. 

Average Dose. — Vq grain (0.01 Gm.). 

HYDRARGYRI IODIDUM RUBRUM (Gen., Hydrargyri Iodidi 
Rubri). Eng., Red Mercuric Iodide. Synonym, Biniodide of Mercury, 
Mercuric Iodide. 

Form. — Red powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and tasteless. 

Solubility. — Almost insoluble in water. Soluble in 115 parts of alcohol. 

Average Dose. — V20 grain (0.003 Gm.). 

Liquor Arseni et Hydrargyri Iodidi. — See Arsenum, p. 75. 

HYDRARGYRI OXIDUM FLAVUM (Gen., Hydrargyri , Oxidi 
Flavi). Eng., Yellow Mercuric Oxide. 

Form. — A yellowish powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless, metallic taste. 

Solubility. — Almost insoluble in water. Insoluble in alcohol. 

Unguentum Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi. Eng., Ointment of Yellow Mer- 
curic Oxide. Contains 10 per cent, of Yellow Mercuric Oxide. 

Oleatum Hydrargyri. Eng., Oleate of Mercury. Represents 25 per 
cent, of Yellow Mercuric Oxide. 

HYDRARGYRI OXIDUM RUBRUM (Gen., Hydrargyri Oxidi 
Rubri). Eng., Red Mercuric Oxide. Synonym, Red Precipitate. 

Form. — Heavy, red crystalline powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless, metallic taste. 

Solubility. — Almost insoluble in water. Insoluble in alcohol. 

HYDRARGYRI SALICYLAS (Gen., Hydrargyri Salicylatis). Eng., 
Mercuric Salicylate. 

Form. — A white or nearly white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and tasteless. 
. Solubility. — Nearly insoluble. 

Average Dose. — Y±5 grain (0.004 Gm.). 



HYDRARGYRUM. 183 

UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI NITRATIS. Eng., Ointment of 
Mercuric Nitrate. Synonym, Citrine Ointment. 

The official Tablets of Corrosive Mercuric Chloride, commonly 
called Bichloride Tablets or Antiseptic Tablets, are extensively 
used. 

They contain about 7.3 grains of the mercuric salt with some 
agent or agents to facilitate solubility. They may be white or con- 
tain coloring matter. It is desirable to use those of odd shape and 
color, and in a distinctive style of package, so as to avoid error. 
They should not be prescribed for patients' use, except in original 
packages (if at all). These should not be confused with the "Alka- 
line Antiseptic Tablets," used in making mild sprays and gargles. 

Therapeutic Action. — The salts and preparations of mercury 
are generally alterative, antisyphilitic and germicide. Mass of 
Mercury, Mercury with Chalk, and the Mild Chloride are par- 
ticularly purgative. The Ointment of the Nitrate, the Red 
Iodide and some others are active irritants. 

Uses. — The employment of the salts and preparations of mer- 
cury covers almost the entire realm of medicinal treatment. 
They are particularly used for syphilis in all off its forms and 
stages ; as purgatives in the early stages of acute diseases, such 
as intestinal indigestion, typhoid fever, pneumonia, etc. ; for para- 
sitic diseases, ulcers, impetigo, etc. Extensively employed as 
wet or dry antiseptic dressings, etc. 

Toxicology (Mercurialism — Hydrargyrism) . — Mercury poison- 
ing may be acute, subacute, or chronic. A common form of acute 
poisoning is that occasioned by taking an excess of some poisonous 
mercuric salt, usually the corrosive mercuric chloride tablets. This 
is frequently done with suicidal intent or by error, as mistaking 
them for headache tablets. The patient may have intense pain, par- 
ticularly in the epigastric region, and usually purging, tenesmus and 
bloody stools. Nausea and vomiting may or may not occur. The 
treatment is to wash out the stomach, preferably with water con- 
taining milk or the , white of eggs, and, when this has been done, to 
leave a large excess of the albuminous matter in the stomach. Mor- 
phine may be used for the abdominal symptoms, and the patient 
otherwise treated symptomatically. 

A subacute mercurialism may develop from one or a few 
doses of a mercurial given as a purgative or in an effort to 
rapidly produce results, as in the treatment of syphilis. It should be 



184 HYDRARGYRUM. 

emphasized that "salivation" from a simple calomel purge is now 
extremely rare. Like human hydrophobia, it is often heard of, but 
seldom observed. Its rarity may, in part, be due to the quality of 
the drug as now marketed. The usual toxic symptoms are fetid 
breath, disagreeable taste, swollen gums and a profuse flow of saliva. 
There may be lesions on the gums or elsewhere and the teeth become 
loose or even fall out. There may be abdominal pain, purging and 
bloody stools. The treatment is to discontinue the mercury, give 
opiates and demulcents if necessary for the intestinal symptoms, and 
use mouth-washes for the local lesions. Probably the best mouth- 
wash is one containing potassium chlorate, tincture of myrrh 
and tincture of belladonna leaves. Belladonna internally is fre- 
quently used to advantage. Potassium iodide used with proper 
care has been recommended. 

A purely chronic mercurialism may develop from the con- 
tinued use of the drug or in those whose work exposes them 
to it. The symptoms resemble those just described, but it is 
more apt to be characterized by necrosis of bone and cachexia. 

Administration. — Care should be exercised that irritating or 
poisonous compounds are not formed. Particular consideration 
should be given when the patient is taking iodides, and in making 
local applications of mercuric salts they should not come in contact 
with iodine. Some of the common uses and methods of employ- 
ment are indicated in the following: 

By Mouth. — As a purgative the Mild Mercurous Chloride, Mer- 
cury with Chalk and sometimes Mass of Mercury are the prepara- 
tions used. For children, the first two are employed, usually com- 
bined with sugar of milk and administered in powders. For adults, 
the Mild Mercurous Chloride is the preparation of choice, though 
the others are used. It may be administered with sugar or sugar of 
milk, in powder or capsules. A more common method is a combina- 
tion with some other purgatives put into capsules. Among the other 
agents used are such as Phenolphthalein, Podophyllin, Compound 
Extract of Colocynth, Rhubarb, Inspissated Oxgall, etc. Strychnine 
and sometimes Atropine are also used. Extract of Hyoscyamus and 
Powder of Ipecac and Opium are very often associated in these 
mixtures to prevent griping. 

Some combinations are shown in the following : 



320 
065 



HYDRARGYRUM. 185 

As an initial purge in the treatment of grip, etc. ; also in alco- 
holism : 

B or 

Atropine Sulph gr. M.00 0006 

Strychninae Sulph gr. %o 0030 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis gr. v 3200 

Ext. Cascaras Sag gr. vj 4000 

M. ft. cap. no. ij. 
Sig. — One every hour. 

As a purgative : 
B or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis, 
Ext. Fel. Boris, 

Rhei Pulv aa. gr. v 

Ext. Hyoscyami gr. j 

M. ft. cap. no. iij. 
Sig. — One every hour. 

Or: 

n or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis, 

Phenolphthaleini, 

Rhei Pulv aa. gr. v 

M. ft. cap. no iij. 

Sig. — Take an hour apart. 

As a laxative in tuberculosis : 
B 1 or 

Mas. Hydrargyri, 
Aloes Pulv., 
Ipecacuanhas Pulv., 

Capsici Pulv aa. gr. xi j 

M. ft. cap. no. xxiv. 
Sig. — One at night. 

As a purgative (for child 2 years old) : 

B or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis gr. j 

Sacchari Lactis gr. xxx 

M. ft. cht. no. v. 

Sig. — One every half-hour. 

When nausea and vomiting are factors this is often put into ten powders 
and one given every fifteen minutes. 

1 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



|065 

2J000 



> 



186 HYDRARGYRUM. 

In the treatment of acid intoxication of infancy : 

R or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis gr. ij 

Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. cc 13 

M. ft. cht. no. xx. 

Sig. — One every three hours till relieved. 



As an alterative, antisyphilitic, etc., the preparations most com- 
monly used are the Yellow Mercuric Iodide, the Red Mercuric 
Iodide, the Corrosive Mercuric Chloride, and the Mild Mercurous 
Chloride. The Red Mercuric Iodide and the Corrosive Mercuric 
Chloride are more frequently prescribed in solution with potassium 
iodide when the soluble Potassio-mercuric Iodide is formed. 

The Yellow Mercurous Iodide is usually prescribed in the ready 
prepared gelatin-coated pills, which may be obtained in almost any 
size. The %, *4,'and % grain are the most popular. An advantage 
is the facility for increasing or decreasing the dose. 

In the treatment of syphilis : 

Pil. Hydrarg. Iod. Flav. (% gr.) no. c. 

Sig. — One before each meal. 

In the treatment of congenital syphilis: 

B or 

Hydrarg. cum Creta gr. ii j |2 

Sacchari Lactis Sj 4|0 

M. ft. cht. no. xxx. 

Sig. — One three times a day. 

The mild mercurous chloride is often prescribed in the same dose. 

In the treatment of syphilis : 
U or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. ij 13 

Potassii Iodidi 5j 30 00 

Aquae Dest q. s. Bj 30 00 

M. ft. sol. 

Sig. — Begin with five (5) drops as directed. 

The patient is usually instructed to take this one hour before or two 
hours after meals. It is best given in a small amount of water, and a glass 
of milk taken after. The drops are increased to desired dosage. 



HYDRARGYRUM. 



187 



In the treatment of syphilis in the tertiary stage : 
I£i or 

Hydrarg. Iod. Rub gr. iv 

Potassii Iodidi &j 

Aquae Dest q. s. fSvj 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 



126 

30|00 

180100 



In the treatment of syphilis in infants: 
$2 or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. j 

Potassii Iodidi '3ij 8 

Syr. Zingiberis f Sj 30 

Aquae q. s. fSij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Five (5) drops in milk three times a day. 



065 
000 
000 
000 



30 
180 



In the treatment of anemia : 
B or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. ij 

Liq. Acidi Arsenosi f3ij 

Tinct. Ferri Chlor., 
Acidi Hydrochlor. Dil., 

Glycerini aa. f5j 

Aquae Dest. q. s. fSvj 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 

This is known under the popular name of Elixir Four Chlorides. 

As a postoperative tonic : 
$3 or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros., 

Arseni Trioxidi aa. gr. j 065 

Ext. Nucis Vomicae gr. xxv 1 600 

Ferri et Quin. Cit gr. cc 13 000 

M. ft. cap. no. c. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 

Intravenously and Hypodermatically. — The corrosive mercuric 
chloride or the red mercuric iodide are used in solution or salts as the 
mild chloride or the salicylate are used in suspension. The aseptic 
ampoules are probably the most desirable form, but the following 
illustrate some prescriptions used: 



1 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

2 IUd. 

SAshton: Practice of Gynecology. 



188 HYDRARGYRUM. 

For intravenous use in the treatment of syphilis : 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. j 

Sodii Chloridi gr. iij 

Aquae Destillatse q. s. f Sij 

M. 

Sig. — Formula. (Poison-label.) 

(From 20 to 60 minims well diluted are given daily.) 



or 



60 



065 
200 
000 



For hypodermic use in the treatment of syphilis : 
$2 or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. ivss 

Sodii Chloridi gr. iiiss 

Aquae Destillatae q. s. fBj 

M. 

Sig. — One per cent, solution corrosive mercuric chloride. 

(10 to 30 minims are used at each injection.) 



30 



By Inunction. — Mercurial Ointment is the preparation of choice. 
It is usually considered too strong to be used undiluted, but the of- 
ficial diluted ointment being made with Petrolatum is not as desir- 
able as the stronger preparation diluted with some agent, as Hydrous 
Wool Fat. The ointment may be ordered in bulk or put into papers. 
Parafrme paper is used. 

Written instructions should be given the patient as to method 
of use. The most common is to instruct patients to take a hot bath 
each night, then apply the given amount of the ointment and massage 
until absorption is effected. The right axillary region (below the 
hair) may be used one night, the next night the left, then the inner 
side of the right thigh, then the left, then the axillary region, etc., 
in the same order. This will rarely cause local symptoms of an un- 
pleasant character. 



Some desirable methods of prescribing are shown in the follow- 



ing: 



U or 

Ung. Hydrargyri, 

Adipis Lanae Hy d aa. fSj 

M. ft. cht. cer. no. xvj. 

Sig. — Use one each night as directed. 



30 



1 White and Martin: Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 

2 Ibid. 



HYDRARGYRUM. 

When economy is a factor this may be ordered, as : 

B or 

Ung. Hydrargyri, 

Adipis Lanse Hyd aa. f 3j 

M. 

Sig. — Use level teaspoonful each night. 



189 



30, 



Inhalation and Fumigation. — In general practice mercury is sel- 
dom prescribed in this way. The Mild Mercurous Chloride is the 
salt usually employed. Separate instructions are given the patient 
as to bath, use of cabinet or blanket, supply of aqueous vapor, etc. 

Locally, in Solutions. — The Corrosive Mercuric Chloride is most 
commonly used. As an antiseptic or germicide it is considered by 
some as very desirable to prescribe it in acid solution to retard the 
formation of the insoluble albuminate. Tartaric Acid is most fre- 
quently employed. Tablets are on the market containing enough of 
the Corrosive Chloride (about 7.3 grains) to make a 1 : 1000 solu- 
tion when 1 tablet is added to a pint of water. They also contain 
Ammoniumi Chloride or Tartaric Acid, etc. They are convenient 
for the practitioner, but they are rather dangerous to be prescribed 
under ordinary circumstances. 

Some desirable formulae are shown in the following:: 



As a wet dressing: 

B or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. iv 26 

Acidi Tartarici gr. xx 1 30 

Aquae Destillatae q. s. fgiv 120 00 

M. 

Sig. — Use 1 part to 10 parts of water to wet dressing. (Poison-label.) 



In the treatment of tinea versicolor : 

ft 1 or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr, iv 

Ammonii Chloridi '3ss 

Alcoholis f 3vj 

Aquae Rosae q. s. f$v j 

M. 

Sig. — Apply frequently. (Poison-label.) 

i Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



26 

00 
22)00 
180100 



190 



HYDRARGYRUM. 



As a mouth-wash in the treatment of the mucous patches of 
syphilis : 

B 1 or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. j |065 

Mellis Rosae f&ij 60|000 

Aquae Destillatae q. s. fgvj 180|000 

M. 

Sig. — Use as a mouth-wash. 



In the treatment of gonorrhea : 
R2 or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. ss 

Phenolis gr. xij 

Zinci Phenolsulph gr. xxx 2 

Glyc. Boroglycerini fjjj 30 

Aquae Destillatae q. s. fSvj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Use as directed. (Not to be taken.) 

Patient should be instructed to inject after urination. 

In the treatment of the local lesions of diphtheria : 

B 3 or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. ss 

Tinct. Ferri Chlor f ! 3ij 8 

Glycerini f'gss 15 

Aquae Dest q. s. fgiij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours. 



In Dusting Powders. — The Mild Mercurous Chloride is the salt 
most commonly used. It is prescribed alone or with other agents. 
The following will illustrate : 



In the treatment of impetigo, "f ever blisters," etc. : 
B or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis 3j 

Bismuthi Subnitratis Svij 

M. 

Sig. — Apply three times a day. 



In Ointments. — The Mild Chloride, Yellow Oxide and Am- 
moniated Mercury are more frequently employed. When some ir- 
ritant or decidedly stimulating action is desired (as in the indolent 



1 White and Martin: Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 

2 Ibid. 

3 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



HYDRARGYRUM. 



191 



syphilitic lesions) the Ointment of Mercuric Nitrate, properly 
diluted, is used. 

In ordering the Yellow Oxide in ointments it is particularly de- 
sirable to see that the salt is in a state of minute subdivision and 
thoroughly incorporated with the vehicle, else an irritant effect may 
be produced. 

Some strengths and combinations are shown in the following : 

In the treatment of eczema of the scalp of infancy: 



Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis 3ss 

Petrolati q. s. f 3j 

M. 

Sig. — Apply twice daily. 



or 



In the treatment of the skin lesions of smallpox : 

Bi or 

Phenolis gr. x 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis gr. xv 1 

Amyli, 

Zinci Oxidi aa. 3ij 8 

Petrolati q. s. 5 j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

Or: 

R 2 or 

Hydrarg. Ammoniati gr. x 

Amyli, 

Zinci Oxidi '. aa. 3ij 8 

Petrolati q. s. Sj 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



In the treatment of the skin lesions of syphilis: 

Hydrarg. Ammoniati gr. xx 

Ung. Aquas Rosse q. s. | j 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

2 IUd. 

3 White and Martin: Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 



113 

30 



192 



HYDRASTIS. 



Used in the treatment of the cutaneous lesions of hereditary 
syphilis : 

$1 , or 

Hydrarg. Ammoniati gr. xv 

Ung. Zinci Oxidi Bj 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



In the treatment of indolent ulcers : 
B 

Ung. Hydrarg. Nitr 3ij 

Petrolati 3vj 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

In the treatment of inflamed lids, etc. : 

Hydrarg. Oxidi Flavi gr. j 

Petrolati q. s. 3 j 

M. tere bene. 

Sig. — Apply twice daily. 



065 
000 



HYDRASTIS. 

Latin, Hydrastis (Gen., Hydrastis). Eng., Hydrastis. Syno- 
nyms, Golden Seal, Yellow Root. The rhizome and roots of 
Hydrastis canadensis. 

Principal Constituents. — Hydrastine (about 2.5 per cent.), Ber_ 
berine, etc. 

Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Official Preparations, Alkaloids and Salt. 

Extractum Hydrastis. Eng., Extract of Hydrastis. A powdered ex- 
tract about four times the strength of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

Fluidextractum Hydrastis. Eng., Fluidextract of Hydrastis. 

Average Dose, — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Glyceritum Hydrastis. Eng., Glycerite of Hydrastis. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Tinctura Hydrastis. Eng., Tincture of Hydrastis. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 

Hydrastina. Eng., Hydrastine. An alkaloid obtained from Hydrastis 
or prepared synthetically. 

Average Dose. — % grain (0.01 Gm.). 



1 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



HYDRASTIS. 193 

Hydrastinae Hydrochloridum. Eng., Hydrastine Hydrochloride. 
Average Dose. — % grain (0.01 Gm.). 

Hydrastininae Hydrochloridum. Eng., Hydrastinine Hydrochloride. 
The hydrochloride of an artificial alkaloid derived from Hydrastine. 
Form. — Yellowish needles or powder. 
Odor and Taste. — Odorless ; bitter taste. 
Solubility. — Soluble in water and alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 1 / 2 grain (0.03 Gm.). 



Unofficial Preparation. 

Hydrastinum. Eng., Hydrastin. An impure mixture of alkaloids, 
resin, etc. 

Average Dose. — 5 grains (0.3 Gm.). 

This should now be replaced by the Extract of Hydrastis. 

The unofficial Aqueous Fluidextract of Hydrastis is extensively 
used. It is miscible with water. 

Therapeutic Action. — Astringent, antiseptic, bitter tonic. 
Said to be hemostatic in uterine hemorrhage. 

Uses. — Principally employed in genito-urinary conditions, as 
gonorrhea, menorrhagia and metrorrhagia; also for chronic gas- 
tritis, intestinal indigestion, diarrhea, etc. 

Administration. — Care should be exercised to distinguish be- 
tween the impure Hydrastin and the alkaloid Hydrastine or Hydras- 
tinine Hydrochloride. Mistakes have occurred both on the part of 
the prescriber and the compounder. The Fluidextract, Hydrastinine 
Hydrochloride and Hydrastin are the preparations most fre- 
quently employed. The alkaloids are not usually recommended 
for gastric disturbances or in local applications. All of these 
preparations will stain the skin or clothing. 

Some combinations are as follows : 

In the treatment of menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, etc. : 



51 or 

Strychninae Sulph gr. ss 

Hydrastininae Hydrochl gr. x 

Extracti Ergotae gr. xl 

M. ft. cap. no. xx. 

Sig. — One two hours after meals. 



iAshton: Practice of Gynecology. 

13 



194 HYOSCYAMUS. 

Or: 

n or 

Flext. Hydrastis, 
' Flext. Ergotse aa. f5j 30 

Tinct. Nucis Vomicae f3iv 15 

Tinct. Aurantii Dulc q. s. f&v 120 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 

Note that the fluidextract is dispensed in an alcoholic vehicle to prevent 
precipitation. This preparation is of distinctly disagreeable taste, and capsules 
are usually considered preferable. 

As an injection in the treatment of gonorrhea: 
B or 

Hydrastinae Sulph., 
Morphines Sulph., 

Quininae Bisulph aa. gr. vii j 5 

Muc. Acaciae q. s. f Sviij 240 

M. 

Sig. — Use as directed. (Not to be taken.) 

This constitutes the "Hot Springs Remedy" extensively used in 
some localities. 



HYOSCYAMUS. 

Latin, Hyoscyamus (Gen., Hyoscyami). Eng., Hyoscyamus. 
Synonym, Henbane. The dried leaves and flowering or fruiting 
tops of Hyoscyamus niger. 

Principal Constituents. — Hyoscine, Hyoscyamine, etc* 

Contains not less than 0.065 per cent, of the Alkaloids of 
Hyoscyamus, 

Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

Official Preparations and Alkaloidal Salts. 

Extractum Hyoscyami. Eng., Extract of Hyoscyamus. A soft solid 
about four times the strength of the drug. 
Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

Fluidextractum Hyoscyami. Eng., Fluidextract of Hyoscyamus. 
Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Tinctura Hyoscyami. Eng., Tincture of Hyoscyamus. Represents 
10 per cent, of the drug in diluted alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 



HYOSCYAMUS. 



195 



HYOSCYAMIN^ HYDROBROMIDUM. Eng., Hyoscyamine Hydro- 
bromide. The hydrobromide of an alkaloid obtained from Hyoscyamus and 
other related plants. 

Solubility. — Soluble in water or alcohol. 

Average Dose. — i^oo grain (0.0003 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Sedative, antispasmodic, anodyne, deliri- 
ant and mydriatic. 

Uses. — Principally employed as antispasmodic for whooping- 
cough, asthma, croup, etc. Used in combination with other 
agents for hysteria, alcoholic psychosis and related conditions. 
A common constituent in purgative preparations to prevent grip- 
ing. Hyoscine is employed in the treatment of alcoholism. 

Administration. — Extract of Hyoscyamus is more frequently 
used in the form of the unofficial powdered extract. 

The tincture is the preparation used in fluid combinations. 

The alkaloidal salt is sometimes used by physicians, but seldom 
prescribed, and frequently disappointing. 

In the treatment of palpitation in hysterical subjects: 

B 1 or 

Strychninae Sulph gr. % 02 

Zinci Valeratis gr. x 65 

Ext. Sumbul gr. x 65 

Ext. Hyoscyami gr. v 32 

M. ft. cap. no. x. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 

In a purgative mixture, to prevent griping: 

B or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis, 
Rhei Pulv., 

Ext. Fel. Bovis aa gr. v 320 

Ext. Hyoscyami Pulv gr. j 065 

M. ft. cap. no. iij. 
Sig. — One every hour. 

In the treatment of colds, etc. : 

R or 

Acetphenetidini gr. xxx 2 

Ammonii Carb gr. xx 13 

Tinct. Hyoscyami f 3 j 4 

Mellis Depur fSiss 45 

Spir. Vini Gallici q. s. f 5ii j 90 

M. 

Sig. — .( Shake-label) . 

Tablespoonful in water every four hours. 



1 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 



196 



HYPOPHYSIS SICCA. 



This does not make an elegant-looking mixture, but seems to be clinically 
of value. 



As a sedative in the treatment of violent cough : 

I* or 

Heroinse Hydrochlor gr. j 

Ammonii Chlor 3j 

Tinct. Hyoscyami f3iij 

Syr. Pruni Virg q. s. f §ij 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every two hours till relieved. 

In the treatment of cough : 

IM or 

Codeinse Sulph gr. iij 

Tinct. Hyoscyami f3iij 12 

Syr. Tolutani fSss IS 

Aquae q. s. f §ii j 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every three hours. 

In the treatment of cystitis, whooping-cough, etc. : 

$ 2 or 

Tinct. Hyoscyami f3ss 2 

Potassii Citratis 3j 4 

Aquae q. s. f&v 120 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every three hours. 

In a sedative mixture: 

B or 

Chlorali Hydrati 3j 

Sodii Bromidi 3ij 

Tinct. Hyoscyami f 3ij 

Aquae Chloroformi q. s. f§j 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every four hours till relieved. 



065 

000 

000 

601000 



HYPOPHYSIS SICCA. 

Latin, Hypophysis Sicca. Eng., Desiccated Hypophysis. Syn- 
onym, Desiccated Pituitary Body. 

The posterior lobe obtained from the pituitary body of cattle, 
cleaned, dried and powdered. A yellowish or grayish amorphous 
powder having a characteristic odor. It is only partially soluble in 
water. 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 
2 Ruhrah: Diseases of Children. 



ICHTHYOL. 197 

Average Dose. — T / 2 grain (0.03 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Liquor Hypophysis. Eng„, Solution of Hypophysis. 
Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Uses. — Used to promote uterine pains in labor and to contract 
the uterus after delivery; also for tympanites, and many other con- 
ditions. 

Administration — Principally used by needle. The aseptic 
ampoules of the solution are employed almost exclusively. It is 
extensively used under the proprietary name of Pituitrin. 

ICHTHYOL. 

{Not Official.) 

Latin, Ichthyol (Gen., Ichthyolis). Eng., Ichthyol (Ammonium 
IchthyO'Sulphonate) . 

Form. — A thick, brown liquid. 

Odor. — Bituminous, disagreeable. 

Solubility. — Readily soluble in water or glycerin. 

Incompatibles. — Acids, alkali hydroxides or carbonates, alkaloids, 
potassium iodide, mercury bichloride, resorcin. 

Therapeutic Action. — Said to be antiphlogistic, anodyne, al- 
terative, antigonorrheal, antiseptic. 

Uses. — Recommended for phthisis, rheumatism, scrofula, ne- 
phritis, gonorrhea, inflammations and various skin diseases. 

Administration. — While ichthyol is recommended for internal 
administration, by far the most common employment is local. 
It is used in ointments or in solution in water or glycerin. It 
mixes readily with the usual ointment bases. 

To disguise the odor in ointments, use 1 drop each of the Oil 
of Bergamot and Oil of Eucalyptus to each drachm of Ichthyol. 
One drop of Oil of Citronella to the drachm of Ichthyol is frequently 
employed. Some also add 1 drop of Oil of Rose in addition to 
the Oil of Citronella. 

In prescribing less than two fluidrachms of Ichthyol, it is advis- 
able to prescribe by weight, as small quantities are not conveniently 
measured. 



198 IODOFORMUM. 

Some combinations are shown in the following: 

As an application on vaginal tampons: 

B or 

Ichthyolis fSij 8| 

Glyc. Boroglycerini q. s. f3iv 1201 

M. 

Sig. — For office use. 

In the treatment of furuncle: 

B 1 or 

Ichthyolis 3j 4 

Empl. Plumbi 3ij 8 

Empl. Resinse . 3j 4 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

In the treatment of mastitis, orchitis, lymphadenitis, etc. : 

$ or 

Camphorse 3ss 2 

Ichthyolis, 

Ung. Belladon aa. 3ij 8 

Petrolati q. s. Sj 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply twice a day. 

IODOFORMUM. 

Latin, Iodoformum. Eng., Iodoform. Formula, CHI 3 . 

Form. — A lemon-yellow powder or crystals. 

Odor and Taste. — A peculiar, very penetrating and persistent 
odor, and an unpleasant, slightly sweetish and iodine-like taste. 

Solubility. — Almost insoluble in water. Soluble in 60 parts of 
alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Unguentum Iodoformi. Eng., Iodoform Ointment. Contains 10 per 
cent, of the drug. 

Therapeutic Action. — Probably a mild antiseptic and local 
analgesic. 

Uses. — Principally as a dressing for wounds and various local 
lesions, particularly if of a syphilitic or tuberculous character. 



i Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 



IODUM. 199 

Administration — The odor renders the drug particularly ob- 
jectionable. As a dressing it is usually applied dry or by means 
of the five or ten per cent, iodoform gauze. Sometimes used in 
the form of ointments, or suspensions. 

IODUM. 

Latin, Iodum (Gen., Iodi). Eng., Iodine. Synonym, Resub- 
limed Iodine. A solid element, at one time largely obtained from 
the ashes of seaweed, known as Kelp, now chiefly from the niter 
beds of South America. 

Form. — Heavy, bluish-black plates of a metallic luster. 

Odor and Taste. — A distinctive, penetrating odor; a sharp, acrid 
taste. 

Solubility.— In about 2950, parts of water; in 12.5 parts of 
alcohol. More soluble in the presence of Potassium Iodide. 

Incompatibles. — Alkaloids, ammonia, mineral acids, tannic acid, 
oil of turpentine, starch, vegetable colors, etc. 

'Average Dose. — %2 grain (0.005 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Liquor Iodi Compositus. Eng., Compound Solution of Iodine. 
Synonym, Lugol's Solution. Iodine, 5 Gm.; Potassium Iodide, 10 Gm.; 
Water, to make 100 mils. 

Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Tinctura Iodi. Eng., Tincture of Iodine. Synonym, Compound Tinc- 
ture of Iodine. Iodine, 70 Gm.; Potassium Iodide, 50 Gm.; Water, 50 
mils ; Alcohol, to make 1000 mils. 

Average Dose. — l T / 2 minims (0.1 mil). 

Unguentum Iodi. Eng., Iodine Ointment. Iodine, 4 Gm.; Potassium 
Iodide, 4 Gm.; Glycerin, 12 Gm.; Benzoinated Lard, 80 Gm. 

Therapeutic Action. — Germicide, irritant, alterative, resolvent. 

Uses. — Sometimes used in the treatment of goiter, typhoid 
fever, diarrhea, vomiting, etc. Locally, it is used for disinfect- 
ing the skin for surgical work and for disinfecting fresh wounds, 
abscesses, etc. ; also< used as an application for toothache, ton- 
sillitis, ulcers, adenitis, erysipelas, and superficial infections gen- 
erally. Used as a counterirritant in pleurisy and many other 
conditions. Sometimes used by inhalation for bronchitis, etc. 

Toxicology. — Chronic iodine poisoning is discussed under 
"Iodides." Acute iodine poisoning is usually evidenced by the 
characteristic discoloration of the mucous membrane of the 



200 IODUM. 

mouth and throat. The treatment consists in administering 
starch or, if that is inaccessible, a dilute solution of ammonia. 
Demulcent drinks should be given freely. If the quantity of the 
drug taken is large, emesis should be induced. 

Administration. — The Tincture is the preparation most com- 
monly used. It is usually prescribed alone. The present offi- 
cial tincture, which contains Potassium Iodide, is freely miscible 
with either water or alcohol. Before the U. S. P., viii, the tincture 
of iodine did not contain potassium iodide; so it was insoluble in 
water to any appreciable extent. This caused many to* order a tinc- 
ture containing the iodide which was unofficial ; it is the same as 
the present tincture of iodine, but was then called the compound 
tincture. It will be seen, therefore, that there is now no> "compound 
tincture," known as such. Somewhat similar misunderstanding 
sometimes occurs relative to the old "resublimed iodine." All 
"iodine" is now resublimed. Therefore to> prescribe the "compound" 
tincture of iodine or "resublimed" iodine is unnecessary, and shows 
a lack o<f knowledge of present conditions. 

The pure tincture of iodine is rather strong for common use, 
and many institutions dilute it one-half as a routine measure. If 
the undiluted tincture is applied to the skin several days in succes- 
sion it will often irritate, or even blister. 

Much of the blistering resulting from the local application of 
iodine is due to the presence of some dressing or application con- 
taining a mercuric salt, the red mercuric iodide (a powerful irritant) 
being formed. 

When a bottle containing the tincture of iodine is left open the 
alcohol evaporates more rapidly than the iodine ; so there is a con- 
centration of the solution, and this may take place to where one 
application will blister. 

When the tincture is carried for some time in a cork-stoppered 
bottle, sufficient of the cork may be acted upon and dissolved to 
interfere with obtaining a clear solution when the preparation is 
added to water. Some frequently used prescriptions are shown in 
the following: 

As a local application in the treatment of tonsillitis, inflamed 
glands, abscess, furuncle, insect-bite, inflamed joints, etc. : 

R or 

Tincturae Iodi f5j 30 1 

Sig. — Apply once daily as directed. (Poison-label.) 



IODUM. 



201 



Or, better still is the following, known by the dentists as "Iodine 
and aconite" : 

R or 

Tincturae Iodi, 

Tincturae Aconiti aa f §ss 15 

Sig. — Apply twice a day as directed. (Poison-label.) 

It may usually be applied to the skin several days before too much local 
irritation develops. 

This is also extensively used in the treatment of toothache. 



As a local application for tonsillitis, etc. ; also for clavus : 

B or 

Phenolis Liq ttlxxv 1 

Tinct. Iodi f3iv 15 

Glycerini q. s. f Sj 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



As an application to mucous membrane : 

Iodi gr. j 

Potassii Iodidi gr. xx 

Glycerini q. s. f 5j 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



or 



065 
300 

000 



Iodine is sometimes used internally in the treatment of goiter: 

$ or 

Iodi gr. ij 13 

Potas. Iodidi gr. viij 50 

Alcoholis f3j 4 00 

Glycerini f3iv 15 00 

Aquas q. s. f Sij 60 00 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 



As a vaginal douche in vaginitis, endometritis, ovaritis, salpin- 
gitis, etc. : 

n or 

Tinct.. Iodi fgij 60 1 

Sig. — Use teaspoonful to gallon of hot water every second night. 



i Ruhrah: Diseases of Children. 



202 IODUM. 

This makes about as strong a solution as can well be tolerated by the 
patient and often proves too strong. If used oftener than once a day it will 
frequently cause too much irritation. It is usually employed in connection 
with the daily or twice daily douches of hot saline. 

Official Iodides. 

Incompatibles. — Mineral acids and salts, alkaloids, bismuth subnitrate, 
soluble lead salts, mercurous salts, glycyrrhiza, potassium chlorate, spirit of 
nitrous ether, silver nitrate, starch. 

AMMONII IODIDUM. Eng., Ammonium Iodide. Formula, NHJ. 
Form. — Small colorless crystals or granular powder. 
Odor and Taste. — Odorless; a sharp, saline taste. 
Solubility. — In 0.6 part of water or 3.7 parts of alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 5 grains (0.3 Gm.). 

POTASSII IODIDUM. Eng., Potassium Iodide. Formula, KI. 
Form. — Colorless crystals or white granular powder. 
Odor and Taste. — A faint, iodine-like odor; a pungent, saline, afterward 
bitter taste, with a disagreeable, brassy after-taste. 

Solubility. — In 0.7 part of water or about 22 parts of alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 5 grains (0.3 Gm.). 

SODII IODIDUM. Eng., Sodium Iodide. Formula, Nal. 
Form. — Colorless crystals or white crystalline powder. 
Odor and Taste. — Odorless ; a saline and slightly bitter taste. 
Solubility. — In about 0.55 part of water or 2 parts of alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 5 grains (0.3 Gm.). 

ARSENI IODIDUM.— See Arsenum, p. 75. 
FERRI IODIDUM] (Syrup and Pills).— See Ferrum, p. 159. 
HYDRARGYRI IODIDUM FLAVUM.— See Hydrargyrum, p. 181. 
HYDRARGYRI IODIDUM RUBRUM.— See Hydrargyrum, p. 181. 

STRONTII IODIDUM. Eng, Strontium Iodide. Formula, Srl 2 . 

Form. — Usually a white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless ; a bitter, saline taste. 

Solubility. — In 0.2 part of water. Soluble in alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 5 grains (0.3 Gm.). 

THYMOLIS IODIDUM.— See Thymol, p. 311. 

ACIDUM HYDRIODICUM DILUTUM. Eng, Diluted Hydriodic 
Acid. A colorless liquid containing about 10 per cent, of the absolute 
acid (HI) and about 90 per cent, of water. 

Average Dose. — 8 minims (0.5 mil). 

Syrupus Acidi Hydriodici. Eng, Syrup of Hydriodic Acid. Contains 
about 1.4 per cent, by weight of the absolute acid (HI). 
Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 



IODUM. 203 

Therapeutic Action. — Alterative, resolvent. 

Uses. — Extensively employed in the treatment of syphilis, 
rheumatism, arteriosclerosis, angina pectoris, interstitial nephritis, 
chronic bronchitis, asthma, goiter, lead- and mercury- poisoning, 
hepatic cirrhosis, and after the acute stage in apoplexy, menin- 
gitis, etc. 

Iodism. — The iodides may sometimes produce unpleasant 
results even when taken in comparatively small amounts. The 
usual symptoms are : pain in the articulation of the inferior 
maxilla, coryza, excessive flow of saliva and skin lesions which 
may assume any one of a variety of forms. A condition charac- 
terized by a bullous eruption may occur, though it is, fortunately, 
rather rare. It is said to usually develop in cardiorenal cases. It 
is generally fatal and no rational line of treatment seems to have 
even been suggested. The treatment of iodism consists in dis- 
continuing the drug and favoring elimination. Large doses of 
sodium bicarbonate have been recommended. 

Administration. — Potassium Iodide is by far the most largely 
used; Sodium Iodide would come next. It will be noted that the 
iodides are colorless crystalline salts, freely soluble in water, and 
forming clear, colorless solutions. They have a disagreeable taste 
and a tendency to absorb moisture from the air, so should not be 
dispensed in powders. They should not be given in capsules, as the 
action on the gastric mucosa would be undesirable. They should 
always be prescribed in solution, if for internal use, and adminis- 
tered well diluted. Many prefer that the patient use milk as the 
diluent, as it seems to reduce to a minimum the disagreeable gastric 
effects and tends to better disguise the taste. Probably a better plan 
is to give the dose in water and follow with a glass of milk. The 
favorite time for administration is two hours after meals, and there 
seems to be less interference with the gastric function by giving at 
that time. 

An iodide is usually prescribed in solution alone or with iodine 
or other iodides ; an exception to this is the so-called "Mixed Treat- 
ment," when an iodide is prescribed with a mercuric salt, and some- 
times with such agents as the Compound Tincture of Cinchona or 
Aromatic Fluidextract of Cascara. 

When the dose of the iodide is to be changed or the drug long 
continued-, the most convenient and economical method is to pre- 
scribe it alone in an aqueous solution, a minim of which will repre- 
sent about a grain of the drug. Too large an amount should not be 



204 



IODUM. 



ordered at any time, as the solution is apt to undergo decomposition 
and free iodine be liberated. 

It should be remembered that the iodides precipitate most 
alkaloids. 

Probably the most common and convenient method of administer- 
ing an iodide is in the following so-called "saturated solution" : 
R or 

Potassii Iodidi Bj 30 

Aquae Dest q. s. f 3j 30 

M. ft. sol. 

Sig. — Begin with five (5) drops as directed. 
Among the advantages of this prescription are economy and convenience in 
changing dose. 

Several iodides are sometimes combined, as: 

R - or 

Potassii Iodidi, 

Sodii Iodidi aa. 3i j 8 

Strontii Iodidi 3j 4 

Aquae q. s. f.Siv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful as directed two hours after meals. 

Ammonium Iodide is sometimes used alone or in combination 
for pulmonary trouble, as in the following for asthma: 
$ or 

Ammonii Iodidi 3j 4 

Potassii Iodidi 3iv 15 

Ammonii Bromidi 3ij 8 

Elix. Aromatici q. s. f 3iv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful with water three times a day. 

Mixed treatment may be prescribed, as : 
R or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. ij 13 

Potassii Iodidi Sj 30 00 

Aquae Dest q. s. fSj 30 00 

M. ft. sol. 

Sig. — Begin with five (5) drops as directed. 

Mixed treatment with a bitter tonic is often considered desirable 
R or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. iss 1 

Potassii Iodidi 3v 20 

Aquae .' . f5j 30 

Tinct. Cinchon. Co q. s. f&iv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful with water before meals. 



IODUM. 



205 



Or mixed treatment with a laxative : 
3 or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. ij 

Potassii Iodidi Bj 30 

Flext. Cascarae Sag. Arom f :Bj 30 

Vini Xerici q. s. f5vj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water two hours after meals. 

In the treatment of syphilis in infants: 

I*i or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. j 

Potassii Iodidi 5ij 8 

Syr. Zingiberis fSj 30 

Aquae q. s. f5i j 60 

M. 

Sig. — Five (5) drops in milk three times a day. 

In the treatment of syphilis in the tertiary stage: 
$2 or 

Hydrarg. Iod. Rub gr. iv 

Potassii Iodidi 3j 30 

Aquae Destill q. s. fSvj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 



065 
000 
000 
000 



In the treatment of syphilis : 
B 3 or 

Potassii Iodidi, 
Sodii Iodidi, 

Ammonii Iodidi aa.gr. xcvj 6 

Syrupi Aurantii fSj 30 

Aquae q. s. fSvj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful well diluted four times daily. 



In the treatment of conditions attended with high blood-pressure, 
as arteriosclerosis : 

3 or 

Sodii Nitritis gr. xv 1 1 

Potassii Iodidi gr. clx 101 

Aquae q. s. fSiv 120 1 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful with milk two hours after meals. 



i Musser and Kelly: 

2 ibid. 

3 White and Martin: 



Practical Treatment. 

Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 



206 IPECACUANHA. 

As an application to the mucous membranes: 

3 1 or 

Iodi gr. j 

Potassii Iodidi gr. xx 1 

Glycerini q. s. foj 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



065 
300 
000 



IPECACUANHA. 

Latin, Ipecacuanha (Gen., Ipecacuanhas). Eng., Ipecac. The 
dried root to which may be attached a portion of the stem of Cepha- 
elis ipecacuanha, or Cephaelis acuminata. 

Principal Constituents. — Emetine (1 to 2 per cent.), Tannic 
Acid, etc. 

Average Dose. — Expectorant, 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). Emetic, 15 
grains (1 Gm.). 

Official Preparations and Alkaloid. 

Fluidextractum Ipecacuanhae. Eng., Fluidextract of Ipecac. 

Average Dose. — Expectorant, 1 minim (0.05 mil). Emetic, 15 minims 
(1 mil). 

Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii. — See Opium, p. 239. 

Syrupus Ipecacuanhae. Eng., Syrup of Ipecac. Represents 7 per cent, 
of Ipecac. Contains some free Acetic Acid. 

Average Dose. — Expectorant, 15 minims (1 mil). Emetic, 4 fluidrachms 
(15 mils). 

Emetinae Hydroehloridum (Gen., Emetinse Hydrochloride. Eng., 
Emetine Hydrochloride. The hydrochloride of an alkaloid obtained 
from ipecac. 

Form. — A white or very slightly yellowish crystalline powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. Not given by mouth. 

Solubility. — Freely soluble. 

Average Dose. — Hypodermic, % grain (0.2 Gm.).. j 

Therapeutic Action. — Emetic, expectorant, diaphoretic. 

Uses. — Coughs, bronchitis, pneumonia, amebic dysentery and 
liver abscesses, etc. A valuable emetic for acute indigestion, croup, 
poisoning, etc. A constituent of many purgative formulae. 

Administration. — Emetine Hydrochloride, the Syrup of Ipecac, 
and the Powder of Ipecac and Opium are the forms most commonly 
used. 

The expectorant dose as here given will often prove too large. 
A safe rule would probably be to make 5 minims of the syrup the 
maximum expectorant dose till the tolerance of the patient is known. 



i Ruhrah: Diseases of Children. 



IPECACUANHA. 



207 



Emetine Hydrochloride is administered by needle, usually in- 
jected deep into the deltoid muscle, where it seems much less apt to 
cause local trouble than if put under the skin. The aseptic ampoules 
are the form of choice. They are supplied to contain the various 
doses in common use. 

The following prescriptions illustrate some methods of pre- 
scribing : 

As an emetic : 

n or 

Syr. Ipecacuanhas f3ij 60 1 

Sig. — Tablespoonful every fifteen minutes till effect. 
For children, as in the treatment of spasmodic croup, a teaspoonful would 
be given. 



In expectorant preparations (for child 4 years old) : 

$ or 

Potassii Citratis gr. lxxx 5 

Syr. Ipecacuanhse f 3ss 2 

Spir. Athens Nit. f3ij 8 

Syr. Limonis f 3iv 15 

Aquae q. s. f£i j 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours. 



Or: 

Syr. Ipecacuanhas f3ss 

Limonis Succi f 3iv 

Liq. Potas. Citratis q. s. fBij 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours. 



or 



In the treatment of the cough of measles : 

Potassii Citratis 3ss 

Limonis Succi flj 

Tinct. Opii Camph f 3ij 

Syr. Ipecacuanhas f3ij 

Syr. Tolutani q. s. fSi j 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours. 

1 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 



or 



208 IPECACUANHA. 

In a laxative preparation for tuberculosis : 

B 1 or 

Mas. Hydrargyri, 
Aloes Pulv., 
Ipecacuanha? Pulv., 

Capsici Pulv aa. gr. xij 

M. ft. cap. no. xxiv. 
Sig. — One at night. 

In the interval treatment of spasmodic laryngitis of childhood : 
R 2 or 

Tinct. Aconiti mviij |5 

Syr. Ipecacuanha? f 3iss 60 

Tinct. Opii Camph fSiij 12 

Liq. Potassii Cit q. s. fSii j 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoon ful in water every two hours. (Shake-label.) 

In the treatment of amebic dysentery, while Emetine Hydro- 
chloride is employed by needle, it is often considered desirable to 
give ipecac by mouth. The freshly prepared, salol-coated pills, are 
usually considered more desirable, and may be ordered as follows: 

$ or 

Ipecacuanha? Pulv gr. ccl 16 

Phenylis Salicylatis q. s. 

Ft. pil. enter, no. l. 

Sig. — Ten (10) at night as directed. 

Written instructions should be left with patient, giving detailed 
information. 

Some prefer to give full doses each time the pills are adminis- 
tered, some to begin with a large dose and gradually decrease. 

Particular care should be exercised that the pills are properly 
coated. If the coating is too thick they may pass through the intes- 
tinal tract without change; if too thin or incomplete, some of the 
ipecac may be liberated in the stomach and violent emesis occur. 
The diarrhea often charged to ipecac in this treatment is probably 
often due to hard fragments of the shells of the salol coating acting 
as an irritating foreign body, and the patient sometimes passes those 
pieces having the appearance of the shells of bird-eggs. 

In some cases of dysentery the peristalsis is so active that, even 
when properly coated, the pills are passed before the salol is dis- 
solved. In such cases opium is indicated, and may be administered 
as paregoric or the tincture an hour or two before the pills are taken. 



1 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

2 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



JALAPA. KAOLINUM. 209 



JALAPA. 

Latin, Jalapa (Gen., Jalapae). Eng., Jalap. The dried tuberous 
root of Exo go nium Purga. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Pulvis Jalapae Compositus. Eng., Compound Powder of Jalap. Jalap, 
35 Gm.; Potassium Bitartrate, 65 Gm. 
Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 
Resina Jalapae. Eng., Resin of Jalap. 
Average Dose. — 2 grains (0.125 Gm.). 
Resin of Jalap is contained in the Compound Cathartic Pills. 

Therapeutic Action. — Purgative (hydragogue), diuretic. 

Uses. — Employed as a purgative, particularly in such condi- 
tions as nephritis, dropsy, apoplexy and uremia. 

Administration. — It is usually given in the form of the Com- 
pound Powder. The U. S. P. dose is often greatly exceeded. The 
following illustrates a method of prescribing: 

As a hydragogue cathartic : 
$ or 

Pulv. Jalapae Co 3iv 151 

Ft. cht. no. vj. 

Sig. — One every two hours till effect. 

In the treatment of ascites : 
Ri or 

Pulv. Jalapae Comp 3j 30| 

Ft. cht. no. viij. 

Sig. — One in water an hour before breakfast. 

KAOLINUM. 

(Not Official.) 

Latin, Kaolinum. Eng., Kaolin. 

A native Aluminum Silicate. A soft, white or yellowish-white 
powder, or in lumps. 

Preparation (U. S. P., viii). 

Cataplasma Kaolini. Eng., Cataplasm of Kaolin. Kaolin, 577 Gm.; 
Boric Acid, 45 Gm.; Thymol, 0.5 Gm.; Methyl Salicylate, 2 Gm.; Oil of 
Peppermint, 0.5 Gm. ; Glycerin, 375 Gm. 

Therapeutic Action. — Cataplasm of Kaolin is said to be emol- 
lient, local sedative, exosmotic, antiphlogistic. 



i Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



210 KINO. LACTUCARIUM. 

Uses. — The Cataplasm is employed in the treatment of pleurisy, 
pneumonia, mastitis, sprains and deep-seated pain generally. 

Administration. — The official Cataplasm of Kaolin is still not 
stocked by many druggists or often prescribed, as the proprietary 
preparations have a rather strong hold on the profession. It 
should be applied direct to the skin over the part affected. It 
is used as hot as patient can tolerate, and is used in a layer from 
one-eighth to one-quarter inch in thickness. This is covered 
with a heavy layer of absorbent cotten. The application is 
usually changed every six to twelve hours. 

KINO. 

Latin, Kino* (Gen,, Kino). Eng., Kino. The spontaneously 
dried juice of Pterocarpus Marsupium. 

Principal Constituent. — Kinotannic Acid (about 75 per cent.). 
Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gin.). 

Official Preparation. 

Tinctura Kino. Eng., Tincture of Kino. Represents 10 per cent, of 
the drug. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Astringent. 

Uses. — Principally used in the treatment of diarrhea and 
dysentery. 

Administration. — The tincture is the preparation employed. 
It is usually given with other agents, as in the following 
illustration : 

In the treatment of enterocolitis : 
I£i or 

Bismuthi Subnit 5iij 12 

Tinct. Kino, 

Tinct. Opii Camph aa fSiss 45 

Misturae Cretae q. s. £§vj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoon ful every three hours till effect. (Shake-label.) 

LACTUCARIUM. 

Latin, Lactucarium. Eng., Lactucarium. Synonym, Lettuce. 
The dried milk- juice of Lactuca virosa. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 



i Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



LEPTANDRA. LIMON. 211 

Official Preparations. 

Syrupus Lactucarii. Eng., Syrup of Lactucarium. Represents 5 per 
cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 2y 2 fluidrachms (10 mils). 

Tinctura Lactucarii. Eng., Tincture of Lactucarium. Represents 50 per 
cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Sedative, hypnotic. 

Uses. — Has been recommended for whooping-cough, hysteria, 
neurasthenia, etc. Seldom prescribed. 

LEPTANDRA. 

(U. S. P., viii). 

Latin, Leptandra. Eng., Leptandra. Synonym, Culver's Root. 
The dried rhizome and roots of Veronica virginica. 
Principal Constituent. — Leptandrin. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Preparations. 
Extractum Leptandrae. Eng., Extract of Leptandra. 
Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.250 Gm.). 

Fluidextractum Leptandrae. Eng., Fluidextract of Leptandra. 
Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Said to be a cholagogue purgative. 
Uses. — Has been recommended for chronic constipation and 
as an adjuvant for other purgative agents. Seldom prescribed. 

LIMON— Lemon. 

The following are official : 

LIMONIS CORTEX. Eng., Lemon Peel. The outer rind of the fresh 
ripe fruit of Citrus medica limonum. 

Official Preparations and Constituent of Lemon Peel. 

Tinctura Limonis Corticis. Eng., Tincture of Lemon Peel. Repre- 
sents 50 per cent, of the drug. 

Syrupus Acidi Citrici. Eng., Syrup of Citric Acid. Synonym, Syrup 
of Lemon. Contains 1 per cent, each of Citric Acid and the Tincture of 
Lemon Peel. 

Oleum Limonis. Eng., Oil of Lemon. 

Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Unofficial. 
LIMONIS SUCCUS.. Eng., Lemon Juice (U. S. P., viii). The freshly 
expressed juice of the ripe fruit of Citrus limonum. 



212 



LIMON. 



Average Dose. — 1 nuidounce (30 Cc). 

Lemon and Oil of Lemon are contained in several official preparations. 

Therapeutic Action. — The Oil of Lemon and the preparation 
of the peel are stomachic and flavoring agents. Lemon Juice is 
refrigerant and antiscorbutic. 

Uses. — These preparations are used as flavoring agents. Lemon 
juice in the form of lemonade is frequently employed in fevers as 
a refrigerant drink and as a means of inducing the patient to take 
large quantities of water. 

See Citric Acid and Citrates. 



For cough, bronchitis, etc. : 

B or 

Potassii Citratis 5j 30 

Limonis Succi f Sj 30 

Tinct. Opii Camph f §ss 15 

Spir. Vini Gallici f5j 30 

Syr. Acidi Citrici q. s. f&iv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoon ful in water every two hours. 

In the treatment of the cough of measles : 

Ri or 

Potassii Citratis Bss 15 

Limonis Succi fEj 30 

Tinct. Opii Camph f3ij 8 

Syr. Ipecacuanhas f3ij 8 

Syr. Tolutani q. s. f Si j 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours. 

In the treatment of cough (for child 4 years old) : 
R or 

Potassii Citratis 3ij 8 

Spir. Athens Nit f3iij 12 

Syr. Ipecacuanhas f 3ss 2 

Syr. Limonis f3iv 15 

Aquae q. s. fSiij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every two hours when awake. 

Linimentum Ammoniae. — See Ammonia. 
Linimentum Belladonnae. — See Belladonna. 
Linimentum Calcis. — See Calcium. 
Linimentum Camphorae. — See Camphora. 



1 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 



LINUM. 213 

Linimentum Chloroformi. — See Chloroformum. 
Linimentum Saponis. — See Sapo. 
Linimentum Saponis Mollis. — See Sapo. 
Linimentum Terebinthinae. — See Terebinthina. 

LINUM. 

Latin, Linum. Eng., Linseed, Flaxseed. The ripe seeds of 
Linum usitatissimum. 

Official Constituent. 

Oleum Lini. Eng., Linseed Oil. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidounce (30 mils). 

Linseed Oil is contained in several official preparations. Two Linseed 
Oils are on the market, known as the "raw" and the "boiled." The 
former is the one used in medicine. 

Therapeutic Action. — Demulcent, emollient, laxative, diuretic. 

Uses. — Flaxseed in the form of meal is extensively used by 
the public as poultices for boils, sprains, etc. The oil is used in 
veterinary practice for colic. It is seldom prescribed for internal 
use in man, but is a constituent in making Lime Liniment, which 
is much used for minor burns. 

Liquor Acidi Arsenosi. — See Arsenum. 

Liquor Ammonii Acetatis. — See Ammonium. 

Liquor Arseni et Hydrargyri Iodidi. — See Arsenum. 

Liquor Calcis. — See Calcium. 

Liquor Cresolis Compositus. — See Cresol. 

Liquor Ferri Chloridi. — See Ferrum. 

Liquor Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis. — See Ferrum. 

Liquor Ferri Subsulphatis. — See Ferrum. 

Liquor Ferri Tersulphatis. — See Ferrum. 

Liquor Formaldehydi. — See Formaldehydum. 

Liquor Hydrogenii Dioxidi. — See next page. 

Liquor Hypophysis. — See Hypophysis Sicca. 

Liquor Iodi Compositus. — See lodum. 

Liquor Magnesii Citratis. — See Magnesium. 

Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis. — See Plumbum. 

Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutus. — See Plumbum. 

Liquor Potassii Arsenitis. — See Arsenum. 

Liquor Potassii Citratis. — See Potassium. 

Liquor Potassii Hydroxidi. — See Potassium. 

Liquor Sodae Chlorinatse. — See Sodium. 

Liquor Sodii Arsenatis. — See Arsenum. 

Liquor Sodii Glycerophosphatis. — See Acidum Hypophosphorosum. 

Liquor Sodii Hydroxidi. — See Sodium. 

Liquor Zinci Chloridi. — See Zincum. 



214 LIQUOR HYDROGENII DIOXIDI. LITHIUM. 

LIQUOR HYDROGENII DIOXIDI. 

Latin, Liquor Hydrogenii Dioxidi (Gen., Liquoris Hydrogenii 
Dioxidi). Eng., Solution- of Hydrogen Dioxide. Synonyms;, Per- 
oxide of Hydrogen, Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxidi. 

The ninth revision of the Pharmacopeia changed the name of 
this preparation from an "aqua" to "liquor." 

An aqueous solution containing not less than 3 per cent, by 
weight of absolute Hydrogen Dioxide (H 2 0) corresponding to 10 
volumes of available oxygen. 

Form. — A colorless liquid. 

Odor and Taste. — Practically odorless. A slightly acidulous 
taste and producing a peculiar sensation and soapy froth in the 
mouth. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic and deodorant. 
Uses. — It is seldom used internally. Locally, it is extensively 
employed in the treatment of sores, ulcers, abscesses, tonsillitis, 
diphtheria, scarlatina, stomatitis, etc. 

Administration. — This preparation is prescribed either alone 
or diluted with one or more volumes of distilled water. It is 
seldom prescribed with other medicinal agents. 

The manner of prescribing is shown in the following : 
$ or 

Liq. Hydrogenii Diox fSij 60| 

M. 

Sig. — Use 1 part to 3 parts of water as a spray. 

Or: 

Ifc or 

Liq. Hydrogenii Diox fSj 30| 

Aquae Destillatse q. s. fSiv 120| 

M. 

Sig. — Use as a spray every four hours. 

LITHIUM. 

Official Salts and Preparations. 

LITHII BROMIDUM.— See Bromides, p. 100. 
LITHII CARBONAS. Eng., Lithium Carbonate. 
Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 
LITHII CITRAS.— See Citrate, p. 23. 



LOBELIA. MAGNESIUM. 215 

LOBELIA. 

Latin, Lobelia. Eng., Lobelia. The dried leaves and flowering 
tops of Lobelia in flat a. 

Average Dose. — 2y 2 grains (0.15 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Fluidextractum Lobeliae. Eng., Fluidextract of Lobelia. 
Average Dose. — 2 J / 2 minims (0.15 mil). 

Tinctura Lobeliae. Eng., Tincture of Lobelia. Represents 10 per cent, 
of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antispasmodic, depressant, emetic, 
expectorant. 

Uses. — Principally used for asthma, bronchitis, and kindred 
conditions. Seldom prescribed. 

LYCOPODIUM. 

Latin, Lycopodium. Eng., Lycopodium. The spore of Lycopo- 
diurn^ clavatum. 

A fine yellowish powder, almost odorless and tasteless. 
Magma Magnesiae. — See Magnesium. 

MAGNESIUM. 

Official Salts and Preparations. 

MAGNESII CARBONAS. Eng., Magnesium Carbonate. Synonym, 
Block Magnesia. 

Form. — White powder or mass. Usually pressed into blocks. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless ; almost tasteless. 

Solubility. — Insoluble in water or alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 45 grains (3 Gm.). 

Magnesium Carbonate is used in preparing many official preparations. 

LIQUOR MAGNESII CITRATIS. Eng., Solution of Magnesium 
Citrate. An aqueous solution of freshly prepared Magnesium Citrate con- 
taining an excess of citric acid, impregnated with carbon dioxide, flavored 
with Lemon, and sweetened with syrup. 

Average Dose. — 12 fluidounces (350 mils). 

Magma Magnesiae. Eng., Magnesia Magma. Synonym, Milk of 
Magnesia. An aqueous liquid containing in suspension about 7 per cent, 
of Magnesium Hydroxide. 

Average Dose. — 2]4 fluidrachms (10 mils). 

MAGNESII OXIDUM. Eng., Magnesium Oxide. Synonyms, Mag- 
nesia, Calcined Magnesia, Light Magnesia. 



216 MAGNESIUM. 

Form. — White, bulky powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and almost tasteless. 

Solubility. — Practically insoluble in water or alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Acids, copaiba, salts of iron ; water, etc. 

Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Magnesium Oxide is used in several official preparations. 

MAGNESII OXIDUM PONDEROSUM. Eng., Heavy Magnesium 
Oxide, Heavy Magnesia. A white powder differing from the foregoing 
in not being so bulky or so readily uniting with water. 

Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

MAGNESII SULPHAS. Eng., Magnesium Sulphate. Synonyms, 
Epsom Salt, Salts. 

Form. — Small, colorless prisms or needles. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless; saline and bitter taste. 

Solubility. — In 1 part of water. Insoluble in alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Alkaloids, arsenates, carbonates, phosphates, tartrates, 
phosphoric acid, lime water, lead acetate, silver nitrate, etc. 

Average Dose. — 4 drachms (15 Gm.). 

Magnesium Sulphate is contained in the Compound Infusion of Senna. 

Therapeutic Action. — The oxides, the carbonate, and the magma 
are antacid and laxative. The sulphate is a hydragogue purgative. 

Uses. — The oxides and the carbonates are principally used 
in hyperchlorhydria, gastric ulcer, etc. The sulphate is one of 
the most extensively used purgatives. 

Administration. — Magnesium Sulphate, Magnesium Oxide, 
and the solution of Magnesium Citrate are the preparations most 
frequently prescribed. The latter preparation is dispensed in 
bottles of 12 fluidounces, and should always be prescribed in 
that quantity. After it has been opened and the excess of carbon 
dioxide escaped, it acquires a flat taste; so should always be 
ordered fresh. 

Magnesium Sulphate is the cheapest and probably the most 
largely used purgative. It is usually kept by the laity, and it is often 
advisable, particularly with the poorer class of patients, to merely 
include in the written instructions for patient, an order that a cer- 
tain amount of Epsom Salts be taken. This preparation is com- 
monly called "Salts," and when the word is written without the final 
"s" being legible, or the word "Epsom" being employed, it has been 
mistaken for "Salt," and Sodium Chloride used. A desirable method 
of administering it is in a glass of lemonade. 



MAGNESIUM. 



217 



As a purgative: 
$ or 

Magnesii Sulph &] 30 

Syrupi f 3ss 15 

Limonis Sued q. s. f3ij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful in glass of water every four hours until effect. 

In the treatment of diarrhea : 
B or 

Magnesii Sulphatis 3iv 15 

Tinct. Opii Deod tt^xI 2 5 

Acidi Sulph. Arom f3iss 6 

Aquae Menth. Pip q. s. f3iv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful every four hours until relieved. 

As an aperient in the treatment of comedo: 
Ri or 

Magnesii Sulphatis Siss 

Ferri Sulphatis gr. xvj 

Acidi Sulph. Dil 5ij 

Aquae q. s. f 3vii j 

Sig. — Tablespoonful in water before breakfast. 

As a purgative : 

B or 

Liq. Magnesii Citratis fSxij 

Sig. — Take before breakfast. 

As an antacid, as in the treatment of hyperacidity, gastric ulcer, 



45 

1 

8 

240 



360| 



etc. 



B or 

Atropinae Sulphatis gr. ^o 

Bismuthi Subnit., 

Magnesii Oxidi aa. 5iv 15 

Sodii Bicarb Sij 8 

M. ft. cht. no. xv. 

Sig. — One in milk two hours after meals. 

In the treatment of erythema venenatum : 
S 2 or 

Acidi Borici gr. xv 1 

Talci Purificati gr. xx 1 

Cretae Praeparatae Sij 8 

Magnesii Carbonatis 3iij 12 

M. 

Sig. — Use as a dusting powder. 



006 

000 
000 



1 Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 

2 IUd. 



218 MALTUM. MANNA. 

MALTUM. 

Latin, Maltum. Eng., Malt. The grain of barley, Hordeum 
sativum, partially germinated artificially and then dried. 

Official Preparation. 
Extractum Malti. Eng., Extract of Malt. A sweet, thick, brownish 
liquid. 

Average Dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Nutrient and tonic. 

Uses. — Malt food and beverages are frequently recommended 
to improve digestion, increase weight, stimulate the secretion 
of milk and relieve constipation. 

Administration. — Seldom used except in the form of the 
various proprietary beverages, foods, etc. 

MANGANUM. 

Official Salts. 

MANGANI DIOXIDUM PR^ECIPITATUM. Eng., Precipitated 
Manganese Dioxide. 

Form. — A black powder. 
"Odor and Taste. — Odorless and tasteless. 

Solubility. — Insoluble in water and alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Alkalies, carbonates, phosphates, etc. 

Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

POTASSII PERMANGANAS.— See Potassium, p. 267. 

Therapeutic Action. — Manganese dioxide is classed as a tonic, 
alterative and emmenagogue. 

Uses. — Principally used for functional amenorrhea and anemia. 

Administration. — Precipitated manganese dioxide is usually 
employed in the form of the ready-prepared pills or in capsules, 
either alone or with Ferrous Carbonate, Arsenic Trioxide, etc. 

MANNA. 

Latin, Manna. Eng., Manna. The dried saccharine exudation 
of Fraxinus Ornus. 

Average Dose. — 4 drachms (15 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Classed as a laxative, demulcent and 
nutrient. 

Uses. — It is employed as a household remedy, usually in com- 
bination with Senna, as a purgative. Manna is considered par- 
ticularly desirable on account of its pleasant taste. Seldom 
prescribed. 



MATRICARIA. MENTHA PIPERITA. 219 

MATRICARIA. 

Latin, Matricaria. Eng., Matricaria. Synonym, German 
Chamomile. The dried flower-heads of Matricaria Chamomilla. 
Average Dose. — 4 drachms (15 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Stomachic, carminative, antispasmodic. 
Uses. — Seldom prescribed. 

MEL— Honey. 

Latin, Mel (Gen., Mellis). Eng., Honey. A saccharine secretion 
deposited in the honey-comb by the bee, Apis mellifera. 

Official Preparations. 
Mel Depuratum. Eng., Clarified Honey. 
Mel Rosae. — See Rosa Gallica. 
Honey is contained in some other official preparations. 

Therapeutic Action. — Nutrient, mild laxative. 

Uses. — A pleasant flavor and sweetening agent. A constitu- 
ent of many cough and laxative preparations, gargles, etc. 

Administration. — Clarified Honey is usually prescribed with 
other agents in quantities only sufficient to give a pleasant taste. 

MENTHA PIPERITA. 

Latin, Mentha Piperita (Gen., Menthae Piperita?). Eng., Pep- 
permint. The dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha piperita. 
Average Dose. — 60 grains (4 Gm.). 

Official Constituents and Preparations. 

Oleum Menthae Piperitae. Eng., Oil of Peppermint. A volatile oil. 

Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Menthol.— See Menthol, p. 221 

Aqua Menthae Piperitae. Eng., Peppermint Water. A saturated, 
aqueous solution of Oil of Peppermint. 

Average Dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils). 

Spiritus Menthae Piperitae. Eng., Spirit of Peppermint. Synonym, 
Essence of Peppermint. Represents 10 per cent, of Oil of Peppermint 
and 1 per cent, of the crude drug. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Oil of Peppermint is refrigerant, car- 
minative, stomachic, antiseptic. 

Uses. — Frequently used as a flavoring agent; also in the 
treatment of acute indigestion, flatulence, hysteria, etc. Exter- 
nally it is sometimes employed for neuralgia, rheumatism, etc. 



220 



MENTHA PIPERITA. 



Administration. — The following prescriptions illustrate the 
employment of the preparations of peppermint both as active 
agents and as vehicles : 



B or 

Camphorse gr. iv 

01. Menth. Pip., 
01. Pini Syl., 

Eucalyptolis aa. n\ iv 

Petrolati Liq q. s. f Biv 

M. 

Sig. — Use as a spray every four hours. 



120 



26 



The internal use of peppermint is shown in the following for 
acute indigestion: 

$ or 

Spin Menth. Pip., 

Spir. ^Etheris Co aa. f Sss IS 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every hour till relieved. 

In the treatment of acute indigestion, etc. : 
$ or 

Spir. Chloroformi, 

Spir. Menth. Pip aa. f5ss 15 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours till relieved. 

These are usually employed in a glass of hot water, after having emptied 
the stomach by the use of warm saline solution. Sodium Bicarbonate is often 
added at the time of administration. 

Used as a vehicle in the treatment of rheumatism : 
Ri or 

Sodii Salicylatis Sss 15 

Aquse Mentha? Pip q. s. f&v 120 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls well diluted every two hours. 

In the treatment of chronic vomiting of childhood : 
IP or 

Liq. Potas. Arsenitis TT\,xij 75 

Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. xxiv 1 50 

Aquae Mentha? Pip q. s. fSiij 90 00 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful three times a day. 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 
2Ruhrah: Diseases of Children. 



MENTHA VIRIDIS. MENTHOL. 221 

As a vehicle in a preparation for the treatment of constipation : 
Ui or 

Flext. Cascarae Sagr f Bj 30 

Tinct. Cardamomi Comp f§ss 15 , 

Glycerini f Sj 30 

Aquae Menthse Pip q. s. fSiij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 

MENTHA VIRIDIS. 

Latin, Mentha Viridis. Eng., Spearmint. The dried leaves and 
flowering- tops of Mentha spicata. 

Average Dose. — 60 grains (4 Gm.). 

Official Constituent and Preparation. 

Oleum Menthae Viridis. Eng., Oil of Spearmint. A volatile oil. 
Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Aqua Menthas Viridis. Eng., Spearmint Water. An aqueous, satu- 
rated solution of Oil of Spearmint. 

Average Dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils). 

Spiritus Menthae Viridis. Eng., Spirit of Spearmint. Represents 10 
per cent, of the oil and 1 per cent, of the crude drug. 
Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Carminative, refrigerant, etc. Less 
active than peppermint. » 

Uses. — Seldom prescribed. 

MENTHOL. 

Latin, Menthol (Gen., Mentholis). Eng., Menthol. A second- 
ary alcohol obtained from Oil of Peppermint or other mint oils. 

Form. — Colorless Crystals. 

Odor and Taste. — Odor of Peppermint. A warm, aromatic taste, 
followed by a sensation of cold when air is drawn into the mouth. 

Solubility. — Only slightly soluble in water. Freely soluble in 
alcohol and chloroform. 

Incompatibles. — 'Liquefies when triturated with camphor, hy- 
drated chloral, thymol, etc. 

Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, stimulant, carminative, local 
sedative. 



i Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



222 



MENTHOL. 



Uses. — In various ways it is employed in the treatment of 
bronchitis, coryza, neuralgia, pruritus, diarrhea, typhoid fever, 
etc. 

Administration. — Menthol is seldom prescribed as such for 
internal use. It is a constituent of many of the so-called "anti- 
septics." It is frequently used in ointments, liniments, inhala- 
tions, etc. Some combinations are shown in the following: 

As an inhalation in rhinitis, sinus involvement, laryngitis, bron- 
chitis, etc. : 

$ or 

Mentholis, 

Camphorse aa. 3i j 8 

M. tere bene. 

Sig. Inhale frequently. 

Or: 
n or 

Mentholis, 

Camphorse aa. 3j 4 

Tinct. Benzoini Co q. s. £Sij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Use teaspoon ful to pitcher of hot water. 

Written instructions should be left with patient as to frequency and dura- 
tion of the inhalations. Usually they are employed for about ten minutes 
every three hours. With children they are sometimes best employed during 
sleep by making a tent out of a newspaper, as the drug would affect the eyes 
if they were open. Adults should be instructed to. keep the eyes closed. 



In the treatment of neuralgia: 

Chlorali Hydrati, 

Camphorse, 

Mentholis 

M. et tere bene. 

Sig. — Paint over parts as directed. 

In the treatment of pruritus: 

Phenolis, 

Mentholis 

Petrolati 

M. tere bene. 

Sig. — Apply locally. 



or 



aa. 3j 



or 



. .aa. gr. xx 
,q. s. Sj 



i Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 
2Ashton: Practice of Gynecology. 



METHYLTHIONIN^E CHLORIDUM. 223 

In the treatment of pruritus: 
Ifci or 

Mentholis, 
Camphors, 

Chlorali Hydrati aa. gr. v. 32 

Petrolati q. s. 3ss 15 00 

M. 

Sig. — Apply locally. 

In the treatment of herpes progenitalis : 
B2 or 

Cocainse Hydrochlor gr. j 065 

Mentholis gr. xij 800 

Adipis Lanse Hyd q. s. £ss 15 000 

M. 

Sig. — Apply locally. 

In a liniment, as for myalgia, lumbago, strains, etc. : 
R. or 

Mentholis 3j 4 

Chloroformi f3j 30 

Lin. Saponis q. s. f Svj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Apply with massage twice daily. 

METHYLIS SALIOYLAS. 

See Acidum, Salicylicum, p. 41. 

METHYLTHIONINjE CHLORIDUM. 

Latin, Methylthioninae Chloridum. Eng., Methylthionine Chlo- 
ride. Synonym, Methylene Blue, Methylthioninae Hydrochloridumi 
(U. S. P., viii). 

Form. — A dark-green, crystalline powder or crystals having a 
bronze-like luster. 

Solubility. — Readily soluble in water and somewhat less readily 
in alcohol, the solution having a deep-blue color. 

Average Dose. — 2y 2 grains (0.15 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Classed as a diuretic, urinary antiseptic, 
etc. 

Uses. — Sometimes employed in the treatment of gonorrhea, 
cystitis, pyelitis, and other conditions. 



1 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 

2 White and Martin: Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 



224 MEZEREUM. MOSCHUS. 

Administration. — Usually prescribed in capsules, either alone 
or with other agents. A convenient form is the ready-filled cap- 
sule, either hard or soft, put out by the pharmaceutical manu- 
facturing houses. They may be obtained containing the drug 
alone or in various combinations. 

MEZEREUM. 

Latin, Mezereum. Eng., Mezereum. Synonym, Mezereon. The 
dried bark of Daphne Mezereum, Daphne Gnidmm or Daphne 
Laureola. 

Mezereum is contained in the Compound Fluidextract of Sarsaparilla. 

Therapeutic Action. — Rubefacient, vesicant, etc. 
Uses. — Has been recommended for such conditions as rheu- 
matism, indolent ulcers, and scrofula. Seldom prescribed. 

Mistura Cretae. — See Calcium. 

Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita. — See Glycyrrhiza. 

MORPHINA. 

See Opium, p. 239. 

MORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDUM. 

See Opium, p. 239. 

MORPHINiE SULPHAS. 

See Opium, p. 239. 

MOSCHUS. 

Latin, Moschus. Eng., Musk. The dried secretion from the 
preputial follicles of Moschus moschiferus. 
Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gin.). 

Official Preparation. 

Tinctura Moschi. Eng., Tincture of Musk. Represents 5 per cent, of 
the drug. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Said to be stimulant and antispasmodic. 

Uses. — Has been recommended in the treatment of hysteria, 
neurasthenia, hiccough, and certain debilitated conditions. 
Seldom prescribed. 



MYRISTICA. MYRRHA. 225 

Mucilago Acaciae. — See Acacia. 

Mucilago Tragacanthae. — See Tragacantha. 

MYRISTICA. 

Latin, Myristica. Eng., Myristica. Synonym, Nutmeg. The 
ripe seed of Myristica fragrans. 

Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

Official Constituent. 

Oleum Myristica?. Eng., Oil of Myristica. A volatile oil. 
Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Myristica or the Oil of Myristica is contained in several official prepara- 
tions. 

Therapeutic Action. — Carminative, sedative. 
Uses. — Sometimes used in the treatment of nausea, flatulence, 
diarrhea, neuralgia, rheumatism, etc. Seldom prescribed. 

MYRRHA. 

Latin, Myrrha. Eng., Myrrh. A gum-resin obtained from 
one or more species of Commiphora. 
Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Tinctura Myrrhae. Eng., Tincture of Myrrh. Represents 20 per cent, 
of the drug in alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Myrrh is contained in the Compound Pills of Rhubarb. 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, astringent, carminative. 

Uses. — Employed principally in mouth-washes and gargles 
for salivation, stomatitis, tonsillitis, etc. 

Administration. — Not often prescribed. The following illus- 
trates the use of the drug : 

In the treatment of stomatitis (child 3 years old) : 

ft 1 or 

Potas. Chloratis gr. xxiv 1 50 

Tinct. Myrrhae iti.x 65 

Syr. Acaciae fSj 30 00 

Aquae q. s. fgiij 90 00 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every three hours. 

1 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 

15 



226 NITROGENII MONOXIDUM. NUX VOMICA. 

NITROGENII MONOXIDUM. 

Latin, Nitrogenii Monoxidum, Eng., Nitrogen Monoxide. 
Synonym, Nitrous Oxide. A colorless gas. Used extensively as a 
general anesthetic. 

NUX VOMICA. 

Latin, Nux Vomica (Gen., Nucis Vomicae). Eng., Nux Vomica. 
Synonyms, Poison Nut, Dog Button, Quaker Button. The dried 
ripe seeds of Strychnos nux vomica, yielding not less than 2y 2 per 
cent, of Alkaloids. 

Principal Constituents. — Strychnine (about 1.25 per cent.), bru- 
cine, tannic acid, etc. 

Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

Official Alkaloid, Salts and Preparations. 

Extractum Nucis Vomicae. Eng., Extract of Nux Vomica. A light- 
colored powder. 

Average Dose. — % grain (0.015 Gm.). 

Fluidextractum Nucis Vomicae. Eng., Fluidextract of Nux Vomica. 

Average Dose. — 1 minim, (0.05 mil). 

Tinctura Nucis Vomicae. Eng., Tincture of Nux Vomica. Represents 
about 10 per cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 8 minims (0.5 mil). 

Strychnina. Eng., Strychnine. An alkaloid obtained from Nux 
Vomica. 

Form. — Colorless crystals or white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. Intensely bitter taste. 

Solubility. — In 6420 parts of water or 136 of alcohol. 

Incompalibles. — For Strychnine and its Salts : Alkalies, alkali carbonates 
and bicarbonates, ammonium chloride, benzoates, dichromates, bromides, 
borates, cyanides, iodides, salicylates, gold chloride, ichthyol, mercuric chloride, 
potassio-mercuric iodide, oxalic acid, picric acid, piperazin, oxidizers, tannic 
acid. 

Average Dose. — y±o grain (0.0015 Gm.). 

Strychnine is contained in many official preparations. 

Strychninae Nitras. Eng., Strychnine Nitrate. 

Form. — Colorless needles. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. Intensely bitter taste. 

Solubility. — In 42 parts of water or 150 parts of alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — See Strychnina. 

Average Dose. — %o grain (0.0015 Gm.). 

Strychninae Sulphas. Eng., Strychnine Sulphate. 
Form. — Colorless or white crystals. 



NUX VOMICA. 227 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. Intensely bitter taste. 
Solubility. — In 32 parts of water or 81 parts of alcohol. 
Incompatibles. — See Strychnina. 
Average Dose. — }4o grain (0.0015 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Stimulant, tonic, stomachic. 

Uses. — The preparations of Nux Vomica or the Strychnine 
salts have been used in the treatment of almost all diseases 
either during the progress of the maladies or to aid in the proc- 
esses of repair. Particularly employed in conditions characterized 
by loss of appetite, weakness, indigestion, constipation or other 
evidences of lowered vitality. 

Toxicology. — The usual symptoms of strychnine poisoning 
are nervous twitchings, hyperesthesia, convulsions. Some dif- 
ferential features of the convulsions are the relaxation between 
the attacks, the exaggerated reflexes and the lateness of the in- 
volvement of the muscles of neck and face. In children a com- 
paratively small dose of strychnine may produce toxic symptoms. 

Treatment consists largely in keeping the patient free from dis- 
turbing surroundings, chloroform by inhalation during the convul- 
sions, and hydrated chloral and bromides by mouth or rectum. 
The stomach should be washed out, if possible, with a solution of 
potassium permanganate (1:3000). Elimination should be favored 
particularly by diuretics. 

Administration. — The preparations most frequently used are 
the Tincture of Nux Vomica and Strychnine Sulphate. Extract 
of Nux Vomica and Strychnine Nitrate are also extensively used 
by some practitioners. 

A common error seems to be that of giving the tincture in such 
small dosage as to be almost without effect ; particularly is this the 
case when ordered to be taken by drops, as it averages about 140 
drops to 60 minims. The strychnine content is only about 0.1 per 
cent. ; so 5 drops would only represent about y 500 grain of strych- 
nine, while about % grain is the average dose when using the 
alkaloidal salt. 

In prescribing strychnine in solution it is particularly inadvisable 
to employ it with the bromides or iodides, as the precipitate forms 
slowly, and being comparatively small in amount may be overlooked 
by both dispenser and patient and a poisonous amount taken at the 
final dose. 



228 NUX VOMICA. 

As a tonic, stimulant, stomachic, appetizer, etc. : 

I* or 

Tinct. Nucis Vomicae fSij 60| 

Sig. — Twenty (20) drops in water before meals. 

Or: 

$ or 

Tinct. Nucis Vomicae fSj 30 

Tinct. Cardam. Co q. s. f'Svj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water before meals. 

Used to stimulate appetite : 
I£i or 

Tinct. Nucis Vomicae f 5j 4 

Tinct. Gentianse Comp f Sij 60 

Aquae q. s. fSiv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls in water half-hour before meals. 

As a tonic, etc. : 

# or 

Tinct. Nucis Vomicae, 

Acidi Phos. Dil., 

Tinct. Ferri Chlor., 

Syr. Pruni Virg aa. £Ej 30 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 

As a laxative, etc., in the treatment of atony : 
1*2 or 

Tinct. Nucis Vomicae aa. f 3ii j 12 

Flext. Cascarae Sag., 

Tinct. Cardamomi Comp q. s. fSiij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water before meals. 

In the treatment of indigestion: 

$ or 

Pepsini 3ij 

Acidi Hydrochlor. Dil., 
Tinct. Nucis Vomicae, 

Glycerini aa. f 5j 30 

Aquae q. s. fSvj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 



1 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

2 Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 



NUX VOMICA. 



229 



In the treatment of heart and kidney disease : 
B or 

Tinct. Nucis Vomicae f3iv 15 

Inf. Digitalis q. s. fSvj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls in water after meals. 

Or: 
$ or 

Tinct. Nucis Vomicae, 

Tinct. Digitalis aa. fSj 30 

Tinct. Cardam. Co q. s. f5iv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 



or 

aa. gr. j 

.aa. gr. xc 6 



As a stimulant: 

Tab. Strych. Sulph. (% gr.) 

Sig. — One every six hours. 

As a tonic, particularly in malaria: 

Strychninae Sulph., 

Arseni Trioxidi 

Quininae Sulph., 

Ferri Reducti 

M. ft. cap. no. xxx. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 

In the treatment of chronic valvular disease: 
3* or 

Strychninae Sulph gr. Ys 

Sparteinae Sulph gr. iij 

Caffeinae Citratae '3ss 

M. ft. cap. no. xij. 

Sig. — One every four hours. 

In the treatment of menorrhagia and metrorrhagia 
B2 or 

Strychninae Sulph gr. ss 

Hydrastininae Hydrochl gr. x 

Extracti Ergotae gr. xl 

M. ft. cap. no. xx. 

Sig.^One two hours after meals. 



065 
000 



103 

|65 
2150 



1 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 
2Ashton: Practice of Gynecology. 



230 NUX VOMICA. 

In the treatment of subinvolution of the uterus : 

Ri or 

Strychninae Sulph gr. j 

Ext. Ergotae, 

Quininae Sulph aa.gr. xxx 

M. ft. cap. no. xxx. 

Sig. — One before each meal. 

In the treatment of indigestion : 
n or 

Strychninae Sulph gr. ss 

Elix. Pepsini Arom q. s. fSvj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls in water after meals. 



065 
000 



In the treatment of palpitation, etc., in hysteric subjects: 
B2 or 

Strychninae Sulph gr. Yb 02 

Zinci Valeratis gr. x 65 

Ext. Sumbul gr. x 65 

Ext. Hyoscyami gr. v 32 

M. ft. cap. no. x. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 

In the treatment of herpes zoster: 
B3 or 



Zinci Phosphidi, 

Ext. Nucis Vomicae aa. gr. x 

M. ft. cap. no. xxx. 

Sig. — One every three hours. 

As a postoperative tonic : 
$4 or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros., 

Arseni Trioxidi aa. gr. j 

Ext. Nucis Vomicae gr. xxv 1 

Ferri et Quin. Cit gr. cc 13 

M. ft. cap. no. c. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 



65 



065 
600 
000 



1 Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 

2 Anders : Practice of Medicine. 

3 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 

4 Ashton: Practice of Gynecology. 



NUX VOMICA. 



231 



In the treatment of constipation : 

Ext Cascarse Sag gr. 

Ext. Nucis Vomicae gr. 

Ext. Belladon. Fol gr. 

Resinae Podophylli gr. 

M. ft. cap. no. xx. 
Sig. — One at bedtime. 



xl 2 


50 


V 


32 


ij 


13 


ij 


13 



In a laxative preparation : 
R2 or 

Tinct. Nucis Vomicae iEss 15 

Flext. Cascarae Sag f3j 30 

Glycerini f§ss 15 

Aquae Chloroformi q. s. f£iij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 

Oleatum Hydrargyri. — See Hydrargyrum. 
Oleoresina Aspidii. — See Aspidium. 
Oleoresina Capsici. — See Capsicum. 
Oleoresina Cubebae. — See Cubeba. 
Oleoresina Petroselini. — See Petroselinum. 
Oleoresina Piperis. — See Piper. 
Oleoresina Zingiberis. — See Zingiber. 
Oleum Amygdalae Amarae. — See Amygdala Amara. 
Oleum Amygdalae Expressum. — See Amygdala. 
Oleum Anisi. — See Anisum. 
Oleum Aurantii. — See Aurantium. 
Oleum Cadinum. — See next page. 
Oleum Cajuput. Eng., Oil of Cajuput. 
Average Dose. — 8 minims (0.5 mil) . 
Oleum Cari. — See Carum. 
Oleum Caryophylli. — See Caryophyllus. 
Oleum Cassias. — See Cinnamomum. 

Oleum Chenopodii. Oil of Chenopodium. Synonym, Oil of American 
Wormseed. 

Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil) . 

Oleum Coriandri. — See Coriandrum. 

Oleum Cubebae. — See Cubeba. 

Oleum Eucalypti. — See Eucalyptus. 

Oleum Fceniculi. — See Fceniculum. 

Oleum Gossypii Seminis. Eng., Cotton-seed Oil. 

Average Dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils). 

Oleum Juniperi. — See p. 233. 



1 Ashton: Practice of Gynecology. 

2 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



232 OLEUM CADINUM. 

Oleum Lavandulae. — See p. 234. 

Oleum Limonis. — See Limon. 

Oleum Lini. — See Linum. 

Oleum Menthae Piperitae. — See Mentha Piperita. 

Oleum Menthae Viridis. — See Mentha Viridis. 

Oleum Morrhuae. — See p. 235. 

Oleum Myristicae. — See Myristica. 

Oleum Olivae.— See p. 235. 

Oleum Picis Liquidae Rectificatum. — See Pix Liquida. 

Oleum Pimentae. Eng., Oil of Pimenta. Synonym, Oil of Allspice. 

Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Oleum Pini Pumilionis. Eng., Oil of Dwarf Pine Needles. 

Oleum Ricini. — See p. 236. 

Oleum Rosmarini. Eng., Oil of Rosemary. 

Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Oleum Santali. Eng., Oil of Santal. 

Average Dose. — 8 minims (0.5 mil). 

Oleum Sassafras. — See Sassafras. 

Oleum Sesami. Eng., Sesame Oil. Synonym, Benne Oil. 

Oleum Sinapis Volatile. — See Sinapis Nigra. 

Oleum Terebinthinae. — See Terebinthina. 

Oleum Terebinthinae Rectificatum. — See Terebinthina. 

Oleum Theobromatis. — See p. 238. 

Oleum Thymi. Eng., Oil of Thyme. 

Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Oleum Tiglii.— See p. 238. 



OLEUM CADINUM. 

Latin, Oleum Cadinum (Gen., Olei Cadini). Eng., Oil of Cade. 
Synonym, Oil of Juniper Tar. A product o>f the dry distillation of 
the wood of Juniperus Oxycedrus. A brownish or dark-brown, 
thick liquid. 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, irritant, expectorant. 

Uses. — Employed externally in the treatment of chronic skin 
diseases, as eczema, etc., and for parasitic diseases, as tinea and 
scabies. 

Administration. — It is usually prescribed with other agents, 
and well diluted with a bland ointment base. 



The following illustrates 



OLEUM JUNIPERI. 



233 



Used in the treatment of ringworm of the scalp : 
Ifci or 

Betanaphtholis 3ss 2 

Olei Cadini 3j 4 

Ung. Sulphuris q. s. 3j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

Used as an antiparasitic : 
R2 or 

Sulphuris Prsecip 3ij 8 

Saponis Mollis, 

Olei Cadini aa. 3j 4 

Adipis Benzoinati q. s. Sj 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

In the treatment of eczema of the feet and legs: 
R3 or 

Phenolis gr. x 

Olei Cadini Tn.x 

Picis Liquidae gr. xx 1 

Ung. Aquae Rosae q. s. 5j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply thoroughly twice a day. 



OLEUM JUNIPERI. 

Latin, Oleum Juniperi. Eng., Oil of Juniper. A volatile oil dis- 
tilled from the ripe fruit of Juniperiis communis. 
Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 



Official Preparations. 
Spiritus Juniperi. Eng., Spirit of Juniper. Contains 5 per cent, of the 

on. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Spiritus Juniperi Compositus. Eng., Compound Spirit of Juniper. 

Average Dose. — iy 2 fluidrachms (10 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Classed as a diuretic, diaphoretic, 
stomachic, antiseptic, etc. 

Uses. — Has been used in the treatment of chronic nephritis, 
particularly when evidenced by dropsy; also for bronchitis, 
asthma, etc. 



i Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 

2 Ibid. 

3 Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 



234 OLEUM LAVANDULA FLORUM. 

Administration. — Not often prescribed. The following illus- 
trates a way of ordering: 

In the treatment of the laryngo-bronchial irritation of influenza 
n 1 or 



Codeinse Sulph gr. iv 

Ammonii Chlor 3v 19 

Syr. Pruni Virg £Sj 60 

Spir. Juniperi Comp q. s. fSiv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every three hours. 



OLEUM LAVANDULAE FLORUM. 

Latin, Oleum Lavandulae. Eng., Oil of Lavender. A volatile 
oil distilled from the fresh flowering tops of Lavandula vera or 
Lavandula spica. 

Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Official Preparations. 

Spiritus Lavandulae. Eng., Spirit of Lavander. Contains 5 per cent, of 
the Oil. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Tinctura Lavandulae Composita. Eng., Compound Tincture of Laven- 
der. Oil of Lavender, 8 mils; Oil of Rosemary, 2 mils; Saigon Cinnamon, 
20 Gm.; Clove, 5 Gm.; Nutmeg, 10 Gm.; Red Sanders, 10 Gm.; Alcohol 
and water, to make 1000 mils. ; 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Oil of Lavender is contained in several other official preparations. 

Therapeutic Action. — Stomachic, carminative. 
Uses. — Principally employed as an adjuvant and flavoring 
agent, particularly in preparations for the relief of neurasthenia, 
hysteria, flatulence, etc. 

Administration. — Not often used. The following will illus- 
trate how it may be prescribed. 

In the treatment of acute indigestion: 
1^2 or 

Tinct. Opii Camph fSiij 12 

Spir. Ammonias Arom., 

Spir. yEtheris aa. f£ss 15 

Tinct. Lavandulae Comp q. s. f'Sij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful well diluted every fifteen minutes until relieved. 



1 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 

2 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



OLEUM MORRHU^. OLEUM OLIV^E. 235 

OLEUM MORRHUZE. 

Latin, Oleumi Morrhuae (Gen., Olei Morrhuae). Eng., Codliver 
Oil. Synonym, Oleum Jecoris Aselli. A fixed oil obtained from 
the fresh livers of Gadus morrhua and other species of Gadus. 

Average Dose. — 2 l / 2 fluidrachms (10 mils). 

Official Preparation. 

Emulsum Olei Morrhuae. Eng., Emulsion of Codliver Oil. Contains 
50 per cent, of the Oil. 

Average Dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils). 

Unofficial Preparation. 

Emulsum Olei Morrhuae cum Hypophosphitibus. Eng., Emulsion of 
Codliver Oil with Hypophosphites. Codliver Oil, 500 mils; Acacia, 125 
Gm.; Calcium Hypophosphite, 10 Gm.; Potassium Hypophosphite, 5 
Gm. ; Sodium Hypophosphite, 5 Gm. ; Oil of Gaultheria, 4 mils; Water, to 
make 1000 mils. 

Average Dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Emollient, nutrient, tonic, alterative. 

Uses. — Extensively employed in the treatment of tubercu- 
losis, chronic bronchitis, rachitis, etc. Sometimes used externally 
for chronic skin diseases, as eczema. 

Administration. — A satisfactory way for the patient to take 
the emulsion is by first pouring into a graduated glass a table- 
spoonful of "Beef, Iron and Wine," and then pouring in the oil 
preparation. The wine envelops the thick emulsion so that it 
can be taken at one swallow, almost without taste. The wine 
preparation is, of course, of therapeutic advantage. Attention 
is directed to the so-called Wines of Codliver Oil and Tasteless 
Preparations that really contain none of the oil at all. 

The Emulsions of Codliver Oil, particularly the one with hypo- 
phosphites, are seldom prepared extemporaneously. They are thick 
and hard to pour from a small-mouth bottle ; so it is usually best to 
prescribe a pint, the druggist then giving an original package and 
merely putting on a new label. 

OLEUM OLIViE. 

Latin, Oleum Olivae (Gen., Olei Olivae). Eng., Olive Oil. 
Synonym, Impure or imitation Olive Oil is frequently called Sweet 
Oil or Malaga Oil. A fixed oil expressed from the ripe fruit of 
Olea Europcea. 



236 OLEUM RICINI. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidounce (30 mils). 

Olive Oil is employed in many official preparations. 

Therapeutic Action. — Laxative, nutrient, emollient, lubricant. 

Uses. — Employed in the treatment of tuberculosis, chronic 
constipation, obstructive jaundice, hyperchlorhydria, etc. Ex- 
ternally for indurative skin diseases, exanthematous eruptions, 
etc. It is a desirable vehicle for the solution or dilution of more 
active agents. 

Administration. — Olive Oil is often recommended by the pro- 
fession, but is seldom a prescription ingredient except as a sol- 
vent or diluent, as for croton oil,, salol, etc. The following 
illustrates : 

In the treatment of orchitis complicating mumps : 

$ or 

Guaiacolis trt xl 2 5 

Olei Olivse q. s. fSj 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply a teaspoonful as directed. 

OLEUM RICINI. 

Latin, Oleum Ricini. Eng., Castor Oil. A fixed oil expressed 
from the seed of Ricinus communis. 

Average Dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils). 
Castor Oil is contained in Flexible Collodion. 

Therapeutic Action. — Purgative, emollient, lubricant. 

Uses. — Probably the most valuable and extensively used pur- 
gative in medicine. Particularly indicated after parturition and 
operations, and for acute digestive disturbances. Externally 
used in the treatment of burns, ulcers, chronic indurative skin 
diseases, conjunctivitis, and many other conditions. 

Administration. — Among the various ways for the patient to 
take castor oil, probably the most satisfactory is to incorporate 
it with an ounce or two of the fresh or bottled pineapple-juice. 
It is also frequently taken in soda pop, orange-juice, etc. The 
claim is often made that a small dose occasions more abdominal 
inconvenience than a large one; so many practitioners never give 
less than a tablespoonful to an average child over one year old. 
In administering the oil to> children, the first dose will frequently be 
vomited. If it is repeated promptly it will almost always be retained. 

It is a valuable agent to check persistent vomiting resulting from 



OLEUM RICINI. 237 

gastric irritation. The first one or two doses may be vomited and 
then a dose retained with a subsidence of the nausea. 

Many so-called tasteless preparations are on the market. Some 
of them are more disagreeable than the pure oil. 

Castor Oil often exhibits a constipating effect after the purgative 
action ; so that it is sometimes advisable to give with it some cascara 
sagrada or other purgative. 

It is frequently recommended by the physician as a purgative, 
but it is so well known and generally kept by the laity that it is not 
often a part of a regular prescription. 

It is sometimes employed locally either alone or with other agents. 

The so-called "tasteless" Castor Oil may be ordered as follows: 
ft 'or 



Olei Menth. Pip iriviij 

Benzosulphinidi gr. iv 

Olei Ricini q. s. f&v 120 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful as directed. 



An Emulsion of Castor Oil is said to be ( ?) less unpleasant to 
take, and more active than the amount of oil it represents. 
$ or 

Olei Ricini f&v 120 

Olei Gaultheriae tt^xv 1 

Acacia? q. s. 

Syrupi f3vj 24 

Aquas q. s. fSviij 240 

M. ft. emul. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful as directed. (Shake-label.) 

Oleum Mentha? Piperita?, Oleum Aurantii Corticis, Oleum Limonis or other 
flavors may be substituted for the Oleum Gaultheriae. 

In burns, diphtheria, etc., of the conjunctiva: 

$ or 

Olei Ricini £gj 30| 

Sig. — Drop in eyes every two hours. 

In a surgical dressing for burns, ulcers, etc. : 

n or 

Bal. Peruviani fSiv 15| 

Olei Ricini q. s. f&v 120| 

M. 

Sig. — Apply freely as directed. 



238 OLEUM THEOBROMATIS. OLEUM TIGLII. 

In the treatment of seborrhoea capitis : 

3 1 or 

Resorcinolis 3j 

Olei Ricini £3j 

Alcoholis f Siv 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



4 

4 
120 



OLEUM THEOBROMATIS. 

Latin, Oleumi Theobromatis (Gen., Olei Theobromatis). Eng., 
Oil of Theobroma. Synonym, Cacao Butter. A fixed oil obtained 
from the roasted seeds of Theobroma Cacao. 

Form. — A yellowish-white solid. 

Odor and Taste. — A faint, agreeable odor, and a bland, chocolate- 
like taste. 

Solubility. — Insoluble in water or alcohol. 

Therapeutic Action, — Emollient, lubricant. 
Uses. — Principally employed as a vehicle in the manufacture 
of suppositories. It is particularly adapted to this purpose, as 
it is a rather firm solid at ordinary temperatures, but readily 
melts at the temperature of the body. 

Administration. — Suppositories with a base of Cacao Butter 
should be kept in a cool place, and before inserting they may be 
dipped in olive oil. If they are long held in the fingers they 
become too soft to insert. The following prescription illustrates 
the use of the drug: 

R. or 

Ext. Opii gr. ij 130 

Ext. Belladon. Fol gr. j 065 

Olei Theobromatis q. s. 

M. ft. suppos. no. iv. 
Sig. — Use one twice daily. 

Note that the amount of the oil is left to the discretion of the druggist. 



OLEUM TIGLII. 

Latin, Oleum Tiglii (Gen., Olei Tiglii). Eng., Croton Oil. A 
fixed oil expressed from thei seed of Croton Tiglium. 
Average Dose. — 1 minim (0.05 mil). 



i Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 



OPIUM. 239 

Therapeutic Action. — Drastic purgative, irritant, pustulant. 

Uses. — Sometimes used to produce very active purgation, as 
in the treatment of uremia, apoplexy, taenia, etc. 

Administration. — This is seldom prescribed except in cases 
of emergency, as where prompt catharsis is needed and the patient 
is unable to swallow the ordinary purgatives. It is usually di- 
luted with about 30 to 60 times its volume of olive oil, or 
incorporated with glycerin. 

As an active purgative, useful when the patient is unable to 
swallow ordinary remedies: 

R or 

Olei Tiglii TU v iiJ |5 

Olei Olivae q. s. f3j 30|0 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every hour till effect. 

This can be administered under almost any circumstances by 
allowing a few drops at a time to trickle down the base of the tongue. 

As a purgative : 

$i or 

Olei Tiglii ttu I 06 

Glycerini q. s. fSj 30|00 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls every hour till bowels act. 

OPIUM. 

Latin, Opium (Gen., Opii). Eng., Opium. The air-dried, milky 
exudation obtained by incising the unripe capsules of Papaver 
somniferum and its variety album, and yielding in its normal, moist 
condition, not less than 9.5 per cent, of anhydrous morphine. 

Principal Constituents. — Morphine, Codeine, etc. 

Incompatibles. — Alkalies, alkaline carbonates, salts of arsenic, 
copper, iron, lead, silver and zinc; mercuric chloride, tannic acid, 
potassium permanganate, lime-water, etc. 

Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

It will be noted that Powdered Opium and Granulated Opium 
contain about 10 per cent, of morphine, and that the Powder of 
Ipecac and Opium, the Tincture of Opium and the Tincture of 
Deodorized Opium represent 10 per cent, of these ; so, contain about 
1 per cent, of morphine. 



lAshton: Practice of Gynecology. 



240 OPIUM. 

The extract contains about 20 per cent, of morphine, differing 
from other extracts, which are usually about five times the strength 
of the drug. 

Opium differs from most other important vegetable drugs in 
having no fluidextract. 

Official Preparations. 

Opii Pulvis. Eng., Powdered Opium. A dark-colored powder con- 
taining from 10 to 10.5 per cent, of morphine. 
Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

Opium Deodoratum. Eng., Deodorized Opium. Synonym, Denar- 
cotized Opium. Contains from 10 to 10.5 per cent, of morphine. 
Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

Opium Granulatum. Eng., Granulated Opium. Contains 10 to 10.5 
per cent, of morphine. 

Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

Extractum Opii. Eng., Extract of Opium. A dark-colored powder 
containing about 20 per cent, of morphine. 
Average Dose. — Z A grain (0.03 Gm.). 

Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii. Eng., Powder of Ipecac and Opium. 
Synonym, Dover's Powder. Powdered Opium, 10 Gm.; Ipecac, 10 Gm.; 
Sugar of Milk, 80 Gm. (Morphine about 1 per cent.) 

Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

Tinctura Opii. Eng., Tincture of Opium, Laudanum. Represents 10 
per cent, of Granulated Opium (about 1 per cent, of morphine). 

Average Dose. — 8 minims (0.5 mil). 

Tinctura Opii Camphorata. Eng., Camphorated Tincture of Opium, 
Paregoric. Powdered Opium, 4 Gm.; Benzoic Acid, 4 Gm.; Camphor, 4 
Gm. ; Oil of Anise, 4 mils; Glycerin, 40 mils; Diluted Alcohol, to make 
1000 mils (about 0.04 per cent, of morphine). 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 

Tinctura Opii Deodorati. Eng., Tincture of Deodorized Opium. 
Represents 10 per cent, of Deodorized Opium (about 1 per cent, of 
morphine). 

Average Dose. — 8 minims (0.5 mil). 

Official Alkaloids and their Salts. 

Morphina. Eng., Morphine. An alkaloid obtained from Opium. 
(Opium contains not less than 9.5 per cent, of Morphine.) 

Form. — White prisms, needles or crystalline powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. Bitter taste. 

Solubility. — In 3340 parts of water or 210 parts of alcohol. 

Incompatibles (also of the Salts of Morphine). — Alkalies, borates, chlo- 
rates, iodides, tannic acid, potassium permanganate, ferric chloride, gold and 



OPIUM. 241 

sodium chloride, lead acetate, lead subacetate, magnesia, mercuric chloride, 
spirit of nitrous ether, silver nitrate. 

Average Dose. — Ys grain (0.008 Gm.). 

Morphinae Hydrochloridum (Gen., Morphinae Hydrochloride. Eng., 
Morphine Hydrochloride. 

Form. — White needles or powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and a bitter taste. 

Solubility. — In 17.5 parts of water or 52 parts of alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — See Morphina. 

Average Dose. — Vs grain (0.008 Gm.). 

Morphinae Sulphas (Gen., Morphinae Sulphatis). Eng., Morphine 
Sulphate. 

Form. — White, feathery acicular crystals or cubical masses. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and a bitter taste. 

Solubility. — In 15.5 parts of water or 565 of alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — See Morphina. 

Average Dose. — % grain (0.008 Gm.). 

Codeina. Eng., Codeine. An alkaloid obtained from opium. 

Form. — White or nearly white crystals, prisms or powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless ; faintly bitter taste. 

Solubility. — In 120 parts of water or 2 of alcohol. 

Incompatibles (also Salts of Codeine). — Alkalies, ammonium bromide or 
valerate, tannic acid, mercuric chloride ; salts of copper, iron or lead ; potas- 
sium permanganate, etc. 

Average Dose. — y> grain (0.03 Gm.). 

Codeinae Phosphas (Gen., Codeinae Phosphatis). Eng., Codeine 
Phosphate. 

Form. — Needle-shaped crystals or powder. 
Odor and Taste. — Odorless. A bitter taste. 
Solubility. — In 2.3 parts of water or 325 of alcohol. 
Incompatibles. — See Codeina. 
Average Dose.—y 2 grain (0.03 Gm.). 

Codeinae Sulphas (Gen., Codeinae Sulphatis). Eng., Codeine Sulphate. 

Form. — Needle-shaped crystals, prisms or powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. A bitter taste. 

Solubility. — In 30 parts of water or 1280 of alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — See Codeina. 

Average Dose. — y 2 grain (0.03 Gm.). 

Official Derivative Alkaloids, Prepared from Morphine, and Their Salts. 

^thylmorphinae Hydrochloridum (Gen., yEthylmorphinae Hydro- 
chloridi). Eng., Ethylmorphine Hydrochloride. Synonyms, Ethylmor- 
phine chloride, Dionin. The hydrochloride of an alkaloid prepared from 
morphine. 

Form. — A white or yellowish powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless, bitter taste. 

Solubility. — In 8 parts of water or 22 parts of alcohol. 

Average Dose. — y$ grain (0.015 Gm.).' 

16 



242 OPIUM. 

Apomorphinae Hydrochloridum (Gen., Apomorphinae Hydrochloride. 
Eng., Apomorphine Hydrochloride. The hydrochloride of an alkaloid 
prepared from Morphine. 

Form. — Grayish-white powder, acquiring a greenish tint on exposure to 
the light and air. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless, and a faintly bitter taste. 

Solubility. — Soluble in 50 parts of water or alcohol; more soluble in hot 
water. 

Incompatibles. — See Morphina. 

Average Dose. — Expectorant, Y20 grain (0.003 Gm.). Emetic, by mouth, 
% grain (0.01 Gm.). Emetic, by hypodermic, %2 grain (0.005 Gm.). 

Diacetylmorphinae. Eng., Diacetylmorphine. Synonym, Heroine. An 
alkaloid prepared from morphine. 
Form. — A white crystalline powder. 
Odor and Taste. — Odorless, slight taste. 
Solubility. — In 1700 parts of water or 31 parts of alcohol. 
Average Dose. — %o grain (0.003 Gm.). 

Diacetylmorphinae Hydrochloridum (Gen., Diacetylmorphinae Hydro- 
chloride. Eng., Diacetylmorphine Hydrochloride. Synonym, Heroine 
Hydrochloride. The Hydrochloride of an alkaloid prepared from 
morphine. 

Form. — A white crystalline powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless ; a bitter taste. 

Solubility. — Very soluble in water or alcohol. 

Average Dose. — %o grain (0.003 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Sedative, antispasmodic, anodyne, 
hypnotic, narcotic, diaphoretic. 

Use. — The employment of opium and its preparations and 
alkaloids covers almost the entire field of medicine. Some of 
the conditions in which they are particularly employed are renal 
and intestinal colic, abdominal inflammation, convulsions, diar- 
rhea, dysentery, cough, etc. 

Toxicology. — The usual symptoms of acute opium poisoning 
are drowsiness, deepening into coma; slow pulse, contracted 
pupils, moist skin. During the stage of coma there is slow, ster- 
torous breathing. There may be vomiting. Treatment: The 
unabsorbed drug should be removed, preferably by washing out 
the stomach with a solution of potassium permanganate (1:3000). 
A pint of this should be left in the stomach. Caffeine is 
probably the best physiological antidote, and may be given in 
the form of coffee by mouth or rectum. Other measures are 
the use of ammonia by mouth and inhalation, atropine, strychnine 



OPIUM. 



243 



or camphor by needle. Cold water to head and face, exercise, 
artificial respiration, etc. Apomorphine hydrochloride being a 
powerful hypnotic, should not be used as the emetic for opium 
poisoning except in cases of extreme urgency that are seen 
early. 

Administration. — Internally in solution. The preparations 
most frequently used are the Tincture, the Camphorated Tinc- 
ture and the Tincture of Deodorized Opium, Morphine Sulphate, 
Codeine Phosphate, Apomorphine Hydrochloride and Diacetylmor- 
phine Hydrochloride. For action upon the central nervous system 
the preparations usually employed are Morphine Sulphate, Codeine 
Phosphate, Tincture of Opium and Tincture of Deodorized Opium'. 
Some methods of prescribing are shown in the following: 
As a sedative, hypnotic, etc. : 
$ or 

Codeinae Phosphatis gr. iv |26 

Elixiris Aromatici q. s. £5j 30 00 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every four hours when necessary. 

As a sedative, hypnotic, etc. : 

& or 

Codeinae Phosph gr. ij 13 

Chlorali Hydrati gr. xl 2 50 

Sodii Bromidi gr. lxxx 5 00 

Aquae q. s. fSj 30 00 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every four hours when necessary. 

As a sedative in threatened abortion : 

n or 

Chlorali Hydrati gr. xl 2 5 

Sodii Bromidi gr. lxxx 5 

Tinct. Opii Deod ttt.x1 2 5 

Aquae Chlorof ormi q. s. f 3j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful night and morning when necessary. 

As a hypnotic, analgesic, cough sedative and antispasmodic : 

B 1 or 

Codeinae Sulph gr. ss 103 

Antipyrinae gr. xvj 1|00 

Syr. Aurantii q. s. fSij 60|00 



M. 
Sig, 



-Teaspoonful every two hours when needed, 
old.) 



(For child 2 years 



1 Ruhrah: Diseases of Children. 



244 



OPIUM. 



For action upon the respiratory system Apomorphine Hydro- 
chloride is employed as a secretory stimulant. Diacetylmorphine 
Hydrochloride, Codeine Phosphate and Camphorated Tincture of 
Opium are employed as sedatives. Diacetylmorphine has the advan- 
tage of being less depressing, generally not affecting the intestinal 
functions, etc. 

Some uses are shown in the following: 



For a "dry" cough : 

$ or 

Apomorphinse Hydrochlor gr. ss 

Potassii Citratis 3iv 

Limonis Succi f 5iv 

Syr. Acidi Citrici q. s. fSiij 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours. 



For cough, bronchitis, etc. : 

I* or 

Potassii Citratis Sj 30 

Limonis Succi £Sj 30 

Tinct. Opii Camph f'Sss 15 

Spir. Vini Gallici flSj 30 

Syr. Acidi Citrici q. s. f§iv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours. 

For an "irritative" cough : 

Ifc or 

Diacetylmorph. Hydrochlor gr. ij 

Ammonii Chloridi 3iss 6 

Syr. Ipecacuanhas fSij 8 

Syr. Pruni Virg q. s. f Siv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every two hours till relieved. 



|03 
15|00 
15J00 
90J00 



For an acute cough : 

fyi or 

Codeinse Sulph gr. iij 

Tinct. Hyoscyami f3iij 

Syr. Tolutani fSss 

Aquas q. s. f 3ii j 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every three hours. 



90]0 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



OPIUM. 



245 



In the treatment of the laryngo-bronchial irritation of influenza: 
Ri or 

Codeinae Sulph gr. iv 26 

Ammonii Chlor 3ij 8 00 

Syr. Pruni Virg f&j 60 00 

Spir. Juniperis Comp q. s. f5iv 120 00 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoon fill in water every three hours. 

In the treatment of bronchitis: 
R2 or 

Tinct. Opii Camph., 
Spir. Vini Gallici, 

Glycerini aa. f Bj 30 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every three hours. 

In the treatment of cough : 
B or 

Tinct. Opii Camph fSiij 12 

Spir. Chloroformi f3iss 6 

Syrupi Tolutani f §j 30 

Aquae q. S. fSiij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every two hours till relieved. (Shake-label.) (For 
a child 5 years old.) 

In the treatment of spasmodic croup : 

(For child 2 years old.) 
$s or 

Ammonii Bromidi 3ss 2 

Tinct. Opii Camph f'3ss 2 

Tinct. Belladon. Fol irtxv 1 

Syr. Tolutani f 3j 30 

Aquae q. s. f Si j 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every hour till relieved. 



In the treatment of the cough of measles : 

Potassii Citratis §ss 

Limonis Succi f Bj 

Tinct. Opii Camph., 

Syr. Ipecacuanhae aa. f3ij 

Syr. Tolutani q. s. f 3i j 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours. 



1 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 

2 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

3 IMd. 

4 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 



246 



OPIUM. 



For action upon the intestinal tract the Tincture of Opium, 
Tincture of Deodorized Opium, Camphorated Tincture of Opium 
and Morphine Sulphate are commonly used. 

Some preparations are shown in the following: 



In the treatment of diarrhea : 

R or 

Magnesii Sulph 3vj 

Tinct. Opii Deod £3j 

Acidi Sulph. Arom f3iij 

Aquae Menth. Pip q. s. fSvj 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoon ful in water every four hours till relieved. 



12 

4 

12 
180 



In the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, nausea, etc. : 

3 or 

Bismuthi Subnit '3iij 12 

Tinct. Opii Camph f 3iij 12 

Spin Chloroformi f'3ij 8 

Spir. Vini Gallici f 3vj 23 

Mist. Cretse q. s. fSiij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful every three hours until relieved. (Shake-label.) 



Used in the treatment of acute indigestion: 

Ri or 

Tinct. Opii Camph f 3iij 12 

Spir. Ammoniae Arom., 

Spir. yEtheris aa. f&ss 15 

Tinct. Lavandulae Comp q. s. fSij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful well diluted every fifteen minutes until relieved. 



In the treatment of catarrhal enteritis of childhood : 

3 2 or 

Bismuthi Subnit gr. lxxx 

Tinct. Opii Deod nixvj 

Misturae Cretae q. s. f Sij 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every two hours. (Shake-label.) 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 
2 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



OPIUM. 



247 



In the treatment of the diarrhea of typhoid fever: 
$1 or 

Bismuthi Subnit gr. clx 10 

Phenolis Liq rn,viij 5 

Tinct. Opii Deod f3j 4 

Mucil. Acaciae f'Sj 30 

Aquae q. s. fSiv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every three hours. (Shake-label.) 

In the treatment of enterocolitis : 
B2 or 

Bismuthi Subnit 3iij 12 

Tinct. Kino, 

Tinct. Opii Camph aa. fSiss 45 

Misturae Cretae ^.q. s. fSvj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful every three hours. (Shake-label.) 

Internally — Dry Form. — Powdered Opium and Powder of 
Ipecac and Opium, Morphine Sulphate and Codeine Phosphate and 
Sulphate are employed. 

For action upon the nervous system, the Morphine or Codeine 
Salts or Powdered Opium are used. 

For action upon the respiratory system, the Codeine Salts, 
Diacetylmorphine Hydrochloride and Powder of Ipecac and Opium 
are more commonly employed. 

Some frequently used formula? are shown in the following: 
In the treatment of coryza: 
$3 or 

Ext. Belladon. Fol gr. ss 03 

Camphorae gr. vj 40 

Quininae Sulph., 

Pulv. Ipecac, et Opii aa. gr. xij 

M. ft. cap. no. xij. 

Sig. — One every half-hour for four hours, then one every three hours. 

Used as a diaphoretic in the treatment of colds and kindred 
conditions : 

B or 

Camphorae gr. v 32 

Pulv. Ipecac, et Opii gr. x 65 

Quininae Hydrobrom gr. x 65 

M. ft. cap. no. v. 
Sig. — Take at bedtime. 



i Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 

2 IUd. 

3 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



248 



OPIUM. 



Used in the treatment of influenza: 

3i 

Phenylis Salicyl., 

Acetphenetidinae aa.gr. xlv 

Pulv. Ipecac, et Opii gr. viij 

M. ft. cap. no. xv. 

Sig. — One every three hours. 

With purgative to prevent griping : 

ft 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis gr. v 

Ext. Colocynth. Comp gr. v 

Pulv. Ipecac, et Opii gr. x 

M. ft. cap no. iv. 

Sig. — One every hour tonight. 



or 



By Rectum. — The Extract of Opium is used in suppositories or 
the Tincture of Opium is administered in enemas. 
In the treatment of threatened abortion: 

ft or 

Extracti Opii . gr. ij 13 

Olei Theobromatis q. s. 

M. ft. suppos. no. iv. 

Sig. — One night and morning. 

In the treatment of acute cystitis, pelvic peritonitis, etc. : 

ft. or 

Ext. Belladon. Fol gr. j 065 

Ext. Opii gr. ij 130 

Olei Theobromatis q. s. 

M. ft. suppos. no. iv. 

Sig. — One night and morning when necessary. 

The Tincture of Opium and Morphine are frequently used in 
preparations for local application. The following are given to illus- 
trate some common usage : 

In the treatment of epididymitis : 

$2 or 

Tincturse Aconiti, 

Tincturae Opii aa. f Ej 30 

Liq. Plumbi Subacet f'Sij 8 

Aquae Dest q. s. fSvj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Keep applied on cotton. 



1 Musser and Kelly: 

2 White and Martin: 



Practical Treatment. 
Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 



OXYGENIUM. PANCREATINUM. PARAFFINUM. 249 

In the treatment of erythema venenatum : 
I£i or 

Morphinae Sulph gr. v |32 

Bismuthi Subnit Sj 4|00 

Ung. Aquae Rosae . .q. s. Sj 30[00 

M. 

Sig. — Apply in a thin layer. 

In the treatment of gonorrhea : 
B2 or 

Zinci Sulphatis gr. xv 10 

Plumbi Acetatis gr. xx 13 

Tincturae Opii, 

Tincturae Catechu aa. f 3ij 8 

Aquae q. s. fSvj 180 

M. 

Sig. — ( Shake-label) . 

Inject after urination. 

OXYGENIUM. 

Latin, Oxygenium. Eng., Oxygen. A colorless, odorless, and 
tasteless gaseous element. 

PANCREATINUM. 

Latin, Pancreatinum. Eng., Pancreatin. A mixture of enzymes 
naturally existing in the pancreas of warm-blooded animals, usually 
obtained from the fresh pancreas of the hog (Sus scrofa) or the ox 
(Bos taitrus). 

It converts not less than 25 times its own weight of starch into 
soluble carbohydrates. 

A cream-colored powder having a faint, peculiar, not unpleasant 
odor and a somewhat meat-like taste. 

Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Digestant. 

Uses. — To aid digestion and to predigest food. Not often 
prescribed as such, but is employed in the form of the various 
ready-prepared or proprietary preparations. 

PARAFFINUM. 

Latin, Paraffinum. Eng., Paraffin. 

A colorless, tasteless mass usually obtained from petroleum. 



1 Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 

2 White and Martin: Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 



250 PARAFORMALDEHYDE. PEPO. 

PARAFORMALDEHYDE. 

Latin, Paraformaldehydum. Eng., Paraformaldehyde. 

A polymeric form of formaldehyde. 

White friable masses, or a powder, having a faint odor of 
formaldehyde. 

On heating it is partly converted into formaldehyde and partly 
sublimed unchanged. 

Used principally as the prepared "Formaldehyde Troches." 

See Formaldehyde. 

PARALDEHYDUM. 

Latin, Paraldehydum. Eng., Paraldehyde. 

A colorless liquid having a strong characteristic odor and a burn- 
ing then cooling taste. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Paraldehyde is usually prescribed in the form of the National 
Formulary Preparation — 

Elixir Paraldehydi (N. F.). Eng., Elixir of Paraldehyde. Contains 25 
per cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 2 fluidrachms (8 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Hypnotic, sedative, antiseptic. 

Uses. — Employed in the treatment of alcoholic psychoses, 
dementia, hysteria, etc. 

Administration. — The odor and taste of paraldehyde are often 
considered decidedly objectionable both by patient and 
attendants. 

Usually ordered as the Elixir alone, as in the following for the 
treatment of alcoholic psychosis, hysteria, etc.: 

ft or 

Elixir Paraldehydi (N. F.) f£j 60| 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls in water every three hours till effect. 

PELLETIERINiE TANNAS. 

See Granatum, p. 176. 

PEPO. 

Latin, Pepo. Eng., Pepo. Synonym, Pumpkin Seed. The ripe 
seed of Cucurbita Pepo. 

Average Dose. — 1 ounce (30 Gm.). 



PEPSINUM. 251 

Therapeutic Action. — Tsenifuge. 

Uses. — Sometimes used to remove tape-worms. Seldom pre- 
scribed, as more reliable agents are usually available. 

PEPSINUM. 

Latin, Pepsinum (Gen., Pepsini). Eng., Pepsin. A mixture 
containing a proteolytic ferment or enzyme obtained from the 
glandular layer of the fresh stomach of the hog (Sus scrofa). It 
digests not less than 3000 times its own weight of freshly coagulated 
and disintegrated egg-albumin. 

Form. — White or yellowish scales, grains or powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Slight odor and taste. 

Solubility. — Soluble or almost entirely soluble in about 50 parts 
of water. More soluble in water acidulated with Hydrochloric Acid. 
Insoluble in alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Alcohol, tannic acid, alkalies or alkaline carbo- 
nates, etc. 

Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

Some Unofficial Preparations. 

Elixir Digestivum Compositum (N. F.). Eng., Compound Digestive 
Elixir. Synonym, Elixir of Lactated Pepsin. A pleasantly flavored, red- 
colored elixir containing Pepsin, Pancreatin, Diastase, etc. 

Average Dose. — 2 fluidrachms (8 mils). 

Liquor Pepsini (N. F.). Eng., Solution of Pepsin. Contains Pepsin, 
Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, Glycerin and Water. 
Average Dose. — 2 fluidrachms (8 mils). 

Liquor Pepsini Aromaticus (N. F.). Eng., Aromatic Solution of 
Pepsin. Contains about the same as Solution of Pepsin with the addi- 
tion of cloves, cinnamon, etc. 

Average Dose. — 2 fluidrachms (8 mils). 

Pepsinum Saccharatum (N. F.). Eng., Saccharated Pepsin. Pepsin, 
10 Gm.; Sugar of Milk, 90 Gm. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Digestant. 

Uses. — As an aid to gastric digestion and for the predigestion 
of foods. The value of many long-used Pepsin preparations and 
the necessity for often using it at all have been seriously ques- 
tioned by good authority. The Compound Digestive Elixir seems 
to be an incompatible mixture, yet it is possibly the most largely 
used pharmaceutical preparation in the country. 



252 



PEPSINUM. 



Administration. — The following are given more to illustrate 
the present employment of pepsin and its preparations than to 
offer the formulae for indiscriminate use: 



Liq. Pepsini Arom flvj 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoon fuls in water after meals. 



or 



Or: 

Acidi Hydrochlor. Dil ". . f3vj 

Liq. Pepsini Arom q. s. f Bvj 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls in water after meals. 



23 

180 



Or: 

Tinct. Nucis Vom., 

Acidi Hydrochlor. Dil aa. f3iv 

Liq. Pepsini Arom q. s. f5vj 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls in water after meals. 



or 



IS 
180 



In digestive disturbance: 

$i or 

Pepsini 3ij 8 

Acidi Hydrochlor. Dil fSiiss 9 

Tinct. Nucis Vomicae, 

Glycerini aa., f 3iss 6 

Aquse q. s. fSij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 



As a digestant: 

Pepsini 3iv 

Acidi Hydrochlor. Dil f 3iv 

Glycerini q. s. f&v 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 



i Anders: Practice of Medicine. 

2 Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 



or 



15 

15 

120 



PETROLATUM. 



253 



To aid digestion: 
I£i or 

Pepsini 3j 4 

Acidi Hydrochlor. Dil fSiv 15 

Strychninae Sulph gr. ss 

Glycerini f Sss 15 

Aquae Chlorof ormi q. s. f 5iij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 

Or: 
B or 

Pepsini 3ij 8 

Acidi Hydrochlor. Dil., 
Tinct. Nucis Vom., 

Glycerini aa. f 3j 30 

Aquae q. s. f3vj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 



PETROLATUM. 

Latin, Petrolatum (Gen., Petrolati). Eng., Petrolatum. Syno- 
nym, Petroleum Jelly, Vaselin, Cosmoline, etc. 

A purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from 
petroleum. 

Form. — An unctuous mass, varying in color from yellowish to 
light amber. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and tasteless. 

Solubility. — Insoluble in water or alcohol. 

Petrolatum Album. Eng., White Petrolatum. A white, unctuous mass. 

Odor and Taste and Solubility. — Same as Petrolatum. 

Petrolatum Liquidum. Eng., Liquid Petrolatum. Synonym, Hydro- 
carbon Oil, Liquid Paraffin, American Oil, Russian Oil, etc. 

Form. — A colorless, oily liquid. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and Tasteless. 

Solubility. — Insoluble in water or alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils). 

The Heavy and Light Liquid Petrolatum are recognized. 

Therapeutic Action. — Emollient, lubricant, laxative. 

Uses. — Petrolatum is principally used as a vehicle and lubricant, 
though its emollient action is a factor in its selection. The Liquid 
Petrolatum is now extensively employed in the treatment of 
chronic constipation. 



1 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



254 



PETROSELINUM. 



Administration. — The following illustrates the employment of 
these agents: 



In the treatment of pruritus : 

$1 

Phenolis, 

Mentholis aa. gr. xx 

Petrolati q. s. 5j 

M. tere bene. 

Sig. — Apply locally. 



or 



In the treatment of scabies : 

Sulphuris Prsecip., 

Betanaphtholis aa. 3ss 

Petrolati q. s. 5} 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



or 



00 



As a vehicle for a nasal spray : 

Camphorse gr. iv 

Eucalyptolis, 
01. Pini Pum., 

01. Menth. Pip aa. gtt. iv 

Petrolati Liq q. s. f §iv 

M. 

Sig. — Spray nose every four hours. 



120 



13 



As a laxative : 

ft or 

Petrolati Liq. Opt f^viij 

Sig. — Tablespoonful night and morning. 



240| 



PETROSELINUM. 

Latin, Petroselinum. Eng., Parsley Fruit. Synonym, Parsley 
Seed. The dried ripe fruit of Petroselinum sativum. 

Official Preparation. 

Oleoresinae Petroselini. Eng., Oleoresin of Parsley Fruit. Synonym, 
Liquid Apiol. 

Average Dose. — 8 minims (0.5 mil). 



lAshton: Practice of Gynecology. 
2 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



PHENOL. 255 

Therapeutic Action. — Emmenagogue. 

Uses. — In the treatment of amenorrhea. 

Administration. — The oleoresin under the name of apiol has 
long been in use. It is usually administered in capsules in com- 
bination with other agents, 

PHENOL. 

Latin, Phenol (Gen., Phenolis). Eng., Phenol. Synonym, Car- 
bolic acid. Formula, C 6 H 5 OH. 

Obtained from coal-tar by fractional distillation and subsequent 
purification, or made synthetically. 

Form. — Colorless, needle-shaped crystals or crystalline mass, 
sometimes acquiring a reddish tint. This does not seem to impair 
its efficiency. It melts when heated, but recrystallizes at about 
100° F. 

Odor and Taste. — A characteristic, somewhat aromatic odor. 
When well diluted with water, a sweetish taste with a slightly burn- 
ing after-taste. 

Solubility. — In 15 parts of water. Freely soluble in alcohol, 
glycerin, oils, etc. 

Incompatibles. — Albumin, collodion, iron salts; when triturated 
with the following it yields a liquid or soft mass : acetanilide, acet- 
phenetidin, antipyrine, camphor, hydrated chloral, lead acetate, men- 
thol, phenyl salicylate, resorcinol, sodium phosphate, thymol, terpin 
hydrate, and urethane. 

Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Phenol Liquefactum (Gen., Phenolis Liquefacti). Eng., Liquefied 
Phenol. A liquid obtained by melting phenol and adding 10 per cent, 
of water. It contains not less than 87 per cent, of C6H5OH. 

Form. — A colorless liquid which may develop a slight reddish tint. 

Odor and Taste. — See Phenol. 

Solubility. — In 12 parts of water, miscible in all proportions with alcohol 
or glycerin. When diluted with an equal volume of glycerin it is miscible 
with water. 

Incompatibles. — See Phenol. 

Average Dose. — 1 minim (0.05 mil). 

Glyceritum Phenolis. Eng., Glycerite of Phenol. Liquefied Phenol, 
20 mils ; Glycerin, 80 mils. 

Average Dose. — 5 minims (0.3 mil). 

Unguentum Phenolis. Eng., Ointment of Phenol. Contains about 
2 per cent, of Phenol. 



256 PHENOL. 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, germicide, local anesthetic, 
caustic, antiemetic. 

Uses. — Internally. — For nausea, diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid 
fever, etc. Locally. — For otitis media, ulcers, pruritus, endome- 
tritis, and various skin diseases. It is used for sterilizing instru- 
ments, excretions, etc. 

Toxicology. — Toxic amounts of liquefied phenol are fre- 
quently taken either through error or with suicidal intent. 
Among the symptoms are : Odor of the drug, the white areas 
around the mouth or on the mucous membrane of the mouth 
and throat, if patient is seen early. There may also be depres- 
sion, collapse, weak pulse, lowered temperature, and smoky- 
colored urine. Vomiting may occur. Large amounts may cause 
prompt collapse and death. Treatment: The stomach should 
be washed out with about a 20 per cent, solution of alcohol, 
then demulcents given and the patient stimulated with ammonia, 
strychnine, atropine, etc., as indicated. The body should be kept 
warm. It should be remembered that alcohol is an antidote to the 
local action of the drug, but does not prevent the absorption and 
systemic effects; so alcohol should not merely be administered, but 
removed (with the phenol) from the stomach. Poisoning has 
occurred from absorption from wet dressings containing Phenol. 

Administration. — In prescribing it is desirable for the sake 
of correctness to remember that Phenol is a solid, so should be 
prescribed in grains, and that when it is desired to prescribe 
by minims, Liquefied Phenol must be specified. 

The former is the preparation that should generally be used in 
ointments, oily liquids, etc., while the latter is often the more con- 
venient preparation for other solutions. 

Unfortunate results have sometimes followed the prescribing of 
an excess of Phenol in an aqueous liquid. Not more than 5 per cent, 
should be ordered in water unless glycerin is used to facilitate solu- 
tion. It has been claimed on good authority that it requires several 
hours for complete solution of Phenol in water to take place ; so, if 
possible, it should be allowed to stand some time after mixing, 
before it is used. 

Ointments should always be made by melting both the Phenol 
crystals and the vehicle, and effecting the solution while in this 
state. Unpleasant results have frequently followed the use of an 
ointment made by the cold incorporation of the Liquefied Phenol 
with Petrolatum or other fatty vehicles. Solution may not be ef- 



PHENOL. 



257 



fected, but small drops of the liquid distributed through the ve- 
hicle. Solution of the drug was at one time extensively used as a 
wet dressing and many cases of poisoning occurred, both local (as 
gangrene) and systemic, from absorption. When the solution is 
sufficiently strong to coagulate the proteids of the surface, absorp- 
tion is retarded, but weak solution may admit of sufficient absorption 
to cause toxic symptoms. Some methods of using Phenol are shown 
in the following: 

Solutions in water up to 5 per cent, may be ordered as : 

B or 

Phenolis Liq fSiss 6 

Aquae Dest q. s. f 3iv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

Solutions in water stronger than 5 per cent, may be ordered as : 
B or 

Phenolis Liq f 3iij 12 

Glycerini f 3iij 12 

Aquae Dest q. s. fSiv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. (Shake-label.) 

As a local application in otitis : 

$ or 

Phenolis Liq TT\,xij [75 

Glycerini q. s. f 5ss 15 1 00 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) drops in ear twice daily if necessary. 

As a local application, as for tonsillitis, etc. ■ 

I* or 

Phenolis Liq tt\.xxv 1|5 

Tinct. Iodi f3iv 1510 

Glycerini q. s. fSj 30|0 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

Used to allay itching in the treatment of smallpox: 

I*i or 

Phenolis Liq f3j 4| 

Glycerini f3j 4| 

Alcoholis f Sj 30| 

Aquae q. s. fSij 180| 

M. 

Sig. — Use locally. 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

17 



258 PHENOL. 

In the treatment of gonorrhea: 
Ri or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. ss |03 

Phenolis gr. xij |80 

Zinci Phenolsulph. gr. xxx 2|00 

Aquae Dest q. s. £Svj 180[00 

M. 

Sig. — Use as directed. (Not to be taken.) 

Patient should be instructed to inject after urination. 

In the treatment of alopecia : 
R2 or 

Resorcinolis gr. lxxx 5|0 

Phenolis gr. xx 13 

Spir. Myrciae q. s. £Siv 120|0 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

In the treatment of diarrhea of typhoid fever: 
$3 or 

Bismuthi Subnit gr. clx 10 

Phenolis Liq iriviij 5 

Tinct. Opii Deod f3j 4 

Mucil. Acaciae f:5j 30 

Aquae q. s. f&v 120 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every three hours. (Shake-label.) 

In the treatment of skin lesions of syphilis : 
R4 or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis 3j 4| 

Ung. Zinci Oxidi 3iv 15 j 

Ung. Phenolis q. s. %] 30| 

M. 

Sig. — Apply locally. 

In the treatment of eczema of the feet and legs : 

$5 or 

Phenolis gr. x 65 

Olei Cadini tti.x 65 

Picis Liquidae gr. xx 1 130 

Ung. Aquae Rosae q. s. Sj 30|00 

M. 

Sig. — Apply thoroughly twice a day. 



1 White and Martin: Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 

2 Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 

3 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 

4 White and Martin: Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 

5 Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 



PHENOLSULPHONATES. PHENOLPHTHALEINUM 259 

In the treatment of pruritus : 
Ri or 

Phenolis, 

Mentholis aa. gr. xx 1|3 

Petrolati q. s. Sj 30|0 

M. tere bene. 

Sig. — Apply locally. 

PHENOLSULPHONATES, OFFICIAL. 

SODII PHENOLSULPHONAS (Gen., Sodii Phenolsulphonatis). 
Eng., Sodium Phenolsulphonate. Synonym, Sodium Sulphocarbolate. 
Form. — Colorless prisms. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. A cooling, saline, slightly bitter taste. 
Solubility. — In 4.2 parts of water or about 140 of alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

ZINCI PHENOLSULPHONAS (Gen. Zinci Phenolsulphonatis). Eng., 
Zinc Phenolsulphonate. Synonym, Zinc Sulphocarbolate. 
Form. — Colorless prisms or crystals. 
Odor and Taste. — Odorless. An astringent, metallic taste. 
Solubility. — In 1.6 parts of water or 1.8 of alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 2 grains (0.125 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Classed as intestinal antiseptic and 
astringent. 

Uses. — Sometimes used in the treatment of diarrhea, dysen- 
tery, typhoid fever, etc. 

Administration. — These are usually prescribed in capsules, 
sometimes in solution. Tablets of various sizes are on the 
market. 

PHENOLPHTHALEINUM. 

Latin, Phenolphthaleinum (Gen., Phenolphthaleini). Eng., Phe- 
nolphthalein. A phenol derivative. 

Form. — A white or faintly yellowish-white, crystalline powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and tasteless. 

Solubility. — Almost insoluble in water. Soluble in 13 parts of 
alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 2 J / 2 grains (0.15 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Purgative. 

Uses. — Promotes the emptying of the intestinal tract, partic- 
ularly in chronic constipation. 

Administration. — Tablets from one to five grains are on the 
market, and are a convenient form of using the drug. It is fre- 



iAshton: Practice of Gynecology. 



260 PHENYLIS SALICYLAS. PHOSPHORUS. 

quently prescribed in powder or capsules, alone, or with other agents. 
The following will illustrate. 

For chronic constipation : 

n 

Tab. Phenolphthaleini (3 gr.) no. xx. 

Sig. — One every night when necessary. 

As a purgative: 

3 or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis, 
Phenolphthaleini, 

Rhei Pulv aa. gr. v 

M. ft. cap. no. iij. 

Sig. — Take an hour apart. 

PHENYLIS SALICYLAS. 

See Acidum Salicylicum. 

PHOSPHORUS. 

Latin, Phosphorus. Eng., Phosphorus. 
Average Dose. — % 2 o grain (0.0005 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Pilulae Phosphori. Eng., Pills of Phosphorus. Each pill contains 
Hoo grain (0.0006 Gm.) of the drug. 
Average Dose. — 1 pill. 

Therapeutic Action. — Classed as a nerve stimulant and re- 
constituent. 

Uses. — Has been recommended for the treatment of rachitis, 
osteomalacia, neurasthenia, impotence, etc. 

Administration. — It is seldom if ever that Phosphorus should 
be prescribed as such by the physician, as few druggists are 
equipped to handle it. The official pills and many unofficial prepara- 
tions containing it can be obtained. 

Phosphorus is probably best ordered as : 

Pil. Phosphori no. c. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 



PHYSOSTIGMA. PILOCARPUS. 261 

PHYSOSTIGMA. 

Latin, Physostigma. Eng., Physostigma. Synonyms, Calabar 
Bean, Ordeal Bean. The ripe dried seeds of Physostigma vene- 
nosutn. 

Average Dose. — \y 2 grains (0.1 Gm.). 

Official Preparations and Constituent. 

Extractum Physostigmatis. Eng., Extract of Physostigma. A powder. 

Average Dose. — % grain (0.008 Gm.). 

Tinctura Physostigmatis. Eng., Tincture of Physostigma. Repre- 
sents 10 per cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Physostigminae Salicylas. Eng., Physostigmine Salicylate. Synonym, 
Eserine Salicylate. The Salicylate of an alkaloid obtained from 
Physostigma. 

Average Dose. — %o grain (0.001 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Myotic and peristaltic. 

Uses. — The salt of Physostigmine is used to contract the pupils 
in the treatment of various eye conditions, and to produce purgation 
and combat intestinal distention, particularly after abdominal opera- 
tions and in peritonitis, eclampsia, etc. 

Administration. — The Salicylate of Physostigmine is frequently 
employed by the physician hypodermically or otherwise, but is not 
often prescribed. 

PILOCARPUS. 

Latin, Pilocarpus. Eng., Pilocarpus. Synonym, Jaborandi. The 
dried leaflets of Pilocarpus jaborandi or of Pilocarpus microphallus. 

Principal Constituents. — Contains not less than 0.6 per cent, of 
alkaloids, the most important of which is Pilocarpine. 

Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Official Preparation and Alkaloidal Salts. 

Fluidextractum Pilocarpi. Eng., Fluidextract of Pilocarpus. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Pilocarpinas Hydrochloridum. Eng., Pilocarpine Hydrochloride. The 
hydrochloride of an alkaloid obtained from Pilocarpus. 

Form. — Colorless crystals. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. A faintly bitter taste. 

Solubility. — In 0.3 part of water or 3 parts of alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Alkalies, iodides, gold salts, mercuric and mercurous 
chloride, potassium permanganate, silver nitrate, tannic acid. 



262 PIPER. 

Average Dose. — By mouth, % grain (0.01 Gm.) ; hypodermic, Vi2 grain 
(0.005 Gm.). 

Pilocarpine Nitras. Eng., Pilocarpine Nitrate. 

Form, Odor, Taste, ^Incompatibility and Dose. — See Pilocarpine Hydro- 
chloridum. 

Solubility. — In 4 parts of water or 75 parts of alcohol. 

Therapeutic Action. — Diaphoretic, diuretic, sialagogue, 
myotic. 

Uses. — Its employment is largely confined to cases when 
prompt diaphoresis is urgently indicated, as in uremia, con- 
vulsions, etc. 

Administration. — Seldom prescribed. Its use is largely con- 
fined to hypodermic tablets of Pilocarpine salts administered by the 
physician himself. It should be remembered that it is a very 
dangerous drug. 

Pilulae Asafcetidae. — See Asafcetida. 

Pilulae Catharticae Compositae. — See Colocynthis. 

Pilulae Ferri Carbonatis. — See Ferrum. 

Pilulae Ferri Iodidi. — See Ferrum. 

Pilulae Phosphori. — See Phosphorus. 

Pilulae Rhei Compositae. — See Rheum. 

PIPER. 

Latin, Piper. Eng., Pepper. Synonym, Black Pepper. The 
dried, unripe fruit of Piper nigrum. 
Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

Official Constituent. 

Oleoresina Piperis. Eng., Oleoresin of Pepper. 
Average Dose. — Yz grain (0.03 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Carminative, stomachic, irritant. 

Uses. — Sometimes employed with other agents for its stomachic 
effect. 

Administration. — The following will illustrate the use of the 
drug. 

$i or 

Arseni Trioxidi gr. ij 13 

Piperis Pulv., 

Ext. Gentianae aa. 3i j 8 00 

M. ft. cap. no. lx. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 



i Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 



PIX LIQUIDA. 263 

PIX LIQUIDA. 

Latin, Pix Liquida (Gen., Picis Liquidse). Eng., Tar. A prod- 
uct obtained by the destructive distillation of the wood of Pi mis 
palustris and other species of Pinus. 

Form. — A blackish-brown semi-liquid. 

Odor and Taste. — Empyreumatic, terebinthinate odor; sharp, 
empyreumatic taste. 

Solubility. — Only slightly soluble in water. Almost entirely sol- 
uble in alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Syrupus Picis Liquidae. Eng., Syrup of Tar. Represents about 0.5 
per cent, of tar. 

Average Dose. — 1 rluidrachm (4 mils). 

Unguentum Picis Liquidae. Eng., Tar Ointment. Contains 50 per 
cent, of tar. 

Oleum Picis Liquidae Rectificatum. Eng., Rectified Oil of Tar. A 
volatile oil distilled from tar. 

Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, irritant, expectorant, di- 
uretic. 

Uses. — Tar or its preparations are used in the treatment of 
many skin diseases, particularly of the chronic type; also for 
coughs, bronchitis and kindred conditions. 

Administration. — The following will illustrate the manner 
of prescribing: 

In the treatment of eczema of the feet and legs : 



$i or 

Phenolis gr. x 

Olei Cadini tt],x 

Picis Liquidse gr. xx 1 

Ung. Aquas Rosae Bj 30 

M. 

Sig— Apply thoroughly twice a day. 



i Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 



264 PLUMBUM. 

In the treatment of ecthyma : 

$! or 

Acidi Borici gr. x 65 

Bismuthi Subnit 3j 4 00 

Picis Liquidse gr. xx 1 30 

Ung. Aquae Rosse q. s. 5 j 30 00 

M. 

Sig. — Apply on a cloth twice a day. 

PLUMBUM. 

The metal is not official, but the Pharmacopoeia contains the fol- 
lowing : 

Official Salts and Preparations. 

PLUMBI ACETAS. Eng., Lead Acetate. Synonym, Sugar of Lead. 

Form. — Colorless prisms, plates or powder. 

Odor and Taste. — A faintly acetous odor and a sweetish, astringent, after- 
ward metallic taste. 

Solubility. — In 1.4 parts of water or 38 parts of alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Acids, alkalies, carbonates, chlorides, citrates, iodides, 
phosphates, sulphates, sulphites, tartrates, hydrated chloral, resorcinol, 
phenol, etc. 

Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

LIQUOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS. Eng., Solution of Lead Sub- 
acetate. Synonym, Goulard's Extract. An aqueous liquid containing about 
25 per cent, of Lead Subacetate. 

Incompatibles. — See Plumbi Acetas. 

LIQUOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS DILUTUS. Eng., Dilute 
Solution of Lead Subacetate. Synonym, Lead-water. An aqueous solu- 
tion containing about 1 per cent, of Lead Subacetate. 

PLUMBI OXIDUM. Eng., Lead Oxide. Synonym, Litharge. 

Form. — A yellowish powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and Tasteless. 

Solubility. — Almost insoluble in water or alcohol. 

EMPLASTRUM PLUMBI. Eng., Lead Plaster. Synonym, Diachy- 
lon Plaster. Lead Acetate, 60 Gm. ; Soap, 100 Gm. ; Water, sufficient quantity. 

UNGUENTUM DIACHYLON. Eng., Diachylon Ointment. Lead 
Plaster, 50 Gm.; Oil of Lavender Flowers, 1 Gm.; White Petrolatum, 49 
Gm. Lead Plaster is also contained in some other preparations. 

Therapeutic Action. — Astringent and local sedative. 

Uses. — Employed in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, 
gonorrhea, vaginitis, various skin diseases, bruises, sprains, 
erysipelas, local infections, etc. 



i Ohmarm-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 



PODOPHYLLUM. 



265 



Administration. — Lead Acetate, Lead Plaster and the solutions 
of the Subacetate are the preparations most frequently used. 



In the treatment of furuncle : 

Ichthyolis 3j 

Empl. Plumbi 3ij 

Empl. Resinae 3j 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



or 



In the treatment of epididymitis: 

$2 

Tincturae Aconiti, 
Tincturse Opii, 

Liq. Plumbi Subacet 

Aquae Dest 

M. 

Sig. — Keep applied on cotton. 



. . aa. f 3i j 
q. s. fSvj 



or 



8 

180 



In the treatment of gonorrhea : 
R3 or 

Zinci Sulphatis gr. xv 

Plumbi Acetatis gr. xx 

Tincturae Opii, 

Tincturae Catechu aa. f 3i j 

Aquae q. s. f 3vj 

M. 

Sig. — Inject after urination. (Shake-label.) 



180 



PODOPHYLLUM. 

■Latin, Podophyllum. Eng., Podophyllum. Synonyms, May 
Apple, Mandrake. The dried rhizome and roots of Podophyllum 
peltatum. 

Official Preparations. 

Fluidextractum Podophylli. Eng., Fluidextract of Podophyllum. 
Average Dose. — 8 minims (0.5 mil). 

Resina Podophylli. Eng., Resin of Podophyllum. Synonym, Podo- 
phyllin. 

Form. — A yellowish powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Slight odor and bitter taste. 

Solubility. — Insoluble in water. Soluble in alcohol. 



i Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 

2 White and Martin: Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 

3 IMd. 



266 



PODOPHYLLUM. 



Average Dose. — % grain (0.01 Gm.). 

The words Podophyllin and Podophyllum should not be con- 
fused, as one is many times stronger than the other. The synonym 
is unfortunate. 

Podophyllum is sometimes known as Mandrake, but is not the 
Mandrake (Mandragora) of medical history. 

Therapeutic Action. — Drastic purgative, said to be chola- 
gogue. 

Uses. — Podophyllum, or more commonly the resin, is used to 
produce purgation, particularly when there are evidences of 
deficient bile. As its taste, odor and action are rather unpleasant, 
its usefulness is questionable. 

Administration. — The Resin of Podophyllum is the prepa- 
ration most frequently used. It is seldom employed alone, as 
when given in sufficient doses it is apt to produce nausea and 
griping. It is often ordered in small doses with other agents 
to increase their purgative action. 

In a purgative combination: 



or 



Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis gr. ij 

Res. Podophylli gr. ss 

Sodii Bicarb gr. x 

M. ft. cap. no. iv. 
Sig. — One every hour. 

In the treatment of constipation: 

Ext. Nucis Vomicae gr. v 

Ext. Belladon. Fol gr. ij 

Resinse Podophylli gr. ij 

Ext. Cascarse Sagr gr. xl 

M. ft. cap. no. xx. 
Sig. — One at bedtime. 



As a laxative : 

Ext. Belladon. Fol gr. j 

Res. Podophylli gr. j 

Ext. Cascarse Sagr gr. xx 

M. ft. cap. no. x. 
Sig. — One at bedtime. 



or 



lAshton: Practice of Gynecology. 
2 Ibid. 



065 
065 
300 



POTASSIUM. 267 

POTASSIUM. 

The metal is not official, but the Pharmacopoeia contains the fol- 
lowing official salts and preparations : 

POTASSA SULPHURATA. Eng., Sulphurated Potassa. Synonym, 
Liver of Sulphur. A mixture composed chiefly of potassium polysulphide and 
potassium thiosulphate, and containing an amount of sulphides corresponding 
to not less than 12.8 per cent, of Sulphur. 

POTASSII ACETAS (Gen., Potassii Acetatis). Eng., Potassium 
Acetate. 

Form. — A white powder or crystalline masses. 
Odor and Taste. — Odorless. A warming, saline taste. 
Solubility. — In 0.5 part of water or 2.9 parts of alcohol. 
Incompatibles. — Mineral acids. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Diuretic, refrigerant. 

Uses. — It is used in the treatment of chronic nephritis, dropsy, 
etc. 

Administration. — This salt should always be prescribed in 
solution. 

In the treatment of chronic valvular disease: 

Bi or 

Potassii Acetatis 3j 4! 

Infusi Digitalis q. s. fSij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful every three hours. 

In the treatment of ascites : 

B 2 or 

Potassii Acetatis 5j 30| 

Spir. Athens Nit f5ss 15| 

Inf. Digitalis q. s. fSiv 120| 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls every six hours. 

A frequently used combination is the pharmaceutical prepara- 
tion ordered as : 

B or 

Elix. Buchu, Junip. et Pot. Acet f&v 120| 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every four hours. 

1 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 

2 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



268 POTASSIUM. 

POTASSII BICARBONAS (Gen., Potassii Bicarbonatis). Eng., 
Potassium Bicarbonate. 

Form. — Colorless prisms or powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and a saline taste. 

Solubility. — In 2.8 parts of water. Almost insoluble in alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antacid, diuretic. 

Uses. — Sometimes used in the treatment of rheumatism, gout, 
nephritis, etc. 

Administration. — The following is a method of giving dry 
agents to form fresh ferrous carbonate in the stomach. 

Ri or 

Ferri Sulph. Exsic, 

Potassii Bicarb aa. 3j 4 

M. ft. cap. no. xxiv. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 

POTASSII BITARTRAS (Gen., Potassii Bitartratis). Eng., Potas- 
sium Bitartrate. Synonym, Cream of Tartar. 
Form. — A white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. Pleasant, acidulous taste. 
Solubility. — In about 155 parts of water. Sparingly soluble in alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 
Potassium Bitartrate is contained in Compound Powder of Jalap. 

Therapeutic Action. — Aperient, diuretic. 

Uses. — It is a pleasant agent to produce elimination, as in 
hypertension, nephritis, dropsy, etc. ; also is extensively employed 
as a mild laxative in chronic constipation. 

Administration. — A pleasant method of administering is the 
following, for chronic constipation : 

$ or 

Potassii Bitartratis Sij 60| 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in glass of lemonade on arising. 

Or it is frequently ordered : 
3 or 

Potassii Bitartratis 3j 30 

Sodii Sulphatis Sij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in glass of lemonade on arising. 
This is best taken hot. Hot water is often used instead of the lemonade. 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



POTASSIUM. 269 

POTASSII BROMIDUM.— See Bromides, p. 100. 

POTASSII CARBONAS.. Eng., Potassium Carbonate.. Synonyms, 
Salt of Tartar, Sal Tartar. 
Form. — A white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. A strong, alkaline taste. 
Solubility. — In 0.9 part of water. Insoluble in alcohol. 
Incompatibles. — Acids and most salts. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antacid, irritant. 

Uses. — Sometimes used in the treatment of alopecia, ichthy- 
osis, etc. Seldom prescribed. 

POTASSII CHLORAS (Gen., Potassii Chloratis). Eng., Potassium 
Chlorate. 

Form. — Colorless prisms, plates or a granular powder. 

Solubility. — In 11.5 parts of water. Insoluble in alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Iron iodide, sulphuric acid, tartaric acid, etc. Should not 
be triturated with easily oxidizable substances, as sulphur, tannic acid, etc. 

Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

Trochisci Potassii Chloratis. Eng., Troches of Potassium Chlorate. 
Each troche contains about 2 l / 2 grains (0.15 Gm.) of the drug. 

Therapeutic Action. — Classed as an astringent and as a dis- 
infectant and stimulant to mucous membrane. 

Uses. — Its employment is almost confined to the treatment 
of diseases of the throat and mouth, as tonsillitis, laryngitis, 
diphtheria, stomatitis, etc. 

Administration. — The above dose is very often exceeded. Some 
clinicians prescribe the drug well diluted with water and with the 
addition of hydrochloric acid. When the local action on the mucous 
membrane of the mouth and throat is particularly desired, potassium 
chlorate may be ordered, as : 

Troch. Potas. Chloratis no. xx 

Sig. — Use one every three hours as directed. 

Or: 

Tab. Potas. Chloratis (5 gr.) no. xx 

Sig. — Use one every three hours as directed. 

These are allowed to dissolve in the mouth and the saliva swallowed. 



270 



POTASSIUM. 



The official troches are not always stocked by the smaller drug- 
stores. 

In the treatment of tonsillitis, pharyngitis, etc. : 

3 or 

Potassii Chloratis '3j 4 

Tinct. Ferri Chlor f 3iij 12 

Acidi Sulphurosi, 

Glycerini aa. f'3iv 15 

Aquae q. s. f §ii j 90 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls in water every four hours. 

In the treatment of stomatitis: 

I*i or 

Potassii Chloratis gr. xxiv 1)5 

Syrupi Aurantii f5j 30 

Aquae q. s. fSiij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours. (For child 4 years old.) 

In the treatment of stomatitis (child 3 years old) : 
B2 or 

Potas. Chloratis gr. xxiv 

Tinct. Myrrhae irtx 

Syr. Acacise fSij 60 00 

Aquae q. s. fSiij 90J00 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every three hours. 

POTASSII CITRAS.— See Citrates, p. 23. 

Potassii Citras Effervescens. — See Citrates, p. 23. 

Liquor Potassii Citratis. — See Citrates, p. 23. 

POTASSII HYDROXIDUM. Eng., Potassium Hydroxide. Syno- 
nym, Caustic Potash. 

Form. — White, or nearly white flakes, fused masses or pencils. 

Odor and Taste. — Almost odorless. A very acrid and caustic taste. 

Solubility. — In 0.9 part of water or 3 parts of alcohol. 

Liquor Potassii Hydroxidi. Eng., Solution of Potassium Hydroxide. 
An aqueous solution containing about 5 per cent, of Potassium Hy- 
droxide. 

Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Caustic, antacid. 

Uses. — Sometimes used for its caustic effect in the treatment 
of warts, callosities, ulcers, cancers, etc. Seldom prescribed. 



150 

65 



i Ruhrah 
2 Anders: 



Diseases of Children. 
Practice of Medicine. 






POTASSIUM. 271 

POTASSII HYPOPHOSPHIS.— See Hypophosphites, p. 29. 
POTASSII IODIDUM.— See Iodides, p. 202. 

POTASSII NITRAS. Eng., Potassium Nitrate. Synonym, Saltpetre. 
Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Diuretic, diaphoretic. 
Uses. — Seldom prescribed. 

POTASSII PERMANGANAS (Gen., Potassii Permanganatis). Eng., 
Potassium Permanganate. 

Form. — Purple-colored prisms. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. Taste at first sweet, but afterwards dis- 
agreeable and astringent. 

Solubility. — In 13.5 parts of water. Decomposed by alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Organic matter, mineral acids, ammonia, arsenites, bro- 
mides, chlorides, hypophosphites, hyposulphites, sulphites, ferrous salts, hydro- 
gen dioxide, mercurous salts, etc. 

Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Germicide, disinfectant, deodorant. 

Uses. — Sometimes used for disinfecting the hands for opera- 
tions. Extensively employed as a wet dressing for infected 
wounds, erysipelas, etc. Used by irrigation for gonorrhea, cystitis, 
vaginitis, pelvic congestion, etc. A remedy for snake-bite. Used 
as a deodorant for cast-off dressing, sinks, etc. 

Administration. — The action of this drug depends on its split- 
ting up in the presence of organic matter with the liberation of 
oxygen, which oxidizes the organic material. It is therefore a true 
chemical antidote for alkaloidal poisoning. It should be prescribed 
in distilled water, as the small amount of organic matter in ordinary 
water will decompose the drug to that extent. When triturated with 
glycerin or other easily oxidized matter, a dangerous explosion may 
occur. As an irrigation for gonorrhea, cystitis, etc., it is usually 
employed in aqueous solution about 1 : 20,000 to 1 : 3000 strength. 
As a vaginal douche or wet dressing the strength is commonly about 
1 : 5000. It should be remembered that it will stain clothing or the 
skin. The stains may be removed by solution of oxalic acid. The 
following illustrates the method of prescribing: 

As a vaginal douche : 

R or 

Potas. Permanganatis gr. cl 10(0 

Aquae Destillatas q. s. fgvj 180|0 

M. 

Sig. — Use tablespoonful to gallon of hot water as directed. 
This makes a solution of about 1 : 5000. 



272 PRUNUS VIRGINIANA. 

As a wet dressing for carbuncles, etc. : 
U. or 

Potassii Permangan gr. l 3 

Aquae Dest q. s. fSij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Use a teaspoonful to a quart of hot water as directed. 

This makes a solution of about 1 to 5000. 

POTASSII ET SODII TARTRAS (Gen., Potassii et Sodii Tartratis). 
Eng., Potassium and Sodium Tartrate. Synonym, Rochelle Salt. 

Form. — White powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. A cooling saline taste. 

Solubility. — In 0.9 part of water. Insoluble in alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 2y 2 drachms (10 Gm.). 

Pulvis Effervescens Compositus. Eng., Compound Effervescing 
Powder, Seidlitz Powder. These are prepared in sets of one blue and 
one white paper. Each blue paper contains Potassium and Sodium 
Tartrate, 7.5 Gm. (120 grains); Sodium Bicarbonate, 2.5 Gm. (40 grains). 
Each white paper contains Tartaric Acid, 2.15 Gm. (35 grains). 

Average Dose. — 1 set of two powders. 

Therapeutic Action. — Purgative (saline and hydragogue). 

Uses. — Potassium and sodium tartrate, usually in the form 
of Seidlitz powder, is a popular and pleasant purgative. 

Administration. — Care should be exercised in ordering (partic- 
ularly by phone) potassium and sodium tartrate, to prevent con- 
fusion with antimony and potassium tartrate (tartar emetic). 
Rochelle Salt is most frequently employed in the form of Seidlitz 
powders, which constitute one of the most agreeable saline purga- 
tives. The two powders of a Seidlitz powder are dissolved in sep- 
arate glasses about a fourth full of water; then the contents o>f the 
glasses' are mixed and swallowed while still effervescing. It is best 
taken before breakfast. 

LIQUOR POTASSII ARSENITIS.— See Arsenum, p. 75. 

PRUNUS VIRGINIANA. 

Latin, Prunus Virginiana. Eng., Wild Cherry. The bark of 
Prunus serotina. 

Principal Constituents. — Amygdalin (which yields with water, 
hydrocyanic acid, etc.), tannic acid. 

Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Syrupus Pruni Virginianae. Eng., Syrup of Wild Cherry. Represents 
15 per cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 

f 






PYRETHRUM. PYROGALLOL. 273 

Therapeutic Action. — Bitter tonic and sedative. 

Uses. — Frequently used in cough preparations and in tonics. 

Administration. — The syrup is the preparation most fre- 
quently used. It is seldom prescribed alone, but is used as a 
vehicle, particularly for tonic and expectorant preparations. 

IJ or 



Diacetylmorph. Hydrochlor gr. j 

Ammonii Chlor 3ij 8 

Syr. Ipecacuanhae f3j 4 

Syr. Pruni Virg q. s. fSiij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every two hours. 



065 
000 
000 
000 



Pulvis Aromaticus. — See Cinnamomum. 

Pulvis Cretae Compositus. — See Calcium. 

Pulvis Effervescens Compositus. — See Potassii et Sodii Tartras. 

Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Compositus. — See Glycyrrhiza. 

Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii. — See Opium. 

Pulvis Jalapae Compositus. — See Jalapa. 

Pulvis Rhei Compositus. — See Rheum. 

PYRETHRUM. 

Latin, Pyrethrum. Eng., Pyrethrum. Synonym, Pellitory. The 
dried root of Anacyclus Pyrethrum. 
Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Tinctura Pyrethri. Eng., Tincture of Pyrethrum. Represents 20 per 
cent, of the drug. 

Therapeutic Action. — Rubefacient, sternutatory, sialagogue. 
Uses. — Recommended principally for scurvy, and for relaxed 
and other conditions of the mouth and throat. Seldom prescribed. 



PYROGALLOL. 

Latin, Pyr.ogallol. Eng., Pyrogallol. Synonyms, Pyrogallic 
Acid, Pyro. White or nearly white laminae, or fine needles ; odor- 
less, bitter taste, freely soluble. 

Not often prescribed, but under the name of "Pyro" is exten- 
sively used in photography. 



274 PYROXYLINUM. QUASSIA. QUININE BISULPHAS. 

PYROXYLINUM. 

Latin, Pyroxylinum. Eng., Pyroxylin. Synonym, Soluble Gun 
Cotton. 

QUASSIA. 

Latin, Quassia. Eng., Quassia. The wood of Picrasma excelsa, 
or of Picrasma amara. 

Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Tinctura Quassiae. Eng., Tincture of Quassia. Represents 20 per 
cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Stomachic, bitter tonic. 

Uses. — Sometimes used for loss of appetite, dyspepsia, etc. 
By enema it is used for pinworms. It is a vegetable bitter that 
can be prescribed with iron. The solution turns dark, but does 
not give a precipitate. 

Administration. — The following illustrates one of the most 
frequent uses of the drug. 

As an enema in the treatment of pinworms : 

U or 

Quininae Bisulph 3j 4| 

Tinct. Quassias fSij 60| 

M. 

Sig. — Use two (2) tablespoonfuls to quart of warm water as directed. 

Or: 

B or 

Quininse Bisulph 3ss 2 

Quassiae Sj 30 

M. 

Sig. — Make a tea and use as directed. 
Patient is instructed to add one or two quarts of boiling water and let 
stand until cool enough to use, then strain. 

These enemas are usually preceded by an active purgative and 
repeated in a few days. 

QUININA. 

See Cinchona, p. 130. 

QUININiE BISULPHAS. 

See Cinchona, p. 130. 



QUININE DIHYDROCHLORIDUM. RESORCINOL. 275 

QUININE DIHYDROCHLORIDUM. 

See Cinchona, p. 130. 

QUININE ET URE2E HYDROCHLORIDUM. 

See Cinchona, p. 130. 

QUININiE HYDROBROMIDUM. 

See Cinchona, p. 130. 

QUININE HYDROCHLORIDUM. 

See Cinchona, p. 130. 

QUININE SALICYLAS. 

See Cinchona, p. 130. 

QUININJE SULPHAS. 

See Cinchona, p. 130. 

QUININJE TANNAS. 

See Cinchona, p. 130. 

Resina. — See Terebinthina. 

Resina Jalapae. — See Jalapa. 

Resina Podophylli. — See Podophyllum. 

Resina Scammonise. — See Scammonise Radix. 

RESORCINOL. 

Latin, Resorcinol (Gen., Resorcinolis). Eng., Resorcinol. 
Synonym, Resorcin. 

A diatomic phenol. 

Form. — Colorless, needle-shaped crystals or a powder acquiring a 
pinkish tint on exposure to air and light. 

Odor and Taste. — A peculiar odor and a sweetish and afterward 
bitter taste. 

Solubility. — In 0.9 part of water or alcohol. 

Incompatible s. — Acetanilide, alkalies, antipyrine, camphor, ferric 
chloride, menthol, spirit of nitrous ether, urethane, etc. 

Average Dose. — 2 grains (0.125 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Germicide. 



276 



RESORCINOL. 



Uses. : — Sometimes given internally, as for intestinal fermen- 
tation, gastritis, etc. ; but its use is principally confined to the 
treatment of skin diseases, as alopecia, tinea, scabies, etc. 

Administration. — Internally. — Resorcin, if administered by 
mouth, is best given in solution well diluted. 

Externally. — It is used both in solution and in ointments. It is 
most commonly combined with other agents. 

In the treatment of alopecia : 



In the treatment of ecthyma: 

Resorcinolis 3j 

Acidi Borici 3ij 

Glycerini f3j 

Alcoholis f'3iv 

Aquae ' q. s. f Sviij 

M. 

Sig. — Apply freely. 



Diseases of the Skin. 



or 



1 Stelwagon 


2 Ibid. 


3 Ibid. 


4 Ibid. 



$i or 

Resorcinolis gr. lxxx 5 

Quininae gr. xv 1 

Olei Ricini 1U XX 1 

Alcoholis q. s. f&v 120 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

In the treatment of alopecia: 

R2 or 

Resorcinolis gr. lxxx 5 

Phenolis gr. xx 1 

Spir. Myrcise q. s. fSiv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

In the treatment of seborrhcea capitis : 
$3 or 

Resorcinolis 3j 4 

Olei Ricini f 3j 4 

Alcoholis fSiv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



4 

8 

4 

15 

240 



RHEUM. 277 

In the treatment of scabies : 
$ or 

Resorcinolis gr. xv 1 

Ung. Sulphuris 3ij 8 

Petrolati q. s. f S j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

RHEUM. 

Latin, Rheum (Gen., Rhei). Eng., Rhubarb. The rhizome and 
roots of Rheum officinale, R. palmatnm, etc. 

Principal Constituents. — Chrysophan, rheotannic acid, etc. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Extractum Rhei. Eng., Extract of Rhubarb. A powder. 
Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

Fluidextractum Rhei. Eng., Fluidextract of Rhubarb. 
Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Pilulae Rhei Compositae. Eng., Compound Pills of Rhubarb. Each 
Pill contains 0.13 Gm. (2 grains) of Rhubarb with Aloes, Myrrh and 
Peppermint. 

Average Dose. — 2 pills. 

Pulvis Rhei Compositus. Eng., Compound Powder of Rhubarb. 
Rhubarb, 25 Gm.; Magnesium Oxide, 65 Gm.; Ginger, 10 Gm. 
Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Syrupus Rhei. Eng., Syrup of Rhubarb. Represents 10 per cent, of 
the drug with Potassium Carbonate and Cinnamon. 
Average Dose. — 2 J / 2 fluidrachms (10 mils). 

Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus. Eng., Aromatic Syrup of Rhubarb. Rep- 
resents 3 per cent, of the drug with aromatics. 
Average Dose. — 2y 2 fluidrachms (10 mils). 

Tinctura Rhei. Eng., Tincture of Rhubarb. Represents 20 per cent, 
of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 1 rluidrachm (4 mils). 

Tinctura Rhei Aromatica. Eng., Aromatic Tincture of Rhubarb. 
Represents 20 per cent, of the drug with aromatics. 
Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Purgative, stomachic, also astringent. 

Uses.— Rhubarb is still a popular purgative with the laity. 
It is sometimes prescribed by the profession, but usually as an 
adjuvant for other agents. Its secondary effect is astringent. 



278 ROSA GALLICA. 

Administration. — Powdered Rhubarb is sometimes used with 
other purgative agents, and the other preparations are occasionally 
employed. The taste is disagreeable. 

In combination with other purgatives : 

B or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis., 
Rhei Pulv., 

Ext. Fel. Bovis aa. gr. v 320 

Ext. Hyoscyami gr. j 065 

M. ft. cap. no. iij. 
Sig. — One every hour. 

ROSA GALLICA. 

Latin, Rosa Gallica. Eng., Red Rose. The dried petals of Rosa 
gallica. 

Principal Constituents. — Volatile oil, etc. 

Official Preparations. 

Fluidextractum Rosae. Eng., Fluidextract of Rose. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Mel Rosae. Eng., Honey of Rose. Fluidextract of Rose, 120 mils; 
Clarified Honey, to make 1000 Gm. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 

Aqua Rosae. Eng., Rose Water. Stronger Rose Water and Distilled 
Water equal parts. 

Aqua Rosae Fortior. Eng., Stronger Rose Water. Water saturated 
with the volatile Oil of Rose petals by distillation. 

Unguentum Aquae Rosae. Eng., Ointment of Rose Water. Synonym, 
Cold Cream. Spermaceti, 125 Gm.; White Wax, 120 Gm.; Expressed 
Oil of Almond, 560 Gm. ; Stronger Rose Water, 190 mils; Sodium Borate, 
5 Gm. 

Unofficial Constituent. 

Oleum Rosae. Eng., Oil of Rose. Synonym, Attar of Rose. A 
volatile oil. 

Therapeutic Action. — Rose is a mild astringent and stomachic. 

Uses. — The preparations are extensively employed as vehicles 
and flavors. 

Administration. — These preparations are used almost exclu- 
sively as vehicles, and to disguise unpleasant tastes and odors. 
The Honey and Syrup are not used in some neighborhoods with 
enough frequency to enable the smallerj drug-stores to keep a fresh 
supply on hand. Rose Water and the Ointment of Rose Water are 



ROSA GALLICA. 



279 



very desirable vehicles, and can usually be supplied in good condi- 
tion by any pharmacy. 

As a vehicle in a prescription for the treatment of chapped face 
and hands : 



B or 

Phenolis Liq n^x 

Glycerini fSj 

Alcoholis f5j 

Aquas Rosas q. s. f 3iv 

M. 

Sig. — Apply after bathing. 



30 

30 

120 



As a flavor in a prescription for the treatment of salivation : 

$i or 

Acidi Borici, 

Acidi Tannici aa. gr. xl 2|5 

Mellis Rosas f3ij 60|0 

Aquas q. s. f3vj 180|0 

M. 

Sig. — Use as a mouth-wash every two hours. 



As a vehicle in a prescription for the treatment of eczema of the 
scrotum : 



$2 

Camphorae, 

Chlorali Hydrati aa gr. xx 

Adipis Lanae Hyd Uss 

Ung. Aquas Rosas ' q. s. 5j 

M. 

Sig. — Apply liberally several times a day. 



As a vehicle in a prescription for the treatment of eczema of the 
feet and legs : 

IP or 

Phenolis gr. x 65 

Olei Cadini irix 65 

Picis Liquidas gr. xx 1 30 

Ung. Aquas Rosas q. s. Sj 30 00 



Sig. — Apply thoroughly twice a day. 



1 White and Martin: Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 

2 Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 

3 IUd. 



280 SABAL. SACCHARUM LACTIS. 

SABAL. 

Latin, Sabal. Eng., Sabal. Synonym, Saw Palmetto. The par- 
tially dried ripe fruit of Serenoa serrulata. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Fluidextractum Sabal. Eng., Fluidextract of Sabal. 
Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Diuretic, expectorant. 

Uses. — Sabal is a constituent of some of the popular pharma- 
ceutical preparations for genito-urinary diseases, as cystitis, 
urethritis, etc. It is also recommended for chronic bronchitis, 
asthma, etc. 

Administration. — The most frequently used preparation is the 
Elixir of Saw Palmetto and Santal Co., which is prescribed alone. 

SACCHARUM. 

Latin, Saccharum (Gen., Sacchari). Eng., Sugar. Synonyms, 
Cane Sugar, Granulated Sugar, Sucrose. 

Form. — White, dry, hard, distinctly crystalline granules or crys- 
talline powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. A purely sweet taste. 

Solubility. — In 0.5 part of water or 170 parts of alcohol. 

Official Preparations. 

Syrupus. Eng., Syrup. Synonym, Simple Syrup. Sugar, 850 Gm. ; 
Distilled Water, to make 1000 mils. 

Sugar is a constituent of all syrups and many other officinal prep- 
arations. Sugar as. such is often prescribed to give bulk and sweet 
taste to powders and in solution to disguise ' unpleasant tastes and 
also to render liquids thicker so that soluble matter will remain longer 
in suspension when the mixture is agitated. The flavored syrups, 
as Syrup of Orange, etc., are more frequently employed. 

SACCHARUM LACTIS. 

Latin, Saccharum Lactis (Gen., Sacchari Lactis). Eng., Sugar 
of Milk. Synonym, Lactose. Obtained from the whey af cow's 
milk. 



SALICINUM. SANGUINARIA. 281 

Form. — Usually a white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. A faintly sweet taste. 

Solubility. — In 4.9 parts of water. Insoluble in alcohol. 

Sugar of milk is used in Powder of Ipecac and Opium and Tritu- 
ration of Elaterin. It is therapeutically inactive, only faintly sweet 
as compared with cane sugar, and being a clean white powder it 
makes a very desirable vehicle in administering powders. It is a 
valuable constituent in the modified milk formulae. 

The following will show how it is ordered in prescribing: 

As a vehicle : 

B f or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis gr. j |065 

Sacchari Lactis gr. xxx 2J000 

M. ft. cht. no. v. 

Sig. — One every half-hour. 



SALICINUM. 

Latin, Salicinum. Eng., Salicin. A glucoside obtained from 
several species of ' Salix and Populus and appearing in the form of 
crystals, needles, prisms, or powder; odorless, and having a very 
bitter taste. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antipyretic, antirheumatic, antiseptic. 

Uses. — Sometimes employed in the treatment of rheumatism, 
tonsillitis and kindred conditions. Not often prescribed. 

SANGUINARIA. 

Latin, Sanguinaria. Eng., Sanguinaria. Synonym, Bloodroot. 
The dried rhizome and roots of Sanguinaria canadensis. 
Average Dose. — 2 grains (0.125 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Tinctura Sanguinariae. Eng., Tincture of Sanguinaria. Represents 10 
per cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Expectorant, emetic, etc. 

Uses. — Sanguinaria is a constituent of some pharmaceutical 
preparations for cough, etc. It has been recommended for other 
conditions. , It is seldom a prescription ingredient. 



282 SANTALUM RUBRUM. SANTONINUM. 

SANTALUM RUBRUM. 

Latin, Santalum Rubrum. Eng., Red Saunders. The heart-wood 
of Pterocarpus santalinus. 

Therapeutic Action. — Probably none. 

Uses. — As a coloring agent for pharmaceutical preparations. 

SANTONINUM. 

Latin, Santoninum (Gen., Santonini). Eng., Santonin. The 
inner anhydride or lactone of Santonic Acid obtained from San- 
tonica (Artemisia pauciflora) . 

Form. — Colorless prisms, turning yellow on exposure to light. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and nearly tasteless when first put 
in the mouth, but afterward developing a bitter taste. 

Solubility. — In about 5300 parts of water or 43 parts of alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Vermifuge. 

Uses. — Santonin is used for the removal of roundworms and 
sometimes, in connection with other measures, for the removal of 
pinworms. 

Administration. — It should be remembered that Santonin is 
a dangerous remedy, sometimes, even in the usual medicinal 
doses, causing toxic symptoms. Another matter of importance 
is to advise the family of patient as to the possibility of it caus- 
ing a yellow- or red- colored urine. 

Santonin is prescribed either with some inert substance, as sugar, 
or with a purgative, particularly the mild miercurous chloride. Its 
virtue depends largely on its comparative insolubility, which en- 
ables it to reach the lower part of the intestinal tract. It is con- 
sidered desirable, therefore, by many, to administer crystals in 
preference to powder. In the case of adults this is readily accom- 
plished by prescribing the crystals, with other agents, in capsules. 
For children, small crystals may be used with granulated sugar or 
sugar of milk. The crystals may also be incorporated with con- 
fection of rose, or made into lozenges with sugar and tragacanth. 

In the treatment of roundworms (for child 4 years old) : 
n or 

Santonini (cryst.) gr. j |06 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis gr. ij 1 13 

Sacchari Lactis gr. xxx 2|00 

M. (non trit.) ft. cht. no. iv. 
Sig. — One every hour. 



SAPO. SAPO MOLLIS. 283 

This is probably best given in the early morning and followed 
in a few hours by an active purgative. The advantage is an empty 
stomach and upper intestine, and the patient being under better 
observation (for toxic symptoms). 

The common practice of people purchasing and administering 
the ready-prepared worm candy and syrups should be unqualifiedly 
discouraged. 

SAPO. 

Latin, Sapo. Eng., Soap. Synonym, White Castile Soap, Hard 
Soap. 

Soap prepared from olive oil and sodium hydroxide. 

Preparations. 

Linimentum Saponis. Eng., Soap Liniment. Synonym, Liquid Opo- 
deldoc. Soap, 60 Gm.; Camphor, 45 Gm.; Oil of Rosemary, 10 Gm.; 
Alcohol, 700 mils ; Water, to 1000 mils. Soap Liniment is contained in 
Chloroform Liniment. 

Therapeutic Action. — Detergent, and the liniment is a rube- 
facient and cutaneous stimulant. 

Uses. — Soap is used externally as a cleansing agent, and by 
suppository or enema to empty the bowels. Soap liniment is 
used as a mild rubefacient and lubricant for massage, and as 
a vehicle for more active agents. 

Administration. — Soap Liniment is rather extensively used 
externally either alone or with other agents, as chloroform or 
menthol and chloroform in various proportions. See Chloroformum. 

In the treatment of neuralgia (to be applied with friction along 
the course of the affected nerve) : 

3 1 or 

Tinct. Aconiti, 

Chloroformi aa. f 3<iv 15 

Lin. Saponis q. s. f £iv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. (Poison-label.) 

SAPO MOLLIS. 

Latin, Sapo Mollis. Eng., Soft Soap. Synonym, Green Soap. 
Soap prepared from potassium hydroxide and cottonseed oil. 
Form. — A soft, unctuous, yellowish-brown mass. 

1 Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 



284 SARSAPARILLA. 

Odor and Taste. — Characteristic odor and alkaline taste. 
Solubility. — In hot water to nearly a clear liquid. 

Official Preparations. 

Linimentum Saponis Mollis. Eng., Liniment of Soft Soap. Synonym, 
Tincture of Green Soap. Soft Soap, 650 Gm.; Oil of Lavender Flowers, 
20 mils ; Alcohol, to 1000 mils. 

Therapeutic Action. — Detergent. Stimulant to the skin. 

Uses. — The liniment of soft soap is used alone or with other 
agents as a shampoo in the treatment of diseases of the scalp, 
and various other skin affections. It is extensively used in place 
of hard soap for cleansing the skin for surgical procedures. 

Administration. — Liniment of Soft Soap is extensively used 
and recommended by the profession, but does not often consti- 
tute part of a prescription except in dermatological work. Soft 
Soap is often used in ointments with other agents. 

Used in an antiparasitic ointment: 

I*i or 

Sulphuris Prsecip 3ij 8 

Saponis Mollis, 

Olei Cadini aa. 3j 4 

Adipis Benzoinati q. s. 5j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

SARSAPARILLA. 

Latin, Sarsaparilla. Eng., Sarsaparilla. The dried root of sev- 
eral species of Smilax. 

Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Fluidextractum Sarsaparillae. Eng., Fluidextract of Sarsaparilla. 
Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Fluidextractum Sarsaparillae Compositum. Eng., Compound Fluid- 
extract of Sarsaparilla. Sarsaparilla, 750 Gm.; Glycyrrhiza, 120 Gm.; 
Sassafras, 100 Gm. ; Mezereum, 30 Gm. ; Glycerin, Alcohol and Water, 
to 1000 mils. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Syrupus Sarsaparillae Compositum. Eng., Compound Syrup of Sar- 
saparilla. Fluidextract of Sarsaparilla, 200 mils; Fluidextract of Glycyr- 



i Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 



SASSAFRAS. SCAMMONI^ RADIX. 285 

rhiza, 15 mils; Fluidextract of Senna, 15 mils; with Oils of Sassafras, 
Anise and Gaultheria; Sugar and Water. 
Average Dose. — 4 fhiidrachms (15 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Has been classed as an alterative, but 
any virtue is questionable. 

Uses. — The preparations of sarsaparilla are used as vehicles, 
particularly for alterative agents. It is a constituent of many 
pharmaceutical and proprietary remedies. 

Administration. — Sarsaparilla and its preparations are not 
now very extensively prescribed. The Compound Syrup is some- 
times used as a vehicle in the administration of "Mixed Treat- 
ment." The taste of Sarsaparilla is regarded as very pleasant by 
some and decidedly disagreeable by others. It is an ingredient 
in the unofficial Compound Elixir of Salicylic Acid, a rather 
popular remedy for rheumatism. 

In the treatment of syphilis : 
Ri or 

Hydrarg. Iodidi Rub gr. iv 26 

Potassii Iodidi 3iv 4 00 

Syr. Sarsaparil. Co q. s. f5vj 180 00 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water four times daily. 

SASSAFRAS. 

Latin, Sassafras. Eng., Sassafras. The dried bark of the root 
of Sassafras vari folium. 

Average Dose. — 2y 2 drachms (10 Gm.). 

Official Constituents. 
Oleum Sassafras. Eng., Oil of Sassafras. A volatile oil. 
Average Dose. — 3 minims (0.2 mil). 
Sassafras and the oil are contained in some other official preparations. 

Therapeutic Action. — Stomachic. The oil is also an irritant. 

Uses. — The oil is a favorite constituent of household lini- 
ments, and sassafras is used in the preparation of some pharma- 
ceutical and proprietary remedies. Seldom prescribed. 

SCAMMONIiE RADIX. 

Latin, Seammonise Radix. Eng., Scammony Root. The dried 
root of Convolvulus Sc ammonia. 

Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.250 Gm.). 



1 White and Martin: Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 



286 SCILLA. SCOPOLAMINE HYDROBROMIDUM. 

Official Preparation. 

Resina Scammoniae. Eng., Resin of Scammony. 

Average Dose. — 3 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

Resin of Scammony is contained in Compound Extract of Colocynth. 

Therapeutic Action. — Hydragogue purgative. 
Uses. — Seldom prescribed. 

SCILLA. 

Latin, Scilla. Eng., Squill. The bulb of Urginea maritima. 
Average Dose. — \y 2 grains (0.1 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Acetum Scillae. Eng., Vinegar of Squill. Represents 10 per cent, of 
the drug. 

Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Fluidextractum Scillae. Eng., Fluidextract of Squill. 

Average Dose. — V/ 2 minims (0.1 mil). 

Syrupus Scillae. Eng., Syrup of Squill. Represents 4.5 per cent, of 
the drug. Contains some Acetic Acid. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Syrupus Scillae Compositus. Eng., Compound Syrup of Squill. 
Synonym, Hive Syrup. Represents Squill 8 per cent., Senega 8 per 
cent., Antimony and Potassium Tartrate 0.2 per cent. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Tinctura Scillae. Eng., Tincture of Squill. Represents 10 per cent, of 
the drug. 

Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Expectorant, diuretic, emetic. 

Uses. — Employed in the treatment of bronchitis, pneumonia, 
asthma, cardiac diseases, dropsy, etc. Not often prescribed. 

Administration. — When employed as a diuretic, Powdered 
Squill is the form of common choice. (See Digitalis.) It is 
usually combined with other agents and administered in pills or 
capsules. As an expectorant the syrup is sometimes prescribed. It 
is usually associated with other agents. 

Squill and its preparation are not often used by the profession. 

SCOPOLAMINE HYDROBROMIDUM. 

Latin, Scopolamine Hydrobromidum (Gen., Scopolamine Hy- 
drobromidi). Eng., Scopolamine Hydrobromide. Synonym, Hyos- 
cine Hydrobromide. 



SENEGA. SENNA. 287 

Form. — Colorless crystals. 

Odor. — Odorless. 

Solubility. — In 1.5 parts of water or 20 parts of alcohol. 

Average Dose. — % 00 grain (0.0003 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Mydriatic, anodyne, hypnotic, anti- 
spasmodic, delirifacient. 

Uses. — Sometimes used for dilating the pupil; also for such 
conditions as alcoholic psychosis, dementia, etc. 

Administration. — Used by the physician, but is not often a pre- 
scription ingredient. It is a dangerous drug even when used with 
every caution. 

SENEGA. 

Latin, Senega. Eng., Senega. Synonym, Senega Snakeroot. 
The dried roots of Polygala Senega. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Fluidextractum Senegae. Eng., Fluidextract of Senega. 
Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Syrupus Senegae. Eng., Syrup of Senega. Represents 20 per cent, of 
the drug. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 

Senega is contained in the Compound Syrup of Squill. 

Therapeutic Action. — Expectorant, diuretic. 
Uses. — Sometimes used in the treatment of bronchitis. Sel- 
dom prescribed. 

SENNA. 

Latin, Senna. Eng., Senna. The dried leaflets of Cassia acuti- 
folia or of C. angustifolia. 

Average Dose. — 1 drachm (4 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Fluidextractum Sennas. Eng., Fluidextract of Senna. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Infusum Sennae Compositum. Eng., Compound Infusion of Senna. 
Synonym, Black Draught. Represents 6 per cent, of Senna Vith Manna, 
Fennel and Magnesium Sulphate. 

Average Dose. — 4 fluidounces (120 mils). 

Syrupus Sennas. Eng., Syrup of Senna. Represents 25 per cent, of 
the drug." 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 



288 SERPENTARIA. SERUM ANTIDIPHTHERICUM. 

Senna is also contained in Compound Syrup of Sarsaparilla and 
Compound Powder of Glycyrrhiza. 

Therapeutic Action. — Purgative. 

Uses. — Senna is a popular remedy of the laity and is a con- 
stituent of many of the proprietary laxatives and "Liver Medi- 
cines." Not often prescribed. 

SERPENTARIA. 

Latin, Serpentaria. Eng., Serpentaria. Synonyms, Virginia 
Snakeroot, Texas Snakeroot. The dried rhizome and roots, of 
Aristolochia serpentaria or of A. reticulata. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Serpentaria is also contained in the Compound Tincture of Cinchona. 

Therapeutic Action. — Classed as a bitter tonic, expectorant, 
diuretic. 

Uses. — It is sometimes used as an adjuvant and corrective for 
other agents in the treatment of anorexia, indigestion, etc., and in 
the treatment of bronchitis and related conditions. Seldom 
prescribed. 

SERUM ANTIDIPHTHERICUM. 

Latin, Serum Antidiphthericum. Eng., Antidiphtheric Serum, 
Diphtheria Antitoxin. A fluid having a potency of not less than 250 
antitoxic units per mil, separated from the coagulated blood of the 
horse, Equus Caballus, or other large domestic animal, which has 
been properly immunized against diphtheria toxin. 

Average Dose. — Hypodermic, 10,000 units; protective, 1000 
units. 

SERUM ANTIDIPHTHERICUM PURIFICATUM. 

Latin, Serum Antidiphthericumi Purincatum. Eng., Purified 
Antidiphtheric Serum. Synonyms, Antidiphtheric Globulins, Con- 
centrated Diphtheria Antitoxin, etc. A solution in physiological 
solution of sodium chloride of certain antitoxic substances obtained 
from the blood-serum or plasma of the horse, Equus Caballus, or 
other large domestic animal, which has been properly immunized 
against diphtheria toxin. 

Average Dose. — Hypodermic, 10,000 units; protective, 1000 
units. 



SERUM ANTITETANICUM. 289 

Very large doses are sometimes given, particularly in laryngeal 
infection. The dose should be based on the probable amount of 
blood in the patient (size of patient). 

The serum is best injected into the loose connective tissue under 
the skin, care being taken not to inject into the skin. Probably the 
most desirable site is over the lower ribs in about the anterior 
axillary line, or a little to the front of this. The patient is then 
able to lie on the back or either side. 

The area should be cleaned, the site of injection touched with 
tincture of iodine, the skin lifted with the thumb and index finger 
of the operator's left hand, and the needle inserted with a firm, 
rapid motion. The pain is less if the liquid is injected slowly. The 
puncture may be covered with a strip of sterile adhesive plaster for 
a few hours. 

Serum Sickness. — Considerable pain at the site of injection is 
often experienced for a few hours. Sometimes, particularly when 
the patient has recently been given a serum, toxic symptoms may 
develop. Acute anaphylaxis is rare, but an elevation of temperature 
and general discomfort occur often. The most common manifesta- 
tion is edema and urticaria, developing between the fifth and eighth 
days after the injection. Sodium bicarbonate, internally and exter- 
nally, has been extensively used. A hypodermic of 10 to 15 minims 
(for an adult) of Solution of Adrenalin Chloride (1 to 1000) seems 
to give excellent results. 



SERUM ANTITETANICUM. 

Latin, Serum Antitetanicum. Eng., Antitetanic Serum. Syno- 
nyms, Tetanus Antitoxin, Lockjaw Antitoxin. A fluid having a 
potency of not less than 100 units per mil, separated from the 
coagulated blood of the horse, Equus Caballus, or other large do- 
mestic animal which has been properly immunized against tetanus 
toxin. 

Average Dose. — Hypodermic, 10,000 units; protective, 1500 
units. 

SERUM ANTITETANICUM PURIFICATUM. 

Eng., Purified Antitetanic Serum. Synonyms, Antitetanic Glob- 
ulins, Concentrated Tetanus Antitoxin, etc. A solution in physio- 
logical solution of sodium chloride, of certain antitoxic substances 
obtained from the blood-serum or plasma of the horse, Equus 

19 



290 SERUM ANTITETANICUM SICCUM. 

Caballus, or other large domestic animal which has been properly 
immunized against tetanus toxin. 

Average Dose. — Hypodermic, 10,000 units; protective, 1500 
units. 

SERUM ANTITETANICUM SICCUM. 

Eng., Dried Antitetanic Serum. Synonyms, Dried Tetanus Anti- 
toxin, etc. Obtained by the evaporation oi either of the two other 
antitetanic serums. 

Average Dose. — Hypodermic, 10,000 units; protective, 1500 
units. 

The curative value of Antitetanic Serum is seriously questioned, 
but its protective value) is beyond dispute. It is the custom to. give 
1500 units as the protective dose for patients of almost any size or 
age. 

The sooner the injection is made after injury the better the pro- 
tection seems to- be. For site of injection, serum sickness and its 
treatment, see Serum Antidiphthericum. 

SEVUM PRiEPARATUM. 

Latin, Sevum Prseparatum.- Eng., Prepared Suet. Synonym, 
Mutton Suet. The purified internal fat oi the abdomen of the sheep, 
Ovis aries. 

Therapeutic Action. — Emollient. 

Uses. — Employed in pharmaceutical manufacturing, but sel- 
dom prescribed. 

SINAPIS ALBA. 

Latin, Sinapis Alba. Eng., White Mustard. Synonym, Yellow 
Mustard. The seed of Sinapis alba. 

Average Dose. — Emetic, 2^ drachms (10 Gm.'). 

Therapeutic Action. — Emetic, rubefacient, vesicant. 

Uses. — Extensively used in the form of poultices, plasters, 
etc., in the treatment of pleurisy, bronchitis, pneumonia, and as 
a counterirritant for deep-seated pain generally. In the pow- 
dered form it is a prompt and safe emetic. 

Administration. — As an emetic a tablespoonful of powdered 
mustard is given in a glass of warm water. As a counterirritant, 
a satisfactory formula is one heaping tablespoonful of powdered 
mustard to eight of flour and the white of one Qgg and hot water. 



SINAPIS NIGRA. SODIUM. 291 

It is applied hot and allowed to remain until the desired redness 
has been induced. 

SINAPIS NIGRA. 

Latin, Sinapis Nigra. Eng., Black Mustard. Synonym, Brown 
Mustard. The seed of Brassica nigra. 

Average Dose. — Emetic, 2]/ 2 drachms (10 Gm.). 

Official Preparations and Constituents. 

Emplastrum Sinapis. Eng., Mustard Plaster. Synonyms, Charta 
Sinapis, Mustard Paper (U. S. P., viii). A uniform mixture of powdered 
black mustard (deprived of its fixed oil) and a solution of rubber, spread 
on paper, cotton cloth, or other fabric. 

Oleum Sinapis Volatile. Eng., Volatile Oil of Mustard. Synonym, 
Essential Oil of Mustard. 

Average Dose. — V% minim (0.008 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Emetic, rubefacient, vesicant. 
Uses. — See Sinapis Alba. The oil is a constituent of many 
proprietary liniments. It is a powerful irritant. 

SODIUM. 

The metal is not official, but the Pharmacopoeia contains the fol- 
lowing salts and preparations : 

SODII ACETAS. Eng, Sodium Acetate. Formula, NaC 2 N 3 2 - 
+ 3H 2 0. 

Form. — Colorless prisms or powder. 
Odor and Taste. — Odorless. A cooling saline taste. 
Solubility. — In about 0.8 part of water or 19 parts of alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Diuretic, diaphoretic. 
Uses. — Seldom prescribed. 

SODII ARSENAS.— See Arsenum, p. 75. 

Sodii Arsenas Exsiccatus. — See Arsenum, p. 75. 

Liquor Sodii Arsenatis. — See Arsenum, p. 75. 

SODII BENZOAS.— See Benzoates, p. 92. 

SODII BENZOSULPHINIDUM. Eng., Sodium Benzosulphinide. 
Synonyms, Sodium-Saccharin, Soluble Saccharin. 

Average Dose. — 3 grains (0.2 Gm.). 

SODII BICARBONAS (Gen., Sodii Bicarbonatis). Eng., Sodium 
Bicarbonate. Synonyms, Soda, Cooking Soda. Formula NaHCOs. 

Form.— A white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. A cooling saline taste. 



292 



SODIUM. 



Solubility. — In 10 parts of water. Insoluble in alcohol. 
Incompatibles. — It is decomposed by acids and acid salts. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Trochisci Sodii Bicarbonatis. Eng., Troches of Sodium Bicarbonate. 
Each troche contains about 3 grains of Sodium Bicarbonate. 

Therapeutic Action. — Antacid. 

Uses. — Extensively used in the treatment of hyperchlorhy- 
dria, gastric ulcers, "acidosis," etc. 

Administration. — The following will illustrate some common 
uses of the drug : 

Given alone, as in "acid intoxication," it may be ordered as 
follows (for child 4 years old) : 



$ or 

Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. c 

Ft. cht. no. x. 

Sig. — One in water every three hours till relieved. 



6| 



Or: 



Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis gr j 

Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. c 

M. ft. cht. no. x. 

Sig. — One in water every three hours till relieved. 



or 



065 
000 



The following has been recommended for headache: 

$1 or 

Acetanilidi gr. lxxij 

Caffeinse Citratse, 

Camphorse Monobrom a a. gr. xij 

Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. xlviij 

M. ft. cap. no. xxiv. 

Sig. — One every half-hour until six (6) are taken. 



It may also be ordered for enema: 

R or 

Sodii Bicarbonatis Bj 

Sig. — Use tablespoonful to half-gallon warm water. 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



30| 



SODIUM. 



293 



inf 


ecti 
4 


2 





2 


5 


8 





180 






Used in a preparation for cleansing the nose in 
diseases : 

Ri or 

Phenolis Liq ttlvj 

Sodii Bicarb gr. xxx 

Sodii Boratis gr. xl 

Glycerini ■ f3ij 

Aquae Dest q. s. f §v j 

M. 

Sig. — Spray as directed. 

In the treatment of flatulence, hysteria, etc.: 
$2 or 

Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. xl 3 

Spir. Ammonise Arom., 

Tinct. Zingiberis aa. f3ss 15 

Spir. iEtheris q. s. fli j 60 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls in water. Repeat when necessary. (Shake- 
label.) 

SODII BORAS (Gen. Sodii Boratis). Eng., Sodium Borate. Syn- 
onyms, Borax, Sodium Tetraborate. Formula Na2B.i07 + IOH2O. 
Form. — Colorless prisms or white powder. 
Odor and Taste. — Odorless. A sweetish, alkaline taste. 
Solubility. — In 15 parts of water. Insoluble in alcohol. 
Incompatibles. — Mineral acids, most metallic and alkaloidal salts. 
Average Dose. — 12 grains (0.75 Gm.) . 

Sodium Borate is contained in the Ointment of Rose Water. 
Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic. 

Uses. — Sometimes employed with other agents in the treat- 
ment of nasal catarrh, stomatitis, etc. 

Administration. — Not often prescribed. The following will 
illustrate how it may be ordered : 

In the treatment of chronic nasal catarrh : 
R3 . or 

Phenolis gr. iv 

Sodii Bicarb., 

Sodii Boratis aa. gr. xx 1 

Glycerini f3iv 15 

Aquas ^ q. s. fSiv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Spray as directed. 



1 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

2 Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 

3 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



294 SODIUM. 

SODII BROMIDUM.— See Bromides, p. 100. 

SODII CARBONAS MONOHYDRATUS. Eng., Monohydrated 
Sodium Carbonate. Formula, Na2CC>3 + H2O. 
Form. — A white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. A strongly alkaline taste. 
Solubility. — In 3 parts of water. Insoluble in alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antacid. 

Uses. — Seldom used for effect. It is sometimes prescribed in 
capsules with exsiccated ferrous sulphate so as to form fresh fer- 
rous carbonate in the stomach. 

SODII CHLORIDUM. Eng., Sodium Chloride. Synonyms, Salt, 
Common Salt. Formula, NaCl. 

Form. — Colorless crystals or white crystalline powder. 
Odor and Taste. — Odorless. Saline taste. 

Solubility. — In 2.8 parts of water. Almost insoluble in alcohol. 
Average Dose. — Emetic, 4 drachms (15 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Emetic. An essential agent in metab- 
olism. 

Uses. — A valuable emetic, etc., but seldom a prescription in- 
gredient. 

Administration. — A teaspoonful of table salt is used to each 
glass of lukewarm water, and the patient required to take one 
glass after another until emesis is induced. 

'SODII CITRAS.— See Citrates, p. 23. 

LIQUOR SODiE CHLORINATE. Eng., Solution of Chlorinated 
Soda. Synonym, Labarraque's Solution. An aqueous solution of chlo- 
rine compounds of sodium, containing not less than 2.5 per cent, of 
available chlorine. 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, disinfectant. 

SODII CYANIDUM. Eng., Sodium Cyanide. Sodium cyanide replaces 
potassium cyanide of the U. S. P., viii. 

Uses. — This drug is seldom a prescription ingredient. It is 
sometimes used by the profession in solutions of about 1 per cent., 
to remove the stains of silver nitrate. 

SODII GLYCEROPHOSPHAS.— See Glycerophosphates, p. 30. 
SODII HYDROXIDUM. Eng., Sodium Hydroxide. Synonym, 
Caustic Soda. 

Form. — Dry, white or nearly white flakes, fused masses or pencils. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. A caustic taste. 

Solubility. — In about 0.9 part of water. Very soluble in alcohol. 



SODIUM. 295 

Liquor Sodii Hydroxidi. Eng., Solution of Sodium Hydroxide. A 
colorless aqueous solution containing about 5 per cent, of the drug. 
Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antacid, caustic. 
Uses. — Seldom prescribed. 

SODII HYPOPHOSPHIS.— See Hypophosphites, p. 29. 

SODII INDIGOTINDISULPHONAS. Eng., Sodium Indigotindi- 
sulphonate. Synonym, Indigo Carmine. 

SODII IODIDUM.— See Iodides, p. 202. 

SODII NITRIS (Gen., Sodii Nitritis). Eng., Sodium Nitrite. For- 
mula NaN02. 

Form. — White or nearly white masses, pencils or colorless crystals. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless ; a mild saline taste. 

Solubility. — In about 1.5 parts of water, slightly soluble in alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Acetanilide, antipyrine, chlorates, chromates, gold chloride, 
hypophosphites, iodides, mercury salts, permanganates, sulphites, tannic acid. 

Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Circulatory depressant. 

Uses. — Used to lower blood-pressure in the treatment of an- 
gina pectoris, chronic nephritis, etc. 

Administration. — The dosage as recommended in many works 
on practice is probably much too high for the average case. It is 
better to begin with a small dose and gradually increase as the 
tolerance of the patient is ascertained. 

Sodium Nitrite is prescribed in solution and should be well di- 
luted before being administered. It is frequently associated with 
Sodium Iodide. 

In the treatment of hypertension: 
$ or 

Sodii Nitritis gr. xvj 1 

Sodii Iodidi gr. clx 10 

Aquae q. s. f 5iv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful with water or milk two hours after meals. 

Or: 
B or 

Sodii Nitritis gr. l 3 

Sodii Iodidi §j 30 

Aquae q. s. flij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Begin with ten (10) drops as directed. 



296 SODIUM. 

SODII PERBORAS. Eng., Sodium Perborate. It contains not less 
than 9 per cent, of available oxygen. 
Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

SODII PHENOLSULPHONAS.— See Phenol, p. 259. 

SODII PHOSPHAS (Gen., Sodii Phosphatis). Eng., Sodium Phos- 
phate. Synonym, Sodium Orthophosphate. Formula, Na2HPC>4 + I2H2O. 
Form. — Large colorless prisms of granular salt. 
Odor and Taste. — Odorless. A cooling, saline but disagreeable taste. 
Solubility. — In about 2.7 parts of water. Insoluble in alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 1 drachm (4 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Sodii Phosphas Effervescens. Eng., Effervescent Sodium Phosphate. 
A granular powder containing 20 per cent, of Exsiccated Sodium Phos- 
phate with Citric and Tartaric Acids and Sodium Bicarbonate. 

Average Dose. — 120 grains (8 Gm.). 

Sodii Phosphas Exsiccatus. Eng., Exsiccated Sodium Phosphate. 
Sodium Phosphate deprived of its water of crystallization. 
Average Dose. — 30 grains (1 Gm.). 

Unofficial Preparation (U. S. P., viii). 

Liquor Sodii Phosphatis Compositus. Eng., Compound Solution of 
Sodium Phosphate. Sodium Phosphate, 1000 Gm.; Sodium Nitrate, Cit- 
ric Acid, and Distilled Water, to make 1000 mils. 

Average Dose. — 2 fluidrachms (8 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Hydragogue purgative. 

Uses. — The effervescing salt, particularly, is a popular morn- 
ing laxative. It is also used in conditions characterized by jaundice. 

Administration. — Effervescing Sodium Phosphate, if dispensed 
in boxes, rapidly deteriorates and loses its effervescing quality. As 
it is a granular salt, it could not readily be emptied from a regular 
small-mouth prescription bottle. 

It is put on the market in 2-, 4-, and 16- ounce, large-mouth, 
colored bottles with special waxed corks and caps. It should be 
prescribed in these sizes only, so that the original bottle may be 
dispensed by merely removing the trade label and putting on the 
one desired. 

$ or 

Sodii Phos. Efferves 5iv 120| 

Sig. — Heaping teaspoonful, in glass of water, on arising. 

The solution may be ordered as: 
$ or 

Liq. Sodii Phos. Co ff iv 120| 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls, with glass of water, on arising. 



SODIUM. 297 

Sodium Phosphate is often prescribed in bulk to be taken in water. 

SODII SALICYLAS.— See Salicylates, p. 36. 

SODII SULPHAS (Gen., Sodii Sulphatis). Eng., Sodium Sulphate. 
Synonyms, Glauber's Salt, Horse Salts. 
Form. — Large, colorless prisms. 
Odor and Taste. — Odorless. A bitter saline taste. 
Solubility. — In about 1 part of water. Insoluble in alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 4 drachms (15 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Hydragogue purgative. 

Uses. — Sometimes used to produce purgation, particularly 
when it is desired to deplete the body liquid. 

Administration. — It is not often prescribed. The following 
will illustrate its use : 

As a laxative: 
B or 

Sodii Sulphatis 3j 30 

Potassii Bitartratis 3ij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in glass of hot water before breakfast. 

SODII SULPHIS EXSICCATUS. Eng., Exsiccated Sodium Sul- 
phite. 

Form. — White powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. A cooling, saline, sulphurous taste. 
Solubility. — In 2.3 parts of water; sparingly soluble in alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic. 
Uses. — Seldom prescribed. 

SODII THIOSULPHAS. Eng., Sodium Thiosulphate. Synonyms, 
Sodium Hyposulphite, Hypo. 
Form. — Colorless prisms. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. A cooling, afterward bitter taste. 
Solubility. — In about 0.5 part of water. Insoluble in alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic. 

Uses. — Used externally for eczema, scabies, tinea, and various 
other skin diseases. Seldom given internally. Extensively used in 
photography. 

Administration. — The following shows how it may be pre- 
scribed. 



298 SPARTEINE SULPHAS. SPIGELIA. 

In the treatment of tinea versicolor: 

$! or 

Sodii Thiosulphatis 3iij 12 

Glycerini f3ij 8 

Aquae q. s. f 3iv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Apply frequently. 

POTASSII ET SODII TARTRAS,— See Potassium, p. 272. 

SPARTEINE SULPHAS. 

Latin, Sparteine Sulphas (Gen., Sparteine Sulphatis). Eng., 
Sparteine Sulphate. The sulphate of an alkaloid obtained from 
Scoparius (Cytisus Scoparius). 

Form. — Colorless crystals or powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. A slightly saline and somewhat 
bitter taste. 

Solubility. — In 1.1 parts of water, or 3 parts of alcohol. 

Average Dose. — % grain (0.01 Gm,). 

Therapeutic Action. — Diuretic, circulatory stimulant. 

Uses. — Sparteine sulphate is used in the treatment of heart 
and kidney conditions. 

Administration. — The following will illustrate the manner 
of prescribing : 

In the treatment of chronic valvular disease : 
R2 or 

Caffeinse Citratse '3ss 2 00 

Strychninse Sulph gr. Vs 02 

Sparteinse Sulph gr. iij 20 

M. ft. cap. no. xij. 

Sig. — One every four hours. 

SPIGELIA. 

Latin, Spigelia. Eng., Spigelia. Synonym, Pinkroot. The 
dried rhizome and roots of Spigelia marilandica. 
Average Dose. — 60 grains (4 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Fluidextractum Spigeliae. Eng., Fluidextract of Spigelia. 
Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils). 



i Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 
2 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 



SPIRITUS MYRCIA. 299 

Therapeutic Action. — Vermifuge. 

Uses. — Has been used for the removal of roundworms, and 
in connection with other measures for pinworms. "Pinkroot and 
Senna" was once a popular remedy for this purpose. Seldom 
prescribed. 

Spiritus iEtheris. — See ./Ether. 

Spiritus iEtheris Nitrosi. — See yEther. 

Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus. — See Ammonium. 

Spiritus Amygdalae Amarae. — See Amygdala. . 

Spiritus Anisi. — See Anisum. 

Spiritus Aurantii Compositus. — See Aurantium. 

Spiritus Camphorae. — See Camphora. 

Spiritus Chloroformi. — See Chloroformum. 

Spiritus Cinnamomi. — See Cinnamomum. 

Spiritus Glycerylis Nitratis. — See Glycerylis Nitras. 

Spiritus Juniperi. — See Oleum Juniperi. 

Spiritus Juniperi Compositus. — See Oleum Juniperi. 

Spiritus Lavandulae. — See Oleum Lavandulae Florum. 

Spiritus Menthae Piperita?. — .See Mentha Piperita. 

Spiritus Menthae Viridis. — See Mentha Viridis. 

SPIRITUS MYRCLffi. 

(Not Official.) 
Latin, Spiritus Myrcise. Eng., Spirit of Myrcia. Synonym, Bay 
Rum. 

A liquid containing the Oils of Myrcia, Orange-peel, and 
Pimenta, in about 65 per cent, alcohol. 

Bay Rum is a pleasant vehicle for external applications and 
represents enough aromatic oils and alcohol to have some thera- 
peutic value. The following will illustrate its use : 
In the treatment of seborrhea: 
Ri or 

Betanaphtholis 3ij 8 

Alcoholis firiij 90 

Spir. Myrcise q. s. f Svj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Apply twice daily. 

In the treatment of alopecia : 
B 2 or 



Resorcinolis gr. lxxx 5 

Phenolis gr. xx 1 

Spiritus Myrcise q. s. f Siv 120 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



1 Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 

2 Stelwagon : Diseases of the Skin. 



300 STAPHISAGRIA. STILLINGIA. STRAMONIUM. 



STAPHISAGRIA. 

Latin, Staphisagria. Eng., Staphisagria. Synonym, Stavesacre. 
The ripe seeds of Delphinium staphisagria. 
Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Fluidextractum Staphisagriae. Eng., Fluidextract of Staphisagria. 
Average Dose. — 1 minim (0.05 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Irritant, antiparasitic, depressant. 
Uses. — Has been used in the treatment of scabies, pediculosis, 
etc. Seldom prescribed. 

STILLINGIA. 

Latin, Stillingia. Eng., Stillingia. Synonym, Queen's Root. The 
dried root of Stillingia sylvatica. 

Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Fluidextractum Stillingiae. Eng., Fluidextract of Stillingia. 
Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Has been classed as an alterative. 

Uses. — It is a constituent of many pharmaceutical and pro- 
prietary remedies for syphilis, rheumatism, etc. Seldom pre- 
scribed. 

STRAMONIUM. 

Latin, Stramonium. Eng., Stramonium. Synonym, Jamestown 
(Jimson) Weed. The dried leaves of Datura Stramonium or of 
Datura Tatula. 

Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Extractum Stramonii. Eng., Extract of Stramonium. A soft solid 
about five times the strength of the crude drug. 
Average Dose. — % grain (0.01 Gm.). 

The pilular and the powdered extract are both official. 

Tinctura Stramonii. Eng., Tincture of Stramonium. Represents 10 
per cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 8 minims (0.5 mil). 

Unguentum Stramonii. Eng., Stramonium Ointment. Contains 10 
per cent, of the extract (pilular). 



STRONTIUM. STROPHANTHUS. 301 

Therapeutic Action. — Antispasmodic, anodyne, mydriatic. 

Uses. — Stramonium is principally used in the treatment of 
asthmatic attacks. 

Administration. — The leaves are generally smoked, alone or 
with other agents. The tincture is sometimes given by mouth, 
but altogether they are not often prescribed. The following 
will illustrate a way of ordering the drug. 

In the form of a cigarette in the treatment of asthma : 
$ or 

Stramonii Sj 30| 

Sig. — Use as a cigarette when necessary. 

STRONTIUM. 

The metal is not official, but the U. S. P. contains the following 
salts : 

STRONTII BROMIDUM.— See Bromides, p., 100. 
STRONTII IODIDUM.— See Iodides, p. 202. 
STRONTII SALICYLAS.— See Salicylates, p. 36. 

STROPHANTHUS. 

Latin, Strophanthus. Eng., Strophanthus. The ripe seed of 
Strophanthus Kombe or of Strophanthus hispidus. 
Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

Official Preparation and Constituent. 

Tinctura Strophanthi. Eng., Tincture of Strophanthus. Represents 
10 per cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 8 minims (0.5 mil). 

Strophanthinum. Eng., Strophanthin. A glucoside or mixture of 
glucosides obtained from Strophanthus (0.45 to 1 per cent.). 

Form. — A white or faintly yellowish powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. Intensely bitter taste. 

Solubility. — Very soluble in water; less soluble in alcohol. 

Average Dose. — Mouth, %q grain (0.001 Gm.) ; intravenous, Yso grain 
(0.00075 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Heart tonic and stimulant, vasoconstrictor. 

Uses. — Tincture of Strophanthus and Strophanthin are used 
almost exclusively for heart weakness and irregularity. 

Administration. — The tincture is given by mouth. It is 
usually prescribed alone. Strophanthin is sometimes employed 
hypodermically by the physician, but is seldom a prescription 



302 STYRAX. SULPHONETHYLMETHANUM. 

ingredient. Owing to the high toxicity of these agents, the pa- 
tient should be under the frequent observation of the physician 
during their use. 

STRYCHNINA. 
See Nux Vomica, p. 226. 

STRYCHNINE NITRAS. 

See Nux Vomica, p. 226. 

STRYCHNINE SULPHAS. 

See Nux Vomica, p. 226. 

STYRAX. 

Latin, Styrax. Eng., Storax. Synonym, Liquid Storax. A 
balsam obtained fromi the wood and inner bark of Liquidambar 
orientalis. 

A semiliquid, grayish, sticky, opaque mass ; it deposits, on stand- 
ing, a dark-brown stratum, and has an agreeable odor and balsamic 
taste. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, expectorant, carminative. 

Uses. — It is a constituent of some preparations for bronchitis, 
etc., but is seldom a prescription ingredient. 

SULPHONETHYLMETHANUM. 

Latin, Sulphonethylmethanum (Gen., Sulphonethylmethani). 
Eng., Sulphonethylmethane. Synonym', Trional. 

Form. — A colorless crystalline powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and almost tasteless. 

Solubility. — In 200 parts of water; readily soluble in alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 12 grains (0.75 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action, — Hypnotic. 

Uses. — Extensively used to induce sleep when the insomnia is 
not the result of pain or discomfort. 

Administration. — This is prescribed alone and usually in 
powder. 

To produce sleep : 
$ or 

Sulphonethylmethani 3j 4| 

Ft. cht. no. v. 

Sig. — One at 8 p.m.; repeat at 10 if necessary. 
If 10 p.m. is the usual time for sleep, one is given two hours before, and 
is repeated soon after 10 if sleepiness has not been induced. 



SULPHONMETHANUM. SULPHUR. 303 

SULPHONMETHANUM. 

Latin, Sulphonmethanum (Gen., Sulphonmethani). Eng., Sul- 
phonmethane. Synonym, Sulphonal. 

Form. — A colorless crystalline powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and nearly tasteless. 

Solubility. — In 365 parts of water or 60 parts of alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 12 grains (0.75 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Hypnotic. 

Uses. — Sulphonal is used to induce sleep when the insomnia 
is not the result of pain or discomfort. 

Administration. — This is prescribed alone and usually in 
powder. 

For the relief of insomnia : 

$ or 

Sulphonmethani 3j 4| 

Ft. cht. no. v. 

Sig. — One at night if necessary. 
This is usually given about two hours before the time that it is desired 
for the patient to sleep, <and may be repeated once, if necessary. 

SULPHUR. 

Sulphur is official in three forms. 

SULPHUR SUBLIMATUM. Eng., Sublimed Sulphur. 
Synonyms, Sulphur, Flowers of Sulphur. 

Form. — A fine yellow powder. 

Odor and Taste. — A slight characteristic odor and faintly acid 
taste. 

Solubility. — Insoluble in water or alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 1 drachm (4 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

SULPHUR LOTUM. Eng., Washed Sulphur. Prepared by washing 
Sublimed Sulphur with ammonia water and water. 
Form. — A fine yellow powder. 
Odor and Taste. — Odorless and tasteless. 
Solubility. — Insoluble in water or alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 1 drachm (4 Gm.). 

Washed Sulphur is contained in Compound Powder of Glycyrrhiza. 

SULPHUR PRiECIPITATUM. Eng., Precipitated Sulphur. Made 
by acting upon Sublimed Sulphur with calcium hydroxide, precipitating 
the solution with hydrochloric acid and washing the precipitate. 



304 



SULPHUR. 



Form. — A fine amorphous powder of a pale lemon-yellow color. 
Odor and Taste. — Odorless and tasteless. 
Solubility. — Insoluble in water or alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 1 drachm (4 Gm.). 

Unguentum Sulphuris. Eng., Sulphur Ointment. Contains 15 per 
cent, of Sublimed Sulphur in Benzoinated Lard. 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, antiparasitic, laxative, dia- 
phoretic. 

Uses. — Internally it is sometimes used as a laxative and as 
an adjuvant to the bismuth treatment of diarrhea and dysentery. 
Externally it is extensively employed in the treatment of para- 
sitic skin diseases, as scabies, tinea, etc. 

Administration. — Owing to its fine state of subdivision, its 
purity and freedom from odor and taste, the Precipitated Sul- 
phur would seem to be the preferable form for medicinal use. 

Internally Sulphur is not often employed by the profession, 
though it is sometimes prescribed either alone or with some other 
agents, as Potassium Bitartrate. 

Externally it is frequently employed in ointments. 
In the treatment of grain-itch : 
Ui or 

Betanaphtholis gr. xxx 2 

Sulphuris Prsecip gr. xl 2 5 

Adipis Benzoinati q. s. Sj 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

Used as an antiparasitic : 

B 2 or 

Sulphuris Praecip 3ij 8 

Saponis Mollis 

Olei Cadini aa. 3j 4 

Adipis Benzoinati q. s. 5 j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

Used in the treatment of ringworm of the scalp : 
$3 or 

Betanaphtholis 3ss 2 

Olei Cadini 5j 4 

Ung. Sulphuris q. s. 3j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 
2Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 
3 ibid. 



SUMBUL. 



305 



In the treatment of scabies : 
Bi or 

Sulphuris Loti, 
Olei Cadini, 

Cretse Praep aa. '3ij 8 

Saponis Mollis 3v 19 

Adipis q. s. §ij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Rub in thoroughly. 

As an application in pruritic diseases of the skin : 
B2 or 

Phenolis gr. v 

Sulphuris Prsecip gr. xxx 2 

Camphorae gr. x 

Ung. Zinci Oxidi q. s. %) 30 

M. 

Sig. — Apply frequently to irritable surface. 



SUMBUL. 

Latin, Sumbul. Eng., Sumbul. Synonym, Muskroot. 
rhizome and roots of, Ferula Sumbul. 
Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 



The 



Official Preparations. 
Extractum Sumbul. Eng., Extract of Sumbul. 
Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

Fluidextractum Sumbul. Eng., Fluidextract of Sumbul. 
Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Classed as a stomachic, carminative, 
antispasmodic and nervine. 

Uses. — Employed in the treatment of nervousness, neuras- 
thenia, hysteria, flatulence, etc. 

Administration. — The extract is the preparation usually em- 
ployed. It is given in capsules and generally with other agents. 
In the treatment of palpitation in hysteric subjects: 
R3 or 

Strychninse Sulph gr. ^ 02 

Zinci Valeratis gr. x 65 

Ext. Sumbul gr. x 65 

Ext. Hyoscyami ; gr. v 32 

M. ft. cap. no. x. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 



i Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin 

2 Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 

3 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 

20 



306 SUPRARENALUM SICCUM. 

In the treatment of neurasthenia, hysteria, etc. : 

$1 or 

Arseni Trioxidi gr. ss 

Asafcetidse Pulv gr. x 

Ext. Sumbul, 

Ferri Sulph. Exsic aa. gr. xx 

M. ft. cap. no. xx. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 



SUPRARENALUM SICCUM. 

Latin, Suprarenalum Siccum. (Gen., Suprarenali Sicci). Eng., 
Dried Suprarenals (Glandulse Suprarenale^ Siccse, U. S. P., viii — 
Desiccated Suprarenal Glands). 

The suprarenal glands of animals, which are used for food by 
man, cleaned, dried, freed from fat, and powdered and containing 
not less than 0.4 per cent. no<r more than 0.6 per cent, of epinephrin, 
the active principle of the suprarenal gland. One part of Dried 
Suprarenal represents approximately 6 parts of fresh glands, free 
from fat. 

A light, yellowish-brown powder. 

Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

Unofficial Preparation. 

Epinephrina. Eng., Epinephrine. The blood-pressure-raising prin- 
ciple of the suprarenal gland. 

Average Dose. — 7y 2 minims (0.5 mil) of a 1 : 1000 solution. 

Therapeutic Action. — Cardiac stimulant and vasoconstrictor. 

Uses. — Employed in solutions for local anesthesia. Exten- 
sively used for asthma, turgescent rhinitis, sinusitis, otitis media, 
nasal or gastric hemorrhage, nausea, pulmonary edema, hemor- 
rhoids, etc. 

Administration. — It should be particularly remembered that 
these preparations are incompatible with alkalies. The preparation 
under the trade name Adrenalin is extensively used in the form of 
the Solution of Adrenalin Chloride 1 : 1000, Adrenalin Ointment, 
Suppositories, Inhalant, etc. 

For systemic effect the drug is administered by needle. 

The solution does not keep well, and for hypodermic purposes 
the aseptic ampoules are desirable. 



1 Shoemaker: Materia Mediea and Therapeutics. 



SUPRARENALUM SICCUM. 



307 



For preparing small amounts of solutions for local anesthesia, 
tablets can be obtained (as of novocaine) containing the proper 
proportion of adrenalin. 

The dried product, when employed, is usually administered in 
capsules. 

As a nasal spray : 
R or 

Adrenalin Chlor. (Sol. 1 : 1000) f3iss 6 

Liq. Antiseptici f 3iij 12 

Aquae q. s. fSiij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Use to spray nose every three hours. 

This is much to be preferred to the common formula calling for the 
alkaline solution, which rapidly decomposes the (adrenalin. J 

In a local anesthetic solution: 
Ri or 

Cocainse Hydrochlor gr. j 065 

Sodii Chloridi gr. iij 200 

Adrenalin Chloridi (Sol. 1 : 1000) tt\v 300 

Aquse Destillatae q. s. fSj 30 000 

M. 

Sig. — Formula. 

Unless to be used at once, it is better to omit the adrenalin from 
the prescription, and add it immediately before using. 

In the treatment of erythema venenatum : 
$2 or 

Cocainae Hydrochlor gr. x 

Adrenalin Chloridi (Sol. 1 : 1000) Sss 

Aquse Rosse q. s. f 5vj 

M. 

Sig. — Apply every two hours. 



15 
180 



Syrupus. — See Saccharum. 

Syrupus Acaciae. — See Acacia. 

Syrupus Acidi Citrici. — See Acidum Citricum. 

Syrupus Acidi Hydriodici. — see Iodum. 

Syrupus Aurantii. — See Aurantium. 

Syrupus Aurantii Florum. — See Aurantium. 

Syrupus Calcii Lactophosphatis. — See Calcium. 

Syrupus Ferri Iodidi. — See Ferrum. 

Syrupus Hypophosphitum. — See Acidum Hypophosphorosum. 

Syrupus Ipecacuanhae. — See Ipecacuanha. 



1 White and Martin: Genito-urinary and Venereal Diseases. 

2 Ohmann-Dumesnil: Diseases of the Skin. 



308 TALCUM PURIFICATUM. TEREBINTHINA. 

Syrupus Lactucarii. — See Lactucarium. 

Syrupus Picis Liquidae. — See Pix Liquida. 

Syrupus Pruni Virginianae. — See Prunus Virginiana. 

Syrupus Rhei. — See Rheum. 

Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus. — See Rheum. 

Syrupus Sarsaparillae Compositus. — See Sarsaparilla. 

Syrupus Scillae. — See Scilla. 

Syrupus Scillae Compositus. — See Scilla. 

Syrupus Senegas. — See Senega. 

Syrupus Sennas. — See Senna. 

Syrupus Tolutanus. — See Balsamum Tolutanum. 

Syrupus Zingiberis. — See Zingiber. 

TALCUM PURIFICATUM. 

Latin, Talcum Purificatum (Gen., Talci Purificati). Eng., Puri- 
fied Talc. A purified, native, hydrous magnesium silicate sometimes 
containing a small amount of aluminum silicate. 

Form. — A white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and tasteless. 

Solubility. — Insoluble in water and alcohol. 

It is used as an absorbent and protective and as a diluent for 
more active agents in the treatment of many moist skin affections, 
and for cosmetic purposes. 

TARAXACUM. 

Latin, Taraxacum. Eng., Taraxacum. Synonym, Dandelion. 
The dried rhizome and roots of Taraxacum officinale. 

Official Preparations. 

Extractum Taraxaci. Eng., Extract of Taraxacum. 
Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Fluidextractum Taraxaci. Eng., Fluidextract of Taraxacum. 

Average Dose. — 2 l / 2 fluidrachms (10 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Bitter tonic, laxative. 
Uses. — Sometimes used as adjuvant to other tonics or purga- 
tives. Seldom prescribed. 

TEREBINTHINA. 

Latin, Terebinthina. Eng., Turpentine. A concrete oleoresin 
obtained from various species of Pinus. 



TEREBINTHINA. 309 

Turpentine is not now official, but the Pharmacopoeia contains 
the following: 

Official Constituents and Preparations. 

OLEUM TEREBINTHINA. Eng., Oil of Turpentine. Synonyms, 
Spirit of Turpentine, Turpentine. A volatile oil distilled from 
Turpentine. 

Form. — A thin, colorless liquid. 

Odor and Taste. — A characteristic odor and taste. 

Solubility. — Almost insoluble in water. Soluble in 5 parts of alcohol. 

Oleum Terebinthinae Rectificatum. Eng., Rectified Oil of Turpentine. 
Form, Odor, Taste, Solubility. — See Oleum Terebinthinae. 
Average Dose. — 5 minims (0.3 mil). 

Ceratum Resinae. Eng., Rosin Cerate. Synonym, Basilicon Ointment. 
Rosin, 350 Gm.; Yellow Wax, 150 Gm.; Lard, 500 Gm. 

Emulsum Olei Terebinthinae. Eng., Emulsion of Oil of Turpentine. 
Rectified Oil of Turpentine, 15 mils; Expressed Oil of Almond, 5 mils; 
Syrup, 25 mils ; Acacia, 15 Gm. ; Water, to 100 mils. 

Average Dose. — J /> fluidrachm (2 mils). 

Linimentum Terebinthinae. Eng., Turpentine Liniment. Rosin 
Cerate, 650 Gm.; Oil of Turpentine, 350 Gm. 

TEREBENUM. Eng., Terebene. Obtained by the action of concen- 
trated sulphuric acid on Oil of Turpentine. 

Form. — A colorless liquid. 

Odor and Taste. — An agreeable, thyme-like odor, and an aromatic, some- 
what terebinthinate taste. 

Solubility. — Only slightly in water. Soluble in 3 parts alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 4 minims (0.25 mil). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, diuretic, carminative, an- 
thelmintic, rubefacient, counterirritant. 

Uses. — Quite extensively employed by mouth, rectum, or as 
an application for wounds, sprains, rheumatism, intestinal worms, 
tympanites, typhoid fever, chronic nephritis, bronchitis, etc. 

Administration. — Bromine, chlorine and iodine are incompat- 
ible, with Oil of Turpentine in concentration, but iodine is some- 
times prescribed with it when the agents are in very dilute form. 

Oil of Turpentine is very irritating to mucous membrane; so 
should always be administered in an emulsion or with some bland oil. 

The Oil is frequently used in "turpentine steeps" for renal colic, 
gall-stone colic, intestinal distention, dysentery, etc. They are or- 
dered prepared by instructing that a tablespoonful of the oil of tur- 
pentine be used to each bowl of hot water and large folded bath 
towels or pieces of flannel be wrung out of this and applied as hot 



310 TERPINI HYDRAS. 

as the patient can tolerate. Fresh application is made about every 
three minutes. 

In typhoid fever, etc. : 

$ or 

Emul. 01. Terebinth fSiv 120| 

Sig. — Half (y 2 ) teaspoonful every four hours. 

In the treatment of acute bronchitis : 

$1 or 

Terebeni f 3ij 8 

Creosoti f 3ss 2 

Acaciae q. s. 

Aquae Chloroformi q. s. f Siij 90 

M. ft. emul. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful with water every four hours. 

TERPINI HYDRAS. 

Latin, Terpini Hydras (Gen., Terpini Hydratis). Eng., Terpin 
Hydrate. 

Form. — Colorless prisms. 

Odor and Taste. — Nearly odorless and having a slightly aromatic 
and somewhat bitter taste. 

Solubility. — In 200 parts of water or in 13 parts of alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gmi). 

Therapeutic Action. — Diuretic, antiseptic, lessens bronchial 
secretion. 

Uses. — Employed in the treatment of bronchitis, phthisis, 
whooping-cough, etc.; also for gonorrhea, cystitis, and kindred 
conditions. 

Administration. — Usually prescribed in capsules or in hydro- 
alcoholic solutions such as Aromatic Elixir. 

TERRA SILICiE PURIFICATA. 

Latin, Terra Saliese Purificata. Eng., Purified Siliceous Earth. 
Synonyms, Purified Kieselguhr, Purified Infusorial Earth. 

THEOBROMINE SODIO-SALICYLAS. 

Latin, Theobrominse Sodio^Salicylas (Gen,, Theobrominse Sodio- 
Salicylatis) . Eng., Theobromine Sodio-Salicylate. Synonym, Diu- 
retin. 



i Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



THEOPHYLLIXA. THYMOL. 311 

Form. — A white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless ; nearly tasteless. 

Solubility. — In 1 part of water, slightly soluble in alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Diuretic. 

Uses. — Used in the treatment of those conditions where in- 
creased diuresis is indicated, as nephritis, dropsy, high blood-pres- 
sure, etc. 

Administration. — If the drug has been long exposed to air, it 
becomes partly insoluble in water, and makes a milky mixture. The 
fresh powder makes a colorless solution. 

It is practically always prescribed alone in aqueous solution, as : 

$ or 

Theobrom. Sodio-Salicyl 3iv 15 

Aquae Dest q. s. f §i j 60 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every four hours. 

THEOPHYLLINA. 

Latin, Theophyllina. Eng., Theophylline. Synonym, Dimeth- 
ylxanthine. An organic base isomeric with theobromine. It is 
found in small amounts in tea-leaves (Thea Sinesis) and is also 
prepared synthetically. 

A white, odorless, bitter, sparingly soluble powder. 

Average Dose. — 4 grains (0.25 Gm.). 

THYMOL. 

Latin, Thymol (Gen., Thymolis). Eng., Thymol. A phenol oc- 
curring in the volatile oil of thyme and in some other volatile oils. 

Form. — Large, colorless prisms. 

Odor and Taste. — An aromatic, thyme-like odor and a pungent, 
aromatic taste, with a very slight caustic effect upon the lips. 

Solubility. — In about 1010 parts of water. Soluble in alcohol, 
oils, etc. 

Incompatibles. — Should not be triturated with acetanilid, anti- 
pyrine, camphor, monobromated camphor, hydrated chloral, menthol, 
phenol, phenyl salicylate, quinine sulphate or prescribed with spirit 
of nitrous ether or gold salts. 

Average Dose. — Antiseptic, 2 grains (0.125 Gm.) ; anthelmintic, 
15 grains (1 Gm.) per day. 



312 THYMOL. 

Official Salt. 
Thymolis Iodidum. Eng., Thymol Iodide. Synonyms, Thymol Di- 
iodide, Aristol. 

A brown or yellowish powder, almost odorless and insoluble in water. 
Sometimes used as a dusting powder for cutaneous lesions. 
Seldom employed. 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, anthelmintic. 

Uses. — Principally employed for hookworms ; also used in so- 
lution with other agents as a mouth-wash, nasal spray, gargle, 
etc., in the treatment of such conditions as nasal catarrh, stoma- 
titis, pharyngitis and pyorrhoea alveolaris. 

Administration. — While Thymol is a constituent of some oint- 
ments, antiseptic solutions, etc., its more common employment is 
for intestinal parasites, particularly hookworm. For this pur- 
pose it is usually administered in doses of from 30 to 80 grains. 
It may be prescribed in a powdered state suspended in water by 
means of Acacia, but is more commonly administered in capsules, 
either alone or with sugar of milk. When well triturated with 
an inert powder, as sugar of milk, it is supposed to be less irri- 
tating to the gastric mucosa, and less apt to form concretions 
when the gelatin of the capsule is dissolved. 

Not more than 5 to 7 grains of the powder should be prescribed 
to the capsule. As the, safety of large doses depends on the com- 
parative insolubility of the drug in the normal intestinal juices, care 
should be exercised that the patient has and keeps the intestinal tract 
free from alcoholics, oils and fats. 

The drug should be eliminated promptly, as it is slightly soluble 
even in water. A common method of employment is as follows : 

R or 

Thymolis, 

Sacchari Lactis aa. gr. l 3| 

M. ff. cap. no. xx. 

Sig.— Take five (5) at 8, 9, 10, and 11 a.m. 

Written instructions as to diet, purgative, etc., should be given the 
patient. The following would illustrate : — 

Saturday. — Eat or drink only skimmed milk, buttermilk, rice 
broth, gelatin, toast, jelly, baked apples, sherbet, tea, coffee, lemon- 
ade, water. Nothing but water after 6 p.m. No alcoholics, oil or 
grease during the day. 

Sunday. — Take a tablespoonful of Epsom: Salt in a glass of hot 
lemonade at 6 a.m. Take five (5) capsules every hour beginning at 
8 a.m. Repeat the salts and lemonade at 1 p.m. 



THYROIDEUM SICCUM. 313 

Take nothing in the way of food or drink but water till 2 p.m. ; 
can then have dry toast, jelly, gelatin, baked apples, sherbet, tea, 
coffee, lemonade, grape-juice, oranges. No alcoholics, oils or grease 
during the day. 

Monday. — Same diet, etc., as Saturday. 

When capsules are inadvisable the following may be used in the 
same way as the prescription just given : 

$ or 

Thymolis gr. L 3 

Syrupi Acaciae q. s. f.!$i j 60 

M. 

Sig.— "Shake." 

Tablespoonful at 8, 9, 10, and 11 a.m. 

The following illustrates a somewhat common employment of 
the drug : 

In the treatment of dermatitis : 

Ri or 

Phenolis Liq f 3ss 2 

Thymolis • gr. viij 5 

Glycerini fSss 15 

Alcoholis f 3j 30 

Aquae q. s. fSviij 240 

M. 

Sig. — Apply freely. 

THYROIDEUM SICCUM. 

Latin, Thyroideum Siccum (Gen., Thyroidei Sicci). Eng., Dried 
Thyroids. (Glandulas Thyroidese Siccse — Desiccated Thyroid Glands, 
U. S. P., viii.) 

The thyroid glands of animals, which are used for food by man, 
freed from connective tissue and fat, dried and powdered and con- 
taining not less than 0.17 nor more than 0.23 per cent, of iodine in 
thyroid combination. One part of Dried Thyroid corresponds to 
approximately 5 parts of the fresh glands. 

A yellowish powder. 

Average Dose. — \y 2 grains (0.1 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Vasodilator ; affects metabolism. 

Uses. — In the treatment of myxedema, cretinism and goiter. 

Administration. — Probably best given in capsules, also used in 
tablets. 

Tinctura Aconiti. — See Aconitum. 
Tinctura Aloes. — See Aloe. 



1 Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 



314 TINCTURA. 

Tinctura Arnicae. — See Arnica. 

Tinctura* Asafcetidae. — See Asafcetida. 

Tinctura Aurantii Amari. — See Aurantium. 

Tinctura Aurantii Dulcis. — See Aurantium. 

Tinctura Belladonnas Foliorum. — See Belladonna. 

Tinctura Benzoini. — See Benzoinum. 

Tinctura Benzoini Composita. — See Benzoinum. 

Tinctura Calumbae. — See Calumba. 

Tinctura Cannabis. — See Cannabis. 

Tinctura Cantharidis. — See Cantharis. 

Tinctura Capsici. — See Capsicum. 

Tinctura Cardamomi. — See Cardamomum. 

Tinctura Cardomomi Composita. — See Cardamomum. 

Tinctura Cinchonas. — See Cinchona. 

Tinctura Cinchonae Composita. — See Cinchona. 

Tinctura Cinnamomi. — See Cinnamomum. 

Tinctura Colchici Seminis.- — See Colchicum. 

Tinctura Digitalis. — See Digitalis. 

Tinctura Ferri Chloridi. — See Ferrum. 

Tinctura Gambir Composita. — See Gambir. 

Tinctura Gelsemii. — See Gelsemium. 

Tinctura Gentianae Composita. — See Gentiana. 

Tinctura Guaiaci. — See Guaiacum. 

Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata. — See Guaiacum. 

Tinctura Hydrastis. — See Hydrastis. 

Tinctura Hyoscyami. — See Hyoscyamus. 

Tinctura Iodi. — See Iodum. 

Tinctura Kino. — See Kino. 

Tinctura Lactucarii. — See Lactucarium. 

Tinctura Lavandulae Composita. — See Oleum Lavandulae Florum. 

Tinctura Limonis Corticis. — See Limon. 

Tinctura Lobelias. — See Lobelia. 

Tinctura Moschi. — See Moschus. 

Tinctura Myrrhae. — See Myrrha. 

Tinctura Nucis Vomicae. — See Nux Vomica. 

Tinctura Opii. — See Opium. 

Tinctura Opii Camphorata. — See Opium. 

Tinctura Opii Deodorati. — See Opium. 

Tinctura Physostigmatis. — See Physostigma. 

Tinctura Pyrethri. — See Pyrethrum. 

Tinctura Quassias. — See Quassia. 

Tinctura Rhei. — See Rheum. 

Tinctura Rhei Aromatica. — See Rheum. 

Tinctura Sanguinarias. — See Sanguinaria. 

Tinctura Scillae. — See Scilla. 

Tinctura Stramonii. — : See Stramonium. 

Tinctura Strophanthi. — See Strophanthus. 

Tinctura Tolutana. — See Balsamum Tolutanum. 

Tinctura Valerianae. — See Valeriana. 



TRAGACANTHA. TRINITROPHENOL. 315 

Tinctura Valerianae Ammoniata. — See Valeriana. 
Tinctura Veratri Viridis. — See Veratrum Viride. 
Tinctura Zingiberis. — See Zingiber. 

TOXITABELLiE HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDI CORROSIVI. 

See Hydrargyrum, p. 181. 

TRAGACANTHA. 

Latin, Tragacantha. Eng., Tragacanth. Synonym, Gum Traga- 
canth. The spontaneously dried, gummy exudation from the stems 
of Astragalus gummifer or from other Asiatic species of Astragalus. 

Official Preparation. 

Mucilago Tragacanthae. Eng., Mucilage of Tragacanth. Contains 6 
7 per cent, of the drug. 
Dose. — Ad lib. 

Therapeutic Action. — Demulcent. 

Uses and Administration. — Principally used to render aqueous 
solutions of insoluble drugs sufficiently thick so that when the bot- 
tle is shaken the insoluble matter will remain suspended long enough 
to admit of a dose being poured. 

TRINITROPHENOL. 

Latin, Trinitrophenol (Gen., Trinitrophenolis). Eng., Trinitro- 
phenol. Synonym, Picric Acid. 

Form. — Pale-yellow prisms or scales. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless. An intensely bitter taste. 

Solubility. — In 78 parts of water or 12 of alcohol. 

Incompatibles. — Most substances easily oxidized. Is always pre- 
scribed alone, in solution. 

Average Dose. — y 2 grain (0.03 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, germicide, local anesthetic. 

Uses. — The usd of this drug is now almost exclusively confined 
to the wet dressing of burns. 

Administration. — Usually prescribed alone in solution. As a 
dressing, particularly for burns, it may be ordered as follows: 
n or 



Trinitrophenolis gr. xl 2 

Alcoholis f 3iv 15 

Aquae Dest q. s. f 3vii j 240 

M. 

Sisr. — Use to wet dressing as directed. 



316 TRITICUM. ULMUS. 

It stains tissues a deep yellow, which gradually wears off in a 
few days. Toxic symptoms may develop from using too strong a 
solution or applying a weak solution to too large an area. 

TRITICUM. 

Latin, Triticum. Eng., Triticum. Synonym, Couch-grass. The 
dried rhizome and roots of Agrophyron repens, gathered in the 
spring. 

Average' Dose. — 2 drachms (8 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Fluidextractum Tritici. Eng., Fluidextract of Triticum. 

Average Dose. — 2 fluidrachms (8 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Emollient and demulcent. 
Uses. — Has been recommended in the treatment of chronic 
cystitis, prostatitis, urethritis, etc. Seldom prescribed. 

Trochisci Acidi Tannici. — See Acidum Tannicum. 
Trochisci Ammonii Chloridi. — See Ammonium. 
Trochisci Cubebae. — See Cubeba. 
Trochisci Potassii Chloratis. — See Potassium. 
Trochisci Sodii Bicarbonatis. — See Sodium. 

ULMUS. 

Latin, Ulmus. Eng., Elm. Synonym, Slippery Elm Bark. The 
dried bark of Ulmus fulva. 

Therapeutic Action. — Demulcent, astringent. 

Uses. — Is sometimes used internally for gastritis, dysentery, 
cystitis, etc., and externally it is a popular household remedy 
in the form of poultices, for deep-seated pain. Seldom 
prescribed. 

Unguentum. — See Adeps. 

Unguentum Acidi Borici. — See Acidum Boricum. 

Unguentum Acidi Tannici. — See Acidum Tannicum. 

Unguentum Aquae Rosas. — See Rosa. 

Unguentum Belladonnas. — See Belladonna. 

Unguentum Chrysarobini. — See Chrysarobinum. 

Unguentum Diachylon. — See Plumbum. 

Unguentum Gallae. — See Galla. 

Unguentum Hydrargyri. — See Hydrargyrum. 

Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammoniati. — See Hydrargyrum. 

Unguentum Hydrargyri Dilutum. — See Hydrargyrum. 

Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis. — See Hydrargyrum. 

Unguentum Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi. — See Hydrargyrum. 



URANII NITRAS. UVA URSI. VALERIANA. 317 

Unguentum Iodi. — See Iodum. 
Unguentum Iodoformi. — See Iodoformum. 
Unguentum Phenolis. — See Phenol. 
Unguentum Picis Liquidae. — See Pix Liquida. 
Unguentum Stramonii. — See Stramonium. 
Unguentum Sulphuris. — See Sulphur. 
Unguentum Zinci Oxidi. — See Zincum. 

URANII NITRAS. 

Latin, Uranii Nitras. Eng., Uranium Nitrate. Light-yellow 
prism, odorless and having a bitter, astringent taste. Freely soluble 
in water or alcohol. 

Average Dose. — % grain (0.01 Gm.). 

Seldom prescribed. 

UVA URSI. 

Latin, Uva Ursi. Eng., Uva Ursi. Synonym, Bearberry. The 
dried leaves of Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi. 
Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Official Preparation. 

Fluidextractum Uvae Ursi. Eng., Fluidextract of Uva Ursi. 
Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Astringent, diuretic. 
Uses. — Uva Ursi is sometimes used in the treatment of gon- 
orrhea, cystitis, pyelitis, dropsy, etc. Not often prescribed. 

VALERIANA. 

Latin, Valeriana. Eng., Valerian. The dried rhizome and roots 
of Valeriana officinalis. 

Principal Constituents. — Valeric Acid, Tannic Acid, etc. 
Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Tinctura Valerianae. Eng., Tincture of Valerian. Represents 20 per 
cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 1 fluidrachm (4 mils) . 

Tinctura Valerianae Ammoniata. Eng., Ammoniated Tincture of 
Valerian. Represents 20 per cent, of the drug in Aromatic Spirit of 
Ammonia. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 



318 VALERATES, OFFICIAL. 

Therapeutic Action. — Nerve sedative, antispasmodic. 

Uses. — The preparations of Valerian are used in the treat- 
ment of neurasthenia, hysteria, flatulence, incontinence of urine, 
etc. 

Administration. — The odor and taste of the preparation is con- 
sidered very disagreeable by many. The Ammoniated Tincture 
is the preparation most frequently employed. It is prescribed 
alone or with other agents. The unofficial Extract is sometimes 
used. 

In nervous conditions, as enuresis, etc. : 
Ifc or 

Tinct. Valerianae fSiv 120| 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 

In acute indigestion, hysteria, etc. : 

$ or 

Tinct. Valerianae Ammon., 

Spir. ^Etheris aa. f&ss 15 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours until relieved. 

In the treatment of chronic heart disease : 
Ri or 

Digitalis Pulv., 

Quininse Hydrochlor aa. gr. xv 1 

Ext. Valerianae Sj 4 

M. ft. cap. no. xxx. 

Sig. — One three times a day. 

VALERATES, OFFICIAL. 

Incompatibles. — Acids, carbonates, most metallic salts. 

AMMONII VALERAS. Eng., Ammonium Valerate. 

Form. — Colorless or white plates. 

Odor and Taste. — Characteristic odor and sharp, sweetish taste. 

Solubility. — Very soluble in water or alcohol. 

Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

ZINCI VALERAS. Eng., Zinc Valerate. 
Form. — White scales or powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Characteristic odor, and a sweetish, astringent and 
metallic taste. 

Solubility. — In about 70 parts of water or 22 parts of alcohol. 
Average Dose. — 2 grains (0.125 Gm.). 



i Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



VANILLINUM. VERATRUM VIRIDE. 319 

Therapeutic Action. — Nerve sedative, antispasmodic. 

Uses. — Employed in the treatment of neurasthenia, hysteria, 
etc. 

Administration. — The official Valerates are not extensively 
used. They are best administered in capsules and are most often 
prescribed with other agents. 

The unofficial Iron Valerate is sometimes employed. 

The odor and taste are considered very objectionable by some and 
are frequently complained of even when the drugs are administered 
in capsules. 

In the treatment of palpitation in hysteric subjects : 

I*i or 

Strychninse Sulph gr. % 02 

Ext. Hyoscyami gr. v 32 

Zinci Valeratis gr. x 65 

Ext. Sumbul gr. x 65 

M. ft. cap. no. x. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 

VANILLINUM. 

Latin, Vanillinum. Eng., Vanillin. White or nearly white crys- 
talline needles — occurs naturally in vanilla or made synthetically. 

Average Dose. — 1 / 2 grain (0.03 Gm.). 

Vanillin is extensively used as a flavoring agent, but is not often 
a prescription ingredient. 

VERATRUM VIRIDE. 

Latin, Veratrum Viride. Eng., Veratrum Viride. Synonyms, 
Veratrum (U. S. P., viii), American Hellebore, Green Hellebore. 
The dried rhizome and roots of Veratrum viride. 

Average Dose. — 1 grain (0.06 Gm.). 

Official Preparations and Constituent. 

Fluidextractum Veratri Viridis. Eng., Fluidextract of Veratrum 

Average Dose. — l J A minims (0.1 mil). 

Tinctura Veratri Viridis. Eng., Tincture of Veratrum Viride. Rep- 
resents 10 per cent, of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 8 minims (0.5 mil.). 

Veratrina. Eng., Veratrine. A mixture of alkaloids obtained from 
the seed of Asagrcea officinalis. 



1 Anders: Practice of Medicine. 



320 VIBURNUM OPULUS. 

Form. — A white or grayish-white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless, but causing intense irritation and sneezing 
when even a minute quantity reaches the nasal mucous membrane. An acrid 
taste, leaving a sensation of tingling and numbness on the tongue. 

Solubility. — In 1760 parts of water or 2.8 parts of alcohol. 

Average Dose. — Yso grain (0.002 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Circulatory depressant, antipyretic, 
antispasmodic. 

Uses. — Employed in the treatment of eclampsia, and other 
conditions characterized by high blood-pressure. Sometimes 
used in the early stages of acute febrile conditions. 

Administration, — The tincture of veratrum viride is sometimes 
given by mouth. It is usually prescribed alone. For eclampsia, the 
drug is used by hypodermic injection, either the fluidextract, tinc- 
ture, or veratrine being employed. 

VIBURNUM OPULUS. 

(Not Official.) 

Latin, Viburnum Opulus. Eng., Viburnum Opulus. Synonym, 
Cramp Bark. The dried bark of Viburnum opulus. 
Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 

Preparation. 

Fluidextractum Viburni Opuli. Eng., Fluidextract of Viburnum 
Opulus. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 Cc). 

Therapeutic Action. — Nerve sedative, antispasmodic, diuretic. 
Uses. — Employed in the treatment of dysmenorrhea, amenor- 
rhea, threatened abortion, etc. 

Administration. — Probably the most common employment is 
in the form of the Elixir, as in the following for dysmenorrhea : 
B or 

Elix. Viburni Opuli f5j 30| 

Sig. — Teaspoonful every hour until relieved. 

VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM. 

Latin, Viburnum Prunifolium. Eng., Viburnum Prunifolium. 
Synonym, Black Haw. The dried bark of Viburnum prunifolium 
or of V. Lenlago. 

Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). 



VIRUS VACCINICUM. XANTHOXYLUM. 321 

Official Preparations. 

Extractum Viburni Prunifolii. Eng., Extract of Viburnum Pruni- 
folium. A powder. 

Average Dose. — 8 grains (0.5 Gm.). 

Fluidextractum Viburni Prunifolii. Eng., Fluidextract of Viburnum 
Prunifolium. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Therapeutic Action. — Nerve sedative, antispasmodic, diuretic. 
Uses. — Frequently used in the treatment of dysmenorrhea, 
amenorrhea, threatened abortion, etc. 

Administration. — The fluidextract is frequently employed and 
usually alone, as in the following for threatened abortion : 
Ifc • or 

Flext. Viburni Prun ' fSij 60| 

Sig. — Teaspoonful three times a day. 

With many patients the fluidextract produces nausea or even 
vomiting, so the Elixir (containing 12.5 per cent.) is often the prep- 
aration of choice or necessity. The following illustrates its use in 
dysmenorrhea : 

3 or 

Sodii Bromidi 3ij 8 

Elix. Viburni Prun q. s. f5j 30 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours till relieved. 

VIRUS VACCINICUM. 

Latin, Virus Vaccinicum. Eng., Vaccine Virus. Synonyms, 
Smallpox Vaccine, Glycerinated Vaccine Virus, etc. The pustules 
of vaccinia or cowpox from healthy, vaccinated animals of the 
bovine species, removed and prepared under aseptic conditions, and 
made into a smooth emulsion with a glycerin solution. 

XANTHOXYLUM. 

Latin, Xanthoxylum. Eng., Xanthoxylum. Synonym, Prickly 
Ash Bark. The dried bark of Xanthoxylum americanum or of 
Xan th oxyl u m Clava-Herculis. 

Average Dose. — 30 grains (2 Gm.). ' 

Official Preparation. 

Fluidextractum Xanthoxyli. Eng., Fluidextract of Xanthoxylum. 
Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

21 



322 ZINCUM. 

Therapeutic Action. — Laxative, diuretic, expectorant. 

Uses. — It is a constituent of many pharmaceutical and pro- 
prietary preparations that are recommended for syphilis, rheu- 
matism, scrofula, etc. Seldom prescribed. 

ZINCUM— Zinc. 

Official Salts and Preparations. 

General Incompatibles of Zinc Salts. — Acacia, alkalies, arsenates, carbo- 
nates, cyanides, phosphates, sulphates, sulphides, lead acetate, lime-water, 
silver nitrate, tannic acid, milk. 

ZINCI ACETAS. Eng., Zinc Acetate. 
Form. — White plates. 

Odor and Taste. — A faintly acetous odor, and in dilute solutions an astrin- 
gent, metallic taste. 

Solubility. — In 2.3 parts of water or 30 parts of alcohol. 
Incompatibles. — See Zincum. 
Average Dose. — 2 grains (0.125 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Astringent, antiseptic. 

Uses. — Its only common use is in the treatment of gonorrhea, 
when it is prepared by prescribing together zinc sulphate and lead 
acetate. 

ZINCI CARBONAS PR^CIPITATUS. Eng., Precipitated Zinc 
Carbonate. 

Form. — A white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless and tasteless. 

Solubility. — Insoluble in water or alcohol. 

Therapeutic Action. — Astringent, absorbent, protective. 
Uses. — Sometimes used in the treatment of skin diseases. Not 
often prescribed. 

ZINCI CHLORIDUM. Eng., Zinc Chloride. Formula ZnCl 2 . 
Form. — White or nearly white powder, mass or pencils. 
Odor and Taste. — Odorless. The dilute solution has an astringent, metallic 
taste. Tasting is dangerous except when in very dilute solution. 
Solubility. — In 0.25 part of water. Very soluble in alcohol. 
Incompatibles. — See Zincum. 

Liquor Zinci Chloridi. Eng., Solution of Zinc Chloride. A colorless 
liquid containing about 50 per cent, by weight of the salt. 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, astringent, escharotic. 
Uses. — Sometimes used in the treatment of cancer, indolent 
ulcers, etc. Not often prescribed. 



ZINCUM. 323 

ZINCI OXIDUM. Eng., Zinc Oxide. 
Form. — A white or yellowish-white powder. 
Odor and Taste. — Odorless and tasteless. 
Solubility. — Insoluble in water or alcohol. 

Unguentum Zinci Oxidi. Eng., Ointment of Zinc Oxide. Contains 
20 per cent, of the Zinc Oxide in Benzoinated Lard. 

Therapeutic Action. — Antiseptic, astringent. 

Uses. — Extensively used in dusting powders or ointments in 
the treatment of various skin lesions, as ulcers, eczema, prickly- 
heat, herpes, etc. 

Administration. — A point of value in using Zinc Oxide is its 
sticking quality when applied to the surface. The following will 
illustrate the use of the drug : 

As a dusting powder in the treatment of hyperidrosis : 

$1 or 

Acidi Salicyl. Pulv gr. xx 1 13 

Acidi Borici Pulv 3j 410 

Zinci Oxidi Pulv Siij 12 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



For prickly heat : 

Acidi Salicylici gr. x 

Acidi Borici 3j 

Zinci Oxidi 3iij 

Amyli I] 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



In the treatment of prickly heat : 

IP 

Acidi Borici, 

Talci Pur., 

Zinci Oxidi, 

Amyli 

M. 

Sig. — Apply freely. 



aa. 3ij 



1 Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 

2 ma. 



324 



ZINCUM. 



In the treatment of herpes progenitalis : 
IM 
Zinci Oxidi, 

Calamine Prsep aa. gr. x 

Glycerini, 

Alcoholis aa. nixij 

Aquae q. s. f Si j 

M. 

Sig. — Apply freely. (Shake-label.) 



60 



Used in the treatment of the cutaneous lesions of hereditary 
syphilis : 

R2 or 

Hydrargyri Ammoniati %r. xv 1 j 

Ung. Zinci Oxidi Sj 30| 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 



In the treatment of dermatitis : 

Phenolis gr. xij 

Bismuthi Subnit oiss 

Adipis Lanae Hyd 3ij 

Ung. Zinci Oxidi q. s. Sj 

M. 

Sig. — Apply locally. 



or 



ZINCI PHENOLSULPHONAS.— See Phenol, p. 259. 

ZINCI STEARAS. Eng., Zinc Stearate. 

Form. — A white powder. 

Odor and Taste. — A faint odor resembling that of fat. Tasteless. 

Solubility. — Insoluble in water or alcohol. 

Therapeutic Action. — Astringent, absorbent. 

Uses. — Sometimes used in the treatment of various skin 
lesions. It is employed in dusting powders, ointments, and dry- 
ing lotions. 



ZINCI SULPHAS. Eng., Zinc Sulphate. Synonym, White Pre- 
cipitate. Formula, ZnS04. 

Form. — Colorless crystals or granular powder. 

Odor and Taste. — Odorless, and an astringent, metallic taste. 

Solubility. — In 0.6 part of water. Insoluble in alcohol. 



i Stelwagon: Diseases of the Skin. 

2 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 

3Ashton: Practice of Gynecology. 



ZINGIBER. 325 

Incompatible s. — See Zincum. 

Average Dose. — Emetic, 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Therapeutic Action. — Astringent, styptic, antiseptic, emetic. 

Uses. — Sometimes used in the treatment of conjunctivitis, 
gonorrhea, vaginitis, etc. Not used as an emetic, as more practical 
agents are usually available. 

Administration. — The following will show how the drug may 
be prescribed : 

In the treatment of gonorrhea: 

Ri or 

Zinci Sulphatis gr. xv 10 

Plumbi Acetatis gr. xx 13 

Tincturae Opii, 

Tincturse Catechu aa. f 3i j 8 

Aquae q. s. fgvj 180 

M. 

Sig. — Inject after urination. (Shake-label.) 

ZINCI VALERAS.— See Valerates, p. 318. 

The unofficial Phosphide is sometimes employed. It is always given in 
capsules. 

In the treatment of herpes zoster : 

$2 or 

Zinci Phosphidi, 



Ext. Nucis Vomicae aa. gr. x 

M. ft. cap. no. xxx. 

Sig. — One every three hours. 



65 



ZINGIBER. 

Latin, Zingiber. Eng., Ginger. . Synonyms, Jamaica Ginger, 
Ginger Root, etc. The dried rhizomes of Zingiber officinalis. 

Principal Constituents. — Volatile Oil (24 to 2 per cent.), resin, 
gingerol. 

Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 Gm.). 

Official Preparations. 

Fluidextractum Zingiberis. Eng., Fluidextract of Ginger. 
Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 mil). 



1 White and Martin: Genitourinary and Venereal Diseases. 

2 Hughes: Practice of Medicine. 



326 



ZINGIBER. 



Oleoresina Zingiberis. Eng., Oleoresin of Ginger. 

Average Dose. — 1 / 2 grain (0.03 Gm.). 

Syrupus Zingiberis. Eng., Syrup of Ginger. Represents 3 per cent, 
of the drug. 

Average Dose. — 4 fluidrachms (15 mils). 

Tinctura Zingiberis. Eng., Tincture of Ginger. Synonyms, Essence 
of Ginger, Extract of Ginger, Jamaica Ginger, etc. 

Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 mils). 

Tincture of Ginger is contained in Aromatic Sulphuric Acid. 

Therapeutic Action. — Stomachic, carminative, anodyne. 
Uses. — The preparations of ginger are used in the treatment 
of acute indigestion, flatulence, intestinal cramps, dysmenorrhea, 
etc. The tincture is extensively employed as an intoxicant in pro- 
hibition districts. 

Administration. — The following will illustrate the use of the 
drug: 

In the treatment of stomatitis : 
Ifci or 

Potassii Chloratis gr. xxiv 1 5 

Tinct. Ferri Chlor TT\,xxxvj 2 5 

Syr. Zingiberis f Sss 15 

Aquae q. s. fSiij 90 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every two hours. 

In the treatment of flatulence, hysteria, etc. : 
$2 or 

Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. xl 3| 

Spir. Ammonise Arom., 

Tinct. Zingiberis aa. f Sss 15 

Spir. ^Etheris q. s. f §ij 60 

M. 

Sig. — Two (2) teaspoonfuls in water. Repeat when necessary. 

As a flavor, etc., in a prescription for mixed treatment for 
infantile syphilis: 

R3 or 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. j 065 

Potassii Iodidi 3ij 8 000 

Syr. Zingiberis fSj 30 000 

Aquse q. s. fBij 60 000 

M. 

Sig. — Five (5) drops in milk three times a day. 



i Ruhrah: Diseases of Children. 

2 Shoemaker: Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 

3 Musser and Kelly: Practical Treatment. 



INTRODUCTION TO PART II. 



Prescribing is the final expression of a physician's effort in the 
treatment of disease. Without the ability to intelligently prescribe, 
pathology, diagnosis, therapeutics, and all else in practice is almost 
useless. Imagine a capitalist with a fortune in the bank, but unable 
to write a check; a singer with an exhaustless knowledge of music, 
but who cannot control the vocal cords, or a sharpshooter who cannot 
pull the trigger of his rifle, and a picture is obtained of the practi- 
tioner who cannot prescribe. 

Suppose an expert accountant locates in a city and sends this note 
to Mr. Smith : 

John Smit, 

Crescent City, Pelican State, 
dear Sir: 

Give this slave 5 slugs. 
J. W. 

Would not the recipient reason that courtesy demanded for him 
the title of Mr., that the writer should go to the trouble to spell his 
name correctly, that Crescent City and Pelican State were not the 
proper names for his town and State, that capitals should be properly 
used, that the writer should know that slaves are things of the past, 
that slugs is not the proper name for dollars, and that an order should 
be better signed? Mr. Smith would hardly employ that accountant 
should he later need the services of one. Yet prescriptions, open to 
all these and many more criticisms, are daily sent to our drug-stores 
and sent by our otherwise able physicians. 

The prescription is often the only written evidence of the physi- 
cian's ability. It should not only be excellent, but it should represent 
the acme of perfection. 

Many of the ideas expressed here are at variance with those of 
other writers. The only apology offered is the author's conception 
of the demands of present conditions, based on many years of prac- 
tical experience behind the prescription case and in the laboratory. 



(327) 



PART II. 
Prescription Writing. 



METROLOGY. 

Metrology is the science of measure. The term was originally 
used to express the measure of distance, but now is understood to 
include measures of quantity also. 

Weight is the sum of the attraction of gravity existing between 
the earth and a body on its surface. 

The origin of standards for weights and measures is an interest- 
ing study. Josephus states that Cain after leaving the neighborhood 
of Eden introduced- among his new neighbors means for weighing 
and measuring. It might be 1 believed that these were also the first 
crooked weights and measures. 

The origin of some of the familiar units seems decidedly crude. 
The grain from a grain of wheat; the foot from the length of the 
pedal extremity; the cubit, the distance from the elbow to the tip of 
the fingers ; the hand, the distance from the tip of the abducted thumb 
to the edge of the ulna side of the hand ; the span, the distance be- 
tween the tips of the little finger and the thumb when separated as 
widely as possible. 

There are now in use in the United States several standards with 
which the physician and pharmacist must be familiar. It should be 
one of the duties of every member of both professions to lend his 
influence toward the much desired end, that the metric system alone 
be used by the entire world. 

Table of Avoirdupois Weights. 



(cwt.) 



This table is never used in prescribing. 

These are the weights that are used almost exclusively in buying 
and selling all solid and many liquid drugs. A physician who 
orders a "pound" gets an Avoirdupois pound, or 7000 grains. 

(329) 



437.5 


! grains (gr.) 


= 1 ounce (oz.) 


16 


oz. 


= 1 pound (lb) 


100 


lbs. 


= 1 hundredweight 


20 


cwt. 


= 1 ton 



330 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

If he orders an "oz." he receives an Avoirdupois ounce of 437.5 
grains, as "oz." stands for the Avoirdupois ounce only. Potent 
drugs, as strychnine, morphine, etc., are usually handled in Y^-oz. 
bottles. It should be remembered that these do not contain }i of an 
Apothecaries' ounce, or 60 grains, but % of an Avoirdupois ounce, 
or about 54.7 grains. 

Table of Apothecaries' (or Troy) Weights. 

20 grains (gr.) = 1 scruple (3) 

3 scruples = 1 drachm ('3) 

8 drachms = 1 ounce (3) 

12 ounces = 1 pound (lb) 

It should be remembered that the grain here is the same as the 
Avoirdupois grain. 

The ounce contains 480 grains as against 437.5 of the 
Avoirdupois. 

The pound contains 12 ounces of 480 grains, or 5760 grains in- 
stead of the Avoirdupois pound of 16 oz. of 437.5 grains each, or 
7000 grains. 

Of this table only the grains, drachms, and ounces should be used 
in prescription writing. The scruple is still sometimes employed, but 
its use should be discouraged, as it is altogether unnecessary, and 
the character when carelessly made or blurred is too easily mistaken 
for the character for the drachm. 

Table of Apothecaries' (or Wine) Measure. 

60 minims (irt) =1 flui drachm (f3) 

8 fluidrachms = 1 fluidounce (f5) 

16 fluidounces = 1 pint (O) 

8 pints = 1 gallon (Cong.) 

Some points to remember are : 

The character 5 represents 60 grains, while f5 represents 60 
minims. 5 represents 480 grains only, while f§ is necessary to ex- 
press 480 minims. 

A minim is not the equivalent of a grain. 480 minims (1 f§) of 
water weighed at the standard temperature "weighs 456.37 grains. 
This should be remembered for percentage solutions. 

Specific gravities of liquids vary; a pint of a liquid is not neces- 
sarily a pound. 



METROLOGY. 331 

Two pints make 1 quart and 4 quarts make 1 gallon, but the em- 
ployment of the quart is hardly considered good form in medicine 
and pharmacy. 

In prescriptions where Apothecaries' weights and measures are 
employed, quantities are expressed in Roman numerals. In printed 
matter the small letters are used, while in writing it is necessary to 
sacrifice grammatical exactness on the altar of caution to the extent 
of using a capital L as the small letter might be too easily mistaken 
for an i. It is customary to make the letters harmonize in size, as : 



cT5( xlv// 



'J 



It is also customary to draw a line over the letter or group of 
letters expressing the quantity, and the greatest care should be used 
in printing them. The numerals i and / should be dotted, but under 
no circumstances should the others be dotted, as in a hastily written 
or blurred prescription the pharmacist often depends on the dots to 
differentiate an indistinct i from an / or a comma or period, or a ; 
from an imperfectly formed v, as in the following : 



\L* [// 



They should also not be written together as : 

Final i is made / as an additional safeguard (see above). When 
poorly written or when an imperfect effort is made to follow the 
numerals with a comma or period, there is more danger of confus- 
ing an i than a / with a punctuation mark. The / means the # last 
numeral in that quantity, and any mark following it is understood 
to be an accident, artefact or punctuation. 

Table of Approximate Measures. 

1 teaspoonful = 1 f 3 

1 dessertspoonful = 2 f3 

1 tablespoonful = 4 f3 

1 wineglassful = 2 f§ 

1 cupful = 4 f5 

1 glassful = 8 £5 



332 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

It should be remembered that these equivalents are far from cor- 
rect. It is not unusual to see teaspoonfuls measured that really 
amount to anywhere from 30 to 120 minims. It is always the better 
policy to have a family use a graduated glass, which will either be 
supplied free by the pharmacist as an advertisement or can be pur- 
chased at a nominal price. 

When regular spoons, glasses, etc., are used, the physician on his 
first visit should select the ones that are best suited and have them set 
aside for the particular use. 

The so-called "glassful" varies from 6 to 14 ounces. There may 
be much difference between a tablespoonful of brandy and one of 
codliver oil, or a glassful of purgative water and one of beer. With 
the expenditure of a small amount of effort any prescriber can so 
familiarize himself with spoons and glasses as to readily estimate 
their capacity. 

METRIC SYSTEM. 

The Metric system of weights and measures is a decimal system 
and possesses as many or more advantages! over the common stand- 
ards as does our money system over that of Great Britain. A great 
advance will have been made when it is established as the only 
system for this country as it now is for many others. 

The idea of the Metric system seems to have originated with the 
statesman Talleyrand of France, about the year 1790. A committee 
of scientists appointed to select a definite unit decided upon ^ooooooo 
of the earth's circumference around the poles or, as it is often re- 
ferred to, %ooooooo of a quadrant of the earth's meridian, which is 
the distance from the equator to the pole. This unit was called a 
Meter and measures about 39.37 inches. 

Bars of metal measuring a Meter so constructed as to be the least 
affected by temperature were made and sent to other civilized nations. 

It is now claimed that the scientists in calculating this distance 
made a slight error, but their standard has remained unchanged. 

Metric weights and measures were made legal in France in 1801 
and were made compulsory in 1840. They were made legal, but not 
compulsory, in England in 1864, and in the United States in 1866. 

In the present state of things it is not recommended that any but 
the exceptional use be made of the Metric quantities in writing pre- 
scriptions. All drug-stores are equipped with Apothecaries' weights 
and measures, while many do not have the Metric; and where the 
pharmacist has to transpose the quantities and fill the Metric pre- 



METRIC SYSTEM. 333 

scription by the Apothecaries' table, there is too great a possibility 
for error. The druggist with few exceptions has learned dosage in 
the old quantities and is more apt to let an error slip through in 
checking up a Metric prescription. The compounder may from a 
lack of familiarity be more apt to make an error in selecting a weight. 
If he should through error select a drachm instead of a scruple 
weight for — say calomel — having the scruple weight and the cor- 
responding quantity of calomel in mind, instinct would tell him the 
quantity weighed was too much. This would only obtain in the use 
of standards with which he was intensely familiar. Some of these 
reasons may seem far-fetched, but almost any pharmacist of general 
experience will be reminded of many incidents in his past. The 
Metric system should be made compulsory by the federal govern- 
ment, but until that time, and paving the way for that event, it should 
be thoroughly taught in not only the professional but all schools. It 
might be practicable for the medical and pharmaceutical societies to 
arrange for the exclusive adoption (after a reasonable interval) of 
the system by both professions. 

The unit of the Metric system is the Meter — 39.37 inches, or 
about three feet three inches and three-eights of an inch. 

The unit of the measure of bulk is the Liter. A vessel that is 
one-tenth of a Meter (a decimeter) in each of its dimensions will 
hold a Liter. 

The unit of weight is the Gramme, which is the weight of one 
cubic centimeter (the cube of one-hundredth of a Meter) of water at 
4° Centigrade (39.2° R). 

Greater or less quantities are designated by adding prefixes to 
the particular unit. These prefixes are either Latin or Greek words 
for 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000. The Latin prefixes are: deci (ten), 
centi (hundred), and milli (thousand). The Greek prefixes are: 
Deka (ten), Hecto (hundred), Kilo (thousand), and Myria (ten 
thousand). 

The Latin prefix to a unit means that the unit is divided by that 
amount, as decimeter means Y 10 of a Meter, centigramme means 
%oo of a Gramme. The Greek prefix to a unit means that the unit 
is multiplied by that amount, as Dekameter for ten Meters or a 
Hectogramme for a hundred Grammes. 

To aid the student in remembering which prefix increases and 
which decreases, the word "gild" has been suggested as follows : 

GILD 
Greek increases Latin decreases. 



334 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

As a precaution against mistakes the Latin prefixes are written 
with a small letter and the Greek with a capital, as deci and Deka. 

Changes in the spelling of the original languages have been made 
where it was thought advisable, as changing the original Greek Deca 
to Deka to prevent its being mistaken for the Latin deci. 

The correct pronunciation of these words should be remembered. 
Meter is pronounced Me-ter, the me having the same sound as the 
personal pronoun me. Liter is pronounced Le-ter, the le having 
the same accent as the me in meter. Gramme is pronounced Gram, 
having the same accent as dram, sham, etc. Centi is pronounced 
Sen-ti. 

In this country the simplest English pronunciation is employed. 
The most frequent errors are made in using the words Meter, Liter, 
Gramme, and Centi. 

Only a few of the many Metric terms are commonly used. In 
measures of distance the Kilometer (about % of a mile), the Meter 
(a little more than a yard), the centimeter (about % of an inch) and 
the millimeter (about %5 inch). 

In weights the Kilogramme is used in commerce and is usually 
simply referred to as a Kilo. The Gramme and fractions of a 
Gramme and the milligramme are employed. 

In measures of quantity the Liter and the milliliter and the 
fractions of them are used. 

Previous to the ninth revision of the U. S. P., the cubic centi- 
meter was used instead of the present mil (milliliter). This 
change was made on account of greater accuracy and convenience, 
and to secure uniformity between the two pharmacopoeias in the 
English language. 

In reading in our money system an item like $25.75 we would not 
say two eagles, five dollars, seven dimes and five cents, but twenty- 
five and three-fourths dollars or twenty-five dollars and seventy-five 
cents. So in the Metric system in reading — say, 25.75 Grammes — 
we would say twenty-five and three-fourths Grammes, or twenty-five 
and seventy-five hundredths Grammes, or twenty-five Grammes and 
seventy-five centigrammes. 

In prescription writing we use only two units — Grammes and 
milliliters, abbreviated Gm. and mil. 

If the quantity is in mils, it is read as mils and fractions of a 
mil. 

If a part of a Gramme is not read as a fraction it is read in round 
numbers of the largest denomination that applies, — as 0.375 



METRIC SYSTEM. 335 

Gramme may be read as three hundred and seventy-five milli- 
grammes. 

A bookkeeper in entering a charge does not use the dollar mark 
or write the word dollar or cents, but all on the left-hand side of a 
certain line or decimal point is understood to be dollars and all 
on the right-hand side to be fractions of a dollar. 

In writing a prescription it is not customary to write the words 
Gramme or milliliter or their abbreviations, but as these are the 
only units used, if the drug is a solid the figures are understood 
to be for Grammes and fractions of a Gramme, unless specified to 
the contrary, and if the drug is liquid the figures stand for mils and 
fractions of a mil, unless otherwise specified. Arabic numerals are 
used. 

It is certainly desirable that all prescription blanks for Metric 
prescriptions have a line near the right-hand margin for use instead 
of the prescriber having to employ decimal points which are so fre- 
quently not in line, vertically, and if imperfectly made may be mis- 
taken or may be obliterated by the wear and tear of being carried in 
the pocket or being handled on the files of the druggist. It is 
acknowledged that this is not the general custom in those countries 
where the system is exclusively used, but it seems desirable and is 
also rather the custom here. The following illustrates the Metric 
inscription : 

Sodii Bromidi 5 

Elix. Aromatici q. s. 30 

This would represent 5 grammes of sodium bromide and 30 mils 
of aromatic elixir. 
It is not written 

Sodii Bromidi 

Elix. Aromatici 

Or: 

Sodii Bromidi 

Elix. Aromatici 

Or: 

Sodii Bromidi 

Elix. Aromatici 

Or: 

Sodii Bromidi 

Elix. Aromatici 

If for any reason it is desired to have the liquid by weight or 
the solid by measure, then specify, as 



Gm. 5 
mil. 30 




Gm. or 

5 

30 


mil 


V 




XXX 




5 
30. 





336 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

Acidi Hydrochlorici Gm. 10 

Aquae Gm. 21 



The prescriber can almost without exception follow the regular 
custom by taking into consideration the specific gravity and pre- 
scribing more or less bulk should he think a definite weight of a 
liquid necessary. For example: should he wish about 30 Gm. of 
glycerin he can prescribe 24 mils, which, instead of 

Glycerini .' . Gm. 30| 

would be written 

Glycerini 241 

There seems to be no fixed rule as to the use of ciphers pn the 
right of the decimal line. The custom of bookkeepers in making out 
statements, etc., is a good one for the sake of appearance. Where 
fractions occur in one or more items the ciphers are used for the 
others, as 



Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis 
Sacchari Lactis 



Or: 

Strychninse Sulph 

Arseni Trioxidi 

Ferri Reducti 4 

Quininae Sulph 4 



065 
065 
000 
000 



It should be particularly noted that Arabic numerals are. used. 
The Roman numerals are never employed in a Metric inscription. 

Prescriptions may be) readily transposed from one system to the 
other by remembering only two essential equivalents. 

1 Gm. = 15.432 grains 
1 mil = 16.23 minims. 

For average work these may be used approximately as 

1 Gm. = 15.5 grains 
1 mil = 16 minims. 

Rules. — To transpose Metric weights to Apothecaries' weights 
multiply the number of Grammes by 15.432 (or 15.5) to find the 
number of grains. To transpose Apothecaries' weights to Metric 
weights, divide the number of grains by 15.432 (or 15.5) to find the 
number of Grammes. To transpose Metric measures to Apothe- 
caries' measures, multiply the number of mils by 16.23 (or 16) to 
find the number of minims. To transpose Apothecaries' measures to 



MEDICAL LATIN. 337 

Metric measures, divide the number of minims by 16.23 (or 16) to 
find the number of mils. 

It is convenient to also remember the following two approximate 
equivalents. 

1 fluidounce = 30 mils. 

1 grain = 0.065 Gm. (65 milligrammes). 



MEDICAL LATIN. 

The use of the Latin names of drugs in prescription writing seems 
to be still far from universal adoption. Some teachers, even in the 
larger medical colleges, openly advise against it. Some of the older 
practitioners claim that they have not time to learn it, but the general 
trend is certainly toward its general employment, at least by the bet- 
ter element of the profession. 

If Latin could be discarded by all physicians, dentists, and phar- 
macists it would be in order to discuss the advantage and disad- 
vantages of its use, but such concert of action is hardly to be hoped 
for at this time. The Metric system has been adopted in this coun- 
try for fifty years. Its advantages are unquestioned, yet how far 
it is from universal employment. The individual is not so much 
concerned with the question of the general use of Medical Latin as 
with the proposition — Must he learn it ? 

The particular school must face the proposition only— Must they 
teach it? 

The following facts should be considered : 

Nearly all medical books having the drugs arranged alphabetic- 
ally, have them arranged according to their Latin names. For 
example, the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, U. S. Dispensatory, National 
Dispensatory, National Formulary, Useful Remedies (A. M. A.) 
and practically all Materia Medicas. Not knowing the Latin name 
it would be rather difficult to even locate a drug. Over 90 per cent, 
of the prescriptions in medical books are in Latin. For example, 
Anders, Ashton, Musser and Kelley, Keen, Gilliam, Stelwagon, 
Ruhrah, and most others. Without a knowledge of Medical Latin 
much of this would be valueless to the reader. 

The vast majority of prescriptions in current medical literature 
are in Latin ; even those in the Department of Therapeutics of the 
Journal of the A. M. A. 

Excluding those calling for proprietary medicines, between 80 
and 90 per cent, of prescriptions sent to drug-stores today are in 

22 



338 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

Latin. It might, at least, be rather embarrassing to meet other 
medical men in consultation. 

As long as some use it, all must be familiar with it. 

The pharmacist is taught Medical Latin. He regards it as the 
language of prescribing, and he certainly is favorably impressed by 
its proper use, and impressing the pharmacist is not to be over- 
looked. 

The laity know that it is the usual language for prescribing, and 
far from resenting its use (as often claimed), they regard it as 
rather a hallmark of excellence. 

Nearly all students (about 99 per cent.), on entering a medical 
college, have studied Latin. The matter to be learned has been 
greatly magnified, as an hour's study is all that is necessary to 
master 95 per cent, of the subject and enable a student totally 
ignorant of the language to correctly give the Latin names of 95 
per cent, of all drugs. 

Most Latin names of drugs are Latinized English; therefore 
either the whole name or the root is the same. 

The English name of the drug has been made the Latin name, 
unless there is some reason to the contrary. When the words are 
the same except the terminations (as in alkaloids) definite rules 
apply, and a few simple rules! cover the entire field. 

The language of a modern prescription (in this country) is as 
follows : 

Printed heading, date, name of patient, etc. — English. 

Names of Drugs. — Latin. 

Directions to Druggist. — Latin abbreviations. 

Directions for Patient. — English. 

The Latin for the directions to the druggist consists of a few 
abbreviations that are as well known as Mr., Dr., N. Y., La., etc., 
are to a postmaster. Terminations are never used. 

Therefore all the Latin necessary is the names of the drugs and 
the way they should appear on a prescription (Genitive case). This 
is enormously reduced by the use of abbreviations ; for example, the 
class names as tincture, spirit, etc., and adjectives as compound, 
exsiccated, etc., are almost always abbreviated (Tinct. Gentianse 
Co.). 

An analysis of English prescriptions shows almost as much poor 
construction as the Latin ones, and the student can probably learn 
to write one correctly as easily as the other. For example, we 



MEDICAL LATIN. 339 

usually see Tinct. Gentian Co., when in English the adjective should 
be placed first. The employment of meaningless or undesirable 
synonyms is also only too common. 

While a thorough knowledge of Latin is certainly desirable, it is 
not essential to correct prescription writing. The average Latin 
scholar, in taking up the study of this subject, has almost as much 
to learn as the one less fortunate. He should grasp it, however, 
with greater facility. 

Leaving out the matter of declension and all else not absolutely 
necessary, the effort is made to give the reader all the essentials in a 
few paragraphs arranged on the supposition that he has no knowl- 
edge whatever of Latin. 

An official Latin name is in the nominative case. The names 
of the drugs in a prescription are in the genitive case, as the pre- 
scription really is an order to the druggist ; therefore, the following, 

Quininse Sulphatis 3j 

Ft., cap. xij. 

would read : 

"Take thou 

Of the Sulphate of Quinine, one drachm. 

Make twelve capsules." 

In Latin the word of is not written, but the termination of the 
word to which it belongs is arranged to express it, as Quinina means 
quinine while quinina means of quinine. 

The whole matter then resolves itself into knowing the Latin 
official names of drugs and knowing the change of termination that 
is necessary when ordering in a prescription. 

Rules, Groups, and Exceptions. 

Nouns that in the nominative end in a will in the genitive usually 
end in ce, as Quinina (nom.), Quininse (gen.). 

Nouns with the nominative ending ma in the genitive add tis, as 
Physostigma (nom.), Physostigmatis (gen.). 

Nouns that in the nominative end in us, um, or on, will in the 
genitive usually end in i, as Syrupus (nom.), Syrupi (gen.) ; Aconi- 
tum (nom.), Aconiti (gen.); Erythroxylon (nom.), Erythroxyli 
(gen.). 

Nouns that in the nominative end in / in the genitive usually add 



340 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

is, as Menthol (nom.), Mentholis (gen.). In the case of these 
nouns the Latin and English name is usually the same, as Alcohol, 
Thymol, Menthol, etc. 

Some add lis, as Mel (nom.), Mellis (gen.). 

Nouns that in the nominative end in x in the genitive end in cis, 
as Nux (nom.), Nucis (gen.). 

Nouns that in the nominative end in go in the genitive usually 
change the o to inis, as Mucilago (nom.), Mucilaginis (gen.). 

Other nouns with a nominative ending in o in the genitive add 
nis, as Carbo (nom.), Carbonis (gen.); Sapo (nom.), Saponis 
(gen.) ; Decoctio (nom.), Decoctionis (gen.). 

Some nouns with the nominative ending is in the genitive change 
the is to itis, as Phosphis (nom.), Phosphitis (gen.). ' • 

Others change the is to idis, as Cantharis (nom.), Cantharidis 
(gen.). 

Others do not change in the genitive, as Digitalis (nom.), Digi- 
talis (gen.). 

Some nouns are indeclinable, as Buchu (nom.), Buchu (gen.). 

The following group represents the vast majority of the needs of 
the prescriber : 

All metals have the nominative ending um and the genitive i, as 
Sodium (nom.), Sodii (gen.). The Latin and English names of 
metals is usually the same, as Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Lithium, 
etc. 

All alkaloids have the nominative ending a and the genitive &, as 
Morphina (nom.), Morphinse (gen.). The Latin and English names 
are the same except the terminations. The English name ends in 
ine. The Latin name is formed by changing the final e to a. The 
genitive (prescription) is formed by changing the final a to <z. Mor- 
phine, Morphina, Morphinse. 

All glucosides and neutral principles have the nominative ending 
um and the genitive i, as Strophanthinum (nom.), Strophanthini 
(gen.). The Latin and English names are the same except the 
terminations. The English name ends in in. The Latin is formed 
by adding um. The genitive (prescription) is formed by changing 
the um to i. Strophanthin, Strophanthinum, Strophanthini. 

All parts of all names of acids have the nominative ending um 
and the genitive i, as Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum (nom.), 
Acidi Hydrochlorici Diluti (gen.). The exception is the word 
Glaciate in Acidum Aceticum Glaciale. The Latin and English 
names are the same except the terminations. 



MEDICAL LATIN. 



341 



In forming the Latin names of the acid radicals in salts the root 
is always the same. 

If the English ends in ate (Sulphate) the Latin nominative ends 
in as (Sulphas), and the genitive (prescription) ends in atis (Sul- 
phatis). 

If the English ends in ite (Sulphite) the Latin nominative ends 
in is (Sulphis), and the genitive (prescription) ends in itis (Sul- 
phitis). 

If the English ends in ide (Bromide) the Latin nominative is 
formed by changing the final e to um (Bromidum), and the genitive 
(prescription) by changing the um to i (Bromidi). 

Some exceptions to the rules given for forming the genitive, that 
are of interest to the prescriber, are : 



Norn. 
Aloe 
Catechu 
Folia 
Fructus 
Indigo 
Kino 
Rhus 
Sassafras 
Sumbul 



Gen. 

Aloes 

Catechu 

Foliorum 

Fructus 

Indigo 

Kino 

Rhois 

Sassafras 

Sumbul 



It will be remembered that the class name of a preparation is 
usually abbreviated ; so the following are not to be memorized, but 
are given as a matter of interest. It will be noted that the word 
root is usually the same in Latin and English, so it is usually only 
necessary to abbreviate the English names to have correct Latin. 

The following classes of preparations have the nominative a and 
the genitive cc: 



Norn. 


Eng. 


Gen. 


Abbre 


Aqua 


(water) 


Aquae 




Massa 


(mass) 


Massse 


Mas. 


Mistura 


(mixture) 


Misturas 


Mist. 


Oleoresina 


(oleoresin) 


Oleoresinae 


Oleores, 


Resina 


(resin) 


Resinae 


Res. 


Suppositoria 


(suppository) 


Suppositoriae 


• Suppos. 


Tinctura 


(tincture) 


Tincturae 


Tinct. 



342 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



The following have the nominative ending um and the genitive * 
Norn. Eng. Gen. Abbrev. 



Acetum 


(vinegar) 


Aceti 


Acet. 


Balsamum 


(balsam) 


Balsami 


Bals. 


Ceratum 


(cerate) 


Cerati 


Cer. 


Collodium 


(collodion) 


Collodii 


Collod. 


Emplastrum 


(plaster) 


Emplastri 


Emp. 


Emulsum 


(emulsion) 


Emulsi 


Emul. 


Extractum 


(extract) 


Extracti 


Ext. 


Fluidextractum 


(fluidextract) 


Fluidextracti 


Flext. 


Glyceritum 


(glycerite) 


Glyceriti 


Glyc. 


Infusum 


(infusion) 


Infusi 


Inf. 


Linimentum 


(liniment) 


Linimenti 


Lin. 


Oleatum 


(oleate) 


Oleati 




Oleum 


(oil) 


Olei 




Unguentum 


(ointment) 


Unguenti 


Ung. 


Vinum 


(wine) 


Vini 





The following have the nominative and genitive as indicated 



Nom. 


Eng. 


Gen. 


Abbrev. 


Confectio 


(confection) 


Confectionis 


Confec. 


Mucilago 


(mucilage) 


Mucilaginis 


Mucil. 


Elixir 


(elixir) 


Elixiris 


Elix. 


Liquor 


(solution) 


Liquoris 


Liq. 


Mel 


(honey) 


Mellis 


Mel. 


Pilulae 


(pills) 


Pilularum 


Pil. 


Pulver 


(powder) 


Pulveris 


Pulv. 


Spiritus 


(spirit) 


Spiritus 


Spir. 


Syrupus 


(syrup) 


Syrupi 


Syr. 


Trochisci 


(troches) 


Trochiscorum 


Troch. 



The adjective agrees with the noun it modifies in number, gender, 
and case, as Compound Tincture of Cinchona — Tinctura Cinchonae 
Composita. Compound Syrup of Squills — Syrupus Scillse Com- 
positus. Tincture of Deodorized Opium — Tinctura Opii Deodorati. 



The following is a list of some of the common adjectives. 

They are always abbreviated, so it is suggested that a study of 
terminations is not necessary. 

It will be noted that usually the abbreviation of the English is 
also correct Latin. They are given as they appear in the names of 
official drugs: 



CONSTRUCTION OF OFFICIAL NAMES. 



343 



Latin 


Eng. 


Abb rev. 


Amara 


Bitter 


Amar. 


Composita-us 


Compound 


Comp. (C( 


Deodoratum 


Deodorized 


Deod. 


Dilutum 


Dilute 


Dil. 


Dulcis 


Sweet 


Dulc. 


Exsiccatus 


Exsiccated (dried) 


Exsic. 


Flavum 


Yellow 


Flav. 


Lique factum 


Liquefied 


Liq. 


Purificatum 


Purified 


Purif. 


Rubrum 


Red 


Rub. 



Construction of Official Names. 

In the names of salts the first word is the name of the base, next 
the acid radical, next the qualifying adjective if there is one, as : 

Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus 

(base) (acid radical) (adjective) 



This would read: (The) exsiccated sulphate of iron; so ex- 
siccated and sulphate are in the nominative, while of iron is expressed 
by using the genitive ending. Therefore : The official name of a 
salt has first the name of the base, which is in the genitive ; next the 
acid radical in the nominative; next the qualifying adjective, if there 
is one, in the nominative. 

In the names of preparations of drugs the class to which it 
belongs comes first, as tinctura, syrupus, etc. The name of the par- 
ticular ingredient comes next, as Squill in Syrupus Scillse. The 
qualifying adjective, if there is one, comes last, as compound in the 
Compound Syrup of Squills, Syrupus Scillse Compositus. 

The above would read : (the) compound syrup of squills ; so com- 
pound and syrup are in the, nominative case, while of squills is ex- 
pressed by the genitive, Scillae. Therefore : 

In the official names of preparations the name of the class is first 
and in the nominative case ; next is the name of the particular drug 
and it is in the genitive; next is the qualifying adjective, if there is 
one, in the nominative. 

The names of some drugs contain more than one word, when, of 
course, both words are in the genitive, as Tinctura Belladonnae 
Foliorum, Liquor Potassii Arsenitis, etc. 

In prescriptions all parts of names are in the genitive. 



344 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

In the prescription 

Tincture Opii fSj 

the druggist is told to 
Take thou 
of (the) Tincture of Opium one fluidounce. 

So that the words Tinctura and Opium must both be put in the 
Latin genitive case to express the proper meaning. 

The prescriber should remember the suggestion that a good 
abbreviation is better than a bad termination; so, when in doubt, 
abbreviate. Spir. is better than Spirits. 

ABBREVIATIONS. 

While the pharmacist must be familiar with all abbreviations that 
may be used in prescription writing, it is only necessary in a work 
of this character to call attention to those that it may be to a pre- 
server's advantage to use. 

^, as will be explained, means Take thou or Take thou of. 
The symbol is also frequently used to represent prescription. For 
instance, it is customary to order Refill JJ 47,283. Some druggists 
use, in charging and billing, the symbol Rf. for prescription refilled, 
as Rf. 47,283 would mean that particular prescription refilled. 

aa. means of each, and when placed after an item in the inscrip- 
tion means that the amount following is to be taken of that and each 
of the ingredients above since a quantity was stated. It should be 
placed immediately after and on a line with the last item it is to 
include, as 

Codeinse Phosphatis gr. iv 

Potassii Citratis, 

Sodii Bromidi aa gr. clx 

q. s. means a sufficient quantity. It is usually understood to mean 
a sufficient quantity to make up to. ad, meaning to or up to, is gen- 
erally considered unnecessary when placed after q. s., as q. s. ad. 
q. s. is placed after the vehicle or excipient, which are ordinarily the 
last items in the inscription: 

Sodii Bromidi 3ij 

Elix. Aromatici q. s. fSj 

The abbreviation q. s. is also* used where the quantity is left to 
the discretion of the compounder, as in ordering suppositories the 
prescriber may write : 



ABBREVIATIONS. 345 

Extracti Opii gr. ij 

Olei Theobromatis q. s. 

Ft. suppos. no. iv. 

Or, in abating the unpleasant odor of ichthyol : 

Ichthyolis 3ij 

01. Citronellce q. s. 

Petrolati 3vj 

ad means to or up to, and is used after the name of the vehicle. 
It orders that the agent preceding it should be used in such amount 
as is necessary to make up to the quantity following, as 

Potassii Iodidi ' 3j 

Aquae ad f 5j 

When literally translated into English, q. s. ad or even ad may be 
as good or better than q. s. The principal objection to ad is that it 
may be mistaken by some for add, and in the prescription just given 
a fluidounce be used instead of about half of that quantity. 

ad may also be written so as to read ad, while q. s. cannot be mis- 
taken for anything else. It is understood by all druggists, it is easily 
written, and it is the abbreviation used for that particular purpose in 
such a vast majority of instances that its exclusive use would seem 
desirable. 

Opt. — optimus — best is used when an excellent quality is desired, 
and the particular brand is left to the discretion of the pharmacist, as 
in ordering olive oil or brandy. It is manifestly unreasonable to ex- 
pect the dispenser to carry all the first-class makes or to expect all 
to agree as to which is the best, and in such instances to specify a 
special make may cause delay or other undesirable results : 

Spir. Vini Gallici, Opt f5vj. 

Q. R. — quantitum rectum — the quantity is correct. This may be 
used where the quantity of a medicine is unusual and it is desirable 
to call the attention of the dispenser to the fact that the prescriber is 
aware of the condition, but that particular circumstances justify the 
dose. The abbreviation is placed just after the item to which it 
calls attention, as 

Morphinse Sulphatis gr. iv Q. R. 

If the entire prescription is unusual in dosage the Q. R. may be 
placed in the lower left-hand corner of the sheet, in which case it 
should be written in bold letters so as not to escape attention. 



346 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

The druggist is required to observe the dosage in a prescription 
and not fill any that appears excessive unless he is assured of its 
correctness. He stands between the prescriber and the patient as a 
safeguard against toxic quantities, and the preserver's special as- 
surance is often necessary to prevent delay in delivering. 

There is danger of arousing the suspicions of the patient or en- 
tailing inconvenience while the prescriber is being sought to change 
what is really a correct quantity. As an example of this might be 
mentioned the use of morphine where the patient has acquired toler- 
ance, or in the new application of remedies as thymol in uncinariasis, 
where the former dose was two grains, but as much as fifty to one 
hundred grains are. now prescribed. Much inconvenience was 
occasioned when the profession first resorted to this application of 
this drug. 

Underscoring. — A heavy line under a quantity has the same 
meaning as Q. R. and is usually more desirable. It is used as 

Morphine Sulphatis gr. iv 

The same method is also used to call attention to a particular 
word or part of a word, as 

Acidi Sulphurosi, 

where it is thought the sulphuric acid might be used. 
M. — misce — mix or mix thou — is usually written 



ty %f. *% 



It instructs the compounder to mix the items enumerated above, 
and is understood to mean that it be done in an intelligent manner. 
In the majority of instances it is all the compounding instructions 
necessary. The subject is more fully discussed elsewhere. 

Ft. — fiat — (plural fiant) — make — means that the drug or drugs 
of the inscription are to be made into the form specified. The same 
abbreviation is used to express the singular or plural. 

Fac. — Make — is not often employed. 

Chart, (or cht.) — chartula — a small paper. It is used to mean a 
dose of medicine wrapped up in a small paper. The same abbrevia- 
tion is used to express any number or case of the word. Chts. should 
never be used. 

Chart, cerat. — Chartula cerata — a small waxed paper. Used to 
mean a dose of medicine wrapped in a small waxed paper. The same 
abbreviation is used for any number or case. 



DEFINITION. 347 

Cap. — Capsula — a capsule. It is used to mean a dose of medicine 
put into a capsule. The same abbreviation is used to express any 
number or case of the word. Caps, should never be used. 

Pil. — pilula — a pill. The same abbreviation is used to express 
any number or case. Pill and pils are not correct abbreviations. 

Suppos. — suppositoria — a suppository. The same abbreviation is 
used to express any number or case of the word. 

Non. rep. — non repetatur — not to be repeated {or refilled). This 
is usually placed in the lower left-hand corner of a prescription that 
the prescriber does not wish the compounder to refill. 

Pp. — Pauperismus — a pauper. Used in the lower left-hand cor- 
ner of a prescription, and is understood to mean that the patient is 
an object of charity, that the prescriber is rendering his services 
without charge, and that leniency is asked at the hands of the 
compounder. 

The following are frequently employed and hardly need dis- 
cussions : 

Sol. — Solutio — a solution. 

Emul. — Emulsio — an emulsion. 

No. — numerus — number. 

Tere bene — rub well. 

Sig. — signa — write (or write thou). 

A table of abbreviations will be found elsewhere. 

DEFINITION. 

The word prescription comes from the Latin pre and scribo, and 
means literally written before or that which is written before the ap- 
plication of the treatment. In its broadest sense it includes any in- 
structions for the benefit of the patient. It is customary to speak 
of prescribing forced diet for one patient, of prescribing exercise foi 
another, or the seashore or the mountains. 

In its restricted meaning, as it will be employed in this work, a 
prescription is a written order from a doctor to a druggist for medi- 
cine for a patient. A layman may send a druggist a written order 
for a bottle of Compound Syrup of Pine; that would not be con- 
sidered a prescription. A physician may send a nurse a written order 
to give the patient a dose of salts ; that would not be a prescription. 
A physician may send a written order to a druggist to pay a patient 
a dollar on his account ; not a prescription. A physician may send a 
druggist a written order for a pound of chloroform for his obstetrical 
case ; not a prescription, as it is generally understood. 



348 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

HISTORY. 

The history of prescription writing is almost as old as the history 
of man. Among the most ancient inscriptions now being deciphered 
are found formula? for preparing medicines. Some of these show 
that even at the remotest times there was some knowledge of Materia 
Medica, that this knowledge was employed by some (physicians) in 
writing instructions (prescriptions) for the preparation of remedies, 
and there is a reason to suppose that these instructions were ex- 
ecuted by others (pharmacists). 

The old Greek legend of iEsculapius, the God of the Healing Art, 
associates with him the beautiful Hygeia, who seems to have played 
the part of druggist. It is known that the priests attached to the 
temples of these Gods were of two classes, one that visited the sick 
and the other who remained in the temple and prepared the remedies. 

The relative duties of the physicians and apothecaries have varied 
throughout the different periods of the world's history, but there 
seems to have been at all times a class who, among other duties, 
wrote prescriptions, and a class at least a part of whose duty was to 
fill them. 

The prescription and the treatment of disease have, in the 
progress of time, gone through many evolutions. Treatment begin- 
ning among our Aryan ancestors as songs, dances, and various in- 
cantations, it was early learned that certain agents, if associated with 
the other efforts to drive out evil spirits, tended to produce the 
desired effect, and medicine soon became a partner to religious effort. 

At some times prescriptions largely took the form of love philters, 
conjure portions, and like expressions of superstition; but among the 
fanciful and oft revolting list of ingredients there usually appeared 
some articles of therapeutic merit. 

If the statements may be accepted that modern Chinese prescrip- 
tions are true children of those of our ancestors thousands of years 
ago, the truth is shown that the intervening centuries have merely 
devolved and improved what was already an art when the human 
race first began to write history. 

PARTS OF A PRESCRIPTION. 

A prescription should consist c*f the following seven parts : 

Date. 

Name of the patient and information as to age. 

Superscription, or heading. 



DATE. NAME OF PATIENT. 349 

Inscription, or main body of the prescription. 

Subscription, or directions to the compounder. 

Signatura, or directions for the patient. 

Prescriber's name. 

A prescription is frequently divided into the superscription, in- 
cluding all above the list of ingredients ; the inscription, including the 
ingredients and their amounts ; the subscription, including all below 
this, as directions to compounder, directions for patient, and pre- 
scriber's name. 

A desirable but not essential part of a prescription is a printed 
heading, giving the prescriber's name, address, registry number, and 
other data of interest to the patient and pharmacist. 

DATE. 

There is some difference of opinion as to whether or not the pre- 
scription should be dated by the prescriber, as the compounder must 
always enter, along with the number and price charged, the date on 
which the prescription was filled. 

The present Federal Narcotic Law requires the date on prescrip- 
tions effected, and the habit of dating all prescriptions is certainly 
desirable. 

If a physician retains a carbon copy the date is valuable datum, 
and) it might be of some advantage on the original in case of legal 
complications. A good argument for the custom is that the prescrip- 
tion is a regular order and all orders should bear a date. If the date 
is placed where it will not interfere with the space required by the 
compounder, there can be no argument against it. The pharmacist 
generally uses the lower left-hand corner for entering the number, 
date, etc. ; so the physician should place his date at the upper part of 
the sheet to avoid any possible confusion. The best place is imme- 
diately after the name of the city, which should always be at the top 
of the blank with the physician's name, office address, etc. (See 
page 384.) 

NAME OF PATIENT. 

Information as to the name and age of the patient should appear 
on every prescription. The best place for this is at the upper part 
of the sheet, just under the physician's card and the date (see page 
384). Among the reasons for giving the name and age of the patient 
are the following : 

The ' pharmacist stands as a safeguard between physician and 
patient to prevent error in dosage. He is often helpless unless he 



350 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

has some idea as to whether the patient is an adult or child and, 
if a child, how old. If an overdose is prescribed and is dispensed by 
the compounder, he comes in for a share of the public condemnation, 
no matter what the circumstances; so, bare justice to the pharmacist 
demands that he have all necessary information not only for the pa- 
tient's protection, but for his own. Few drug-stores use the check 
system, and if they do a customer's check is often lost; so medicines 
are usually delivered without protection against confusion unless the 
name of . the patient is given. The author, when a pharmacist, had 
this lesson impressed upon him by the following incident : Two 
parties left prescriptions, one for a poison to be used as an insecti- 
cide, the other for a tonic for a tuberculous patient. Both prescrip- 
tions were to be used "as directed." No name was on either and the 
insecticide was delivered to the patient for whom the tonic was in- 
tended, and the error was not discovered until the package was well 
on its way to a country home many miles from town. Fortunately, 
a wild ride on a fast horse prevented possible trouble and a lesson for 
future use was forcibly impressed. 

The name of the patient is necessary on the prescription so that 
the compounder may put it on the label of the package for identifica- 
tion in the home. Mrs. X and her infant daughter may both be under 
treatment. They may both be taking 2-ounce mixtures of similar 
appearance. A dose of the child's medicine may not injure the 
mother, but a dose of hers might prove fatal to the child. 

The prescriber should see that the patient's name is always en- 
tered on the label. A physician was recently treating six cases of 
sickness at one time in the same family. The ages of the patients 
ranged from one to forty years. It was necessary to give several 
prescriptions, and on investigation he found the nurse in confusion, 
as the names of the patients were not on any of the packages. The 
whole had to be discarded and new medicine ordered. 

The convenience of the pharmacist must be considered, and the 
patient's name on each prescription is a great aid to him in charging 
his work, identifying the prescription for refilling, and in many 
other ways. 

The name of the patient on the carbon copy retained by the pre- 
scriber is of convenience to him in charging his day's work, and is 
indispensable in filing and keeping his case records. 

The present Federal Narcotic Law requires the name of the 
patient on all prescriptions affected. It also requires the patient's 
address, and the address should be given on all prescriptions, unless 



NAME OF PATIENT. 351 

the prescriber knows the patient to be well known to the pharmacist 
or the prescription is to be delivered and the medicine received by 
the patient or someone acting for him. 

The name of the patient should be the most carefully written 
part of the whole prescription. If the prescription is left with the 
patient or family, they usually try to read it and often the patient's 
name is the only part intelligible to them. If there is an error in the 
only part that they can read they have some ground for supposing 
that there may be errors elsewhere ; or, if that part is clumsily writ- 
ten, they cannot be expected to have too much respect for the rest. 
The patient may well reason : "If I cannot read my own name, how 
can the druggist read the rest ?" The experienced druggist can usu- 
ally decipher the names of the drugs, the amounts, and the directions 
from his knowledge of medical usages, but unless a patient's name is 
a common one or familiar to him, there is no scheme for deciphering 
it unless each letter is plainly formed. A label carrying a patient's 
name improperly transcribed is well calculated to dissipate confidence 
in the contents of the package. 

If the patient is a male adult the name should be written, as : 




e fa 



GWl/K 



or John Blank (adult) ; or, a specific title may be given; for example. 
If the patient is a female adult the name should be written, as : 

or Mary Blank (adult). 



352 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

It is unnecessary to write Mr. John Blank (adult) or Mrs. John 
Blank (adult). The humbler the patient, the more he appreciates a 
title. The physician may know the patient as John, but in this 
democratic country he may prefer the druggist to know him as Mr. 
Blank. Young girls and young men are sometimes particularly jeal- 
ous of titles, and there is no objection to prescribing for the young 
militia officer as Captain Blank or the country justice as Judge Blank. 
Other departments of human activity should not be allowed to main- 
tain a corner on courtesy or policy. 

If the patient is a child the name should be followed by informa- 
tion as to age, as : 

The name should never be followed by a figure only, as Mary 
Blank (3) ; that might mean either years or months. Mrs. Blank's 
baby or Baby Blank should never be written, as Mrs. Blank's baby 
may be one year old today and the dose arranged accordingly, and 
next year Mrs. Blank may have another baby one month old and get 
hold of the medicine for the former patient, with unfortunate results. 
Also the word baby gives only limited information to< the pharmacist, 
as a child often bears the title from the first hour up to five or more 
years of age. 

When the prescription is written for more than one patient, the 
prescribe r may so specify, as : 

The prescription may be written for one patient and written in- 
structions left as to the use for the others, as Give John a teaspoon- 
ful of James's medicine every three hours. 

It sometimes happens, as in prescribing for venereal diseases, that 
it is inadvisable to give much information as to the identity of the 
patient. In such cases it is still necessary for the druggist to have 
some aid in rechecking dosage, identifying the prescription, etc., and 



THE SUPERSCRIPTION. THE INSCRIPTION. 353 

for the doctor in handling his copies. Probably the best method is 
to merely use initials and give the age data, as : 

This matter has been treated at some length, as it is a detail 
sadly neglected by the profession; and when it is so easy to do a 
thing right, there is little excuse for failure. 

THE SUPERSCRIPTION. 

The superscription consists of the sign If, which consists of the 
letter R with an oblique dash across the final stroke. The letter R 
is an abbreviation for the Latin word Recipe, meaning take or take 
thou; so it instructs the pharmacist to take of the ingredients men- 
tioned below the amounts specified. The oblique dash across the 
final stroke of the R probably is derived from the old symbol 'u 
which represented a prayer to Jupiter. It was the custom of the 
old Roman physicians to begin a prescription with this invocation 
to their God of Gods to bless the remedies. The theory as to the 
origin is strengthened by the fact that the early Christian physicians 
used, instead of it, the cross. The letter R and the symbol 1/ are very 
well represented by our present sign 1$. 

Another theory is based on the claim that the oblique line was 
used by the Romans much as we use the period, and that in this 
instance it has no other meaning. 

THE INSCRIPTION. 

The inscription is that part which contains the name of the drug 
or drugs ordered and the amount desired. It is usually best written 
in Latin. 

Some inscriptions may be divided into' the following parts : 

Basis, or principal ingredient. 

Adjuvant — that which aids the action of the principal ingredient. 

Corrective — that which modifies some undesirable action of the other 

ingredients. 
Vehicle— that which facilitates the dispensing or administration of the 
other ingredients. 

23 



354 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

This is sometimes called the diluent or solvent and in the case of 
ointments is often called the base. 

For example: 

Chlorali Hydrati Siss 

Potassii Bromidi 3iss 

Syr. Aurantii fSij 

Aquae q. s. f 3 j 

M. 

Here the hydrated chloral is the most active agent. The bromide 
aids the action of the basis. The syrup of orange modifies the un- 
pleasant taste and tendency to nausea of the other agents. The 
water dissolves and dilutes. 

It is often impossible to definitely classify the parts of an in- 
scription. There may be more than one drug belonging to a class, 
as sodium bromide and potassium bromide may be ordered in equal 
amounts in the same prescription. 

The same agent may act as a member of two or more classes, as in 
the following, where chloroform-water may be regarded as adjuvant, 
corrective, and vehicle at the same time : 

Sodii Bromidi Sij 

Aquae Chlorof ormi q. s. f Sj 

Of course, a large percentage of the prescriptions written only 
call for one or two> items. 

Each item and the character expressing its amount should be on 
one line except under circumstances as mentioned later. 

In using unruled blanks, care should be exercised that the char- 
acters designating the quantity of an ingredient should be on a line 
with the name of the drug. 

The total amounts of the ingredient should be specified in the 
inscription. 

Sometimes a prescriber will specify the amount of each dose, 
and then order .so many of such doses to be made. This practice is 
to be unqualifiedly condemned. It requires as much writing as the 
common method. It is so unusual that it may be overlooked or 
misunderstood by the pharmacist, and an educated physician should 
not throw the burden of making calculations on a drug clerk of 
unknown ability. 



ARRANGEMENT OF INSCRIPTION. 355 

The following will illustrate: 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mitis gr. j 

Sacchari Lactis gr. x 

M. ft. cht. mitte talis no. iij. 

This was submitted to twenty registered pharmacists in one of 
our large cities, and five out of the twenty understood that the 
quantities as given were to be divided into three doses containing 
y 3 of a grain of calomel to each dose. 

It is better, for the sake of appearance and conformity to custom, 
to begin each word, forming a part of the name of an ingredient, 
with a capital letter, as : 

Tinct. Opii Camph. 
Sodii Bromidi. 



ARRANGEMENT OF INSCRIPTION. 

Several general methods of arrangements might be suggested, 
but no one fixed rule will apply to all cases. 

The items may be arranged in the order of their importance, 
somewhat as basis, adjuvant, corrective, vehicle; but in many in- 
stances the basis may consist of more than one drug of practically 
equal importance, or it is sometimes impossible to definitely fix the 
items under these heads, as they may merge into each other or one 
agent may equally belong to more than one class. 

The items may be arranged with the solids first and the liquids 
last, these respectively arranged as far as possible in the order of 
their importance. 

Where a prescriber is competent to do so, it is often better to list 
the ingredients in the order in which they should be handled. For 
example : 

Tinct. Ferri Chloridi, t 

Acidi Phosph. Dil., 

Tinct. Nucis Vomicae aa f V) 

Syr. Pruni Virg q. s. f Evj 

M. 

In this instance the Diluted Phosphoric Acid should be added to 
the Tincture of Ferric Chloride before the next item, which con- 
tains tannic acid, is added, else iron tannate will be formed and an 
unsightly mixture result. 



356 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

Another example would be : 

Acetanilidi gr. lxxx 

Spir. Ammon. Arom fSj 

Caffeinas Citratse gr. xxx 

Sodii Bromidi gr. clx 

Elix. Aromatici q. s. f'Si j 

M. 

Here the Acetanilid should be dissolved in the Aromatic Spirit 
of Ammonia and the Citrated Caffeine and Sodium Bromide should 
be dissolved in the Aromatic Elixir, and the two solutions then care- 
fully mixed. 

Sometimes special instructions may be given as in the following : 

Phenolis gr. v 

Camphorse, 

Chlorali Hydrati aa. gr. xx 

M. et adde 

Ung. Aq. Rosse q. s. 5j 

Here it is desirable to mix the first ingredients which liquefy 
and then incorporate them with the vehicle. 

Good judgment should always govern the arrangement in the 
entire matter of prescription writing, but the prescriber can usually 
profit by bearing in mind the following suggestions : 

It is usually best to have the most important ingredients first. 

It is usually best to have the solids first. 

If for any reason a special order of mixing is desired, it may 
often be indicated by arrangement. 

The vehicle or diluent should always be last and practically always 
q. s. to make up to the total amount desired. 

THE SUBSCRIPTION. 

The subscription as here considered consists of the preserver's 
directions to the compounder. It is usually written in Latin and 
almost always abbreviated; so the terminations are of no practical 
importance. 

The primary consideration, here as elsewhere, is for the pre- 
scriber to so express his wishes that there is no possibility for any 



THE SUBSCRIPTION. 357 

misinterpretation, and if this cannot be done in Latin, it is certainly 
better to use good English. 

Many of the abbreviations employed are so commonly used that 
there is no possibility of any misunderstanding as to what is in- 
tended, but many of those found in some textbooks and ^occasionally 
used are little known and unsafe. 

Brevity is always a consideration, but should not be used at a 
sacrifice of completeness. The prescriber should say all that is 
necessary and then stop. 

In a large percentage of prescriptions the single abbreviation M. 
(misce — mix) is all that is required. It is always wise to avoid tell- 
ing the pharmacist to do something that is obviously necessary, as 
M. et ft. sol., when the ingredients are such that they could not be 
mixed without making a solution, or M. et ft. ung. when an ointment 
is the only possible result of following the directions, M. M. S. A. 
(mix according to art) is always unnecessary, as the compounder is 
naturally going to employ the art of compounding to the best of his 
ability and understanding. 

When the medicine is to be put into doses it is necessary to indi- 
cate the form of administration. The directions to the compounder 
may then be written, as M. ft. cap. no. x, or M. ft. pil. no. x, or M. ft. 
cht. no. x, etc. 

When a special form of preparation is desired and it would be 
possible to make some other, it is best to specify, as M. ft. emul. 

When it is desired to emphasize any particular point in com- 
pounding it may be specified, as when a solution is wished and it 
will take some effort to get one or more of the ingredients to dissolve. 
A druggist might not be familiar with the solubilities and merely mix 
the ingredients without triturating, depending on solution being 
effected before the preparation reaches the patient. Under such cir- 
cumstances it is best to specify solution and, if the solid will not then 
dissolve entirely, the preparation cannot be dispensed without the 
prescriber's further instruction. An example would be: 

Acidi Borici gr. lxxx 

Aquae Destillatae £fiv 

M. ft. sol. 

When it is particularly desired that the ingredients in a powder 
or ointment should be well incorporated, it should be specified. An 
example would be in the following prescription for the eye : 



358 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi gr. j 

Petrolati : q. s. 3j 

M. et tere bene. 

When it is desired to explain at length some particular matter as 
to the compounding, it is often better to mark in the lower left-hand 
corner {over), and on the back of the paper explain fully in plain 
English what is wished. 

SIGNATURA. 

The signatura consists of the directions that are to be copied on 
the label by the compounder for the instruction of the patient or 
nurse. They should, therefore, always be written so that when 
copied verbatim et literatum they will constitute the desired label. 
The prescriber substantially tells the compounder to "write on the 
label the following," and while the druggist usually is competent and 
willing to take upon himself the responsibility of writing what he 
understands the doctor wishes, it still does not make the position of 
the careless prescriber correct. The point is well illustrated by an 
incident occurring in a Southern city, where the railway warehouse 
keeper was in the habit of directing a porter : "Go tell Mr. Blank 
that if he does not take out his freight I will come up and beat the 
face off him." The porter would modestly say to Mr. Blank: "The 
boss say wont you please git out your freight." A new porter finally 
terminated the custom by delivering the message literally, with dis- 
astrous results. This understanding of the instruction to the dis- 
penser bars all Latin abbreviations and, in fact, all but complete 
plain, every-day English. 

Dismissing as even not meriting discussion such as Teaspoonful 
t. i. d. or 5/ q. 3 v. 4 h., we will take up the simple English directions. 

The directions As directed are justifiable only under rare condi- 
tions, if ever, and then only when the remedy would hardly admit of 
injurious use ; for example, in the use of mercurial ointment by in- 
unction ; and then it would be better to indicate something more, as 
Apply as directed or Apply with massage as directed. In the case 
of a remedy as a concentrated solution of potassium permanganate 
to be used in making a vaginal douche, in composing the label the 
patient's feelings must be considered. Many merely order As di- 
rected. There are few objections to and many reasons for a label as 
Use tablespoonful to gallon of hot water, -or Dilute with hot water 
and use as directed. 



SIGNATURA. 359 

In directing the use of urethral injections it is permissible to put 
Use as directed; this contraindicates Take as directed, as would also 
be the case in the douche just mentioned. In fact, always where a 
liquid is not to be administered by mouth, it is wise to so indicate on 
the label. Some use instructions as Not to be taken, and, in case of 
a poison, Poison— not to be taken. Separate labels bearing these and 
other legends are frequently employed, but it is much more desirable 
to have pharmacists use a prescription label carrying the printing 
desired on its face, as a separate label might become detached. It is 
understood in many places that the part of the signa that the pre- 
server puts in quotation marks may be supplied by dispenser with 
printed label. For example : 

Sig.— "Poison." 

Use to moisten dressing. 
Sig. — "Not to be taken." 

Apply to back with massage. 
Sig. — "For external use." 

Apply to swelling twice daily. 

Or, if there is any doubt about the particular druggist under- 
standing: 

Sig. — (Poison-label.) 

Use to moisten dressing. 

In this connection attention should be called to the many objec- 
tions to the unfortunate practice of using certain classes of special 
labels or label information, as "For Cough" or "Teaspoonful every 2 
hours for Cough ;" "For Fever" or Teaspoonful every 2 hours for 
fever. For example: In a certain city one "For Diarrhea" pre- 
scription was used hundreds of times and for scores of patients suf- 
fering with almost every variety of intestinal disturbance. For the 
original patient and condition it probably was excellent, from all 
reports ; but when used without the necessary intelligent discrimina- 
tion, it becomes an injustice not only to the patient but to the original 
prescriber, who is to some extent held responsible for his remedies, 
even under these conditions, and he and his confreres sustain a loss 
of legitimate practice represented by the cases that are cured. This 
example is merely an illustration of a state of affairs that in some 
communities, particularly, is unfortunately only too prevalent. The 
prescriber should always remember that in the greater part of the 
country the custom of the dispensers giving copies of prescriptions 



360 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

on request of patient is so well established that "business judgment" 
prevents a refusal to conformity. 

Unnecessary words should be avoided, especially in the case of 
prescribing pills, capsules, tablets, etc., as these are dispensed in con- 
tainers that have very limited label space. To illustrate: The label 
One pill three times a day before meals could be written One before 
meals or One before each meal, for the reason that where one is to 
be taken, and there is nothing but pills in the container, the patient 
hardly needs specific instructions to take a pill. The three times a 
day may under most circumstances be omitted, as the patient is prob- 
ably definitely understood to be taking three meals a day. Only in 
the case of infants or special feeding, where more than three regular 
meals are being taken, would a question be raised. 

Directions are frequently put up to a dispenser to be put on a 
label an inch in diameter, such as Take the capsules an hour apart 
and three hours after last capsule take a bottle of Citrate of Mag- 
nesia. Better would be a label Take an hour apart and the instruc- 
tions as to the saline given to the patient on a special sheet of in- 
structions, as will be discussed later. 

Care should be used in the arrangement of words. One before 
each meal in water would be better One in water before each meal. 
Or, for example, Teaspoonful on retiring in water might appear 
better as Teaspoonful in water before retiring. 

Where the common quantities as teaspoonful, tablespoonful, and 
drops are used and the remedy is not for internal use, the first word 
of the label should so indicate, as Apply teaspoonful to swelling, 
Pour tablespoonful on bandage, Put one drop in eyes three times 
daily. 

In prescribing powders more label room is available, as they are 
usually dispensed in envelopes or comparatively large boxes. In the 
case of liquids the label space available will depend to some extent 
on the size of the bottle ordered. The label that will fit a half-ounce 
bottle is so small that only a very few words can be written on it, 
while a comparatively large label may be used on bottles holding 
twelve or sixteen ounces, or even on those holding four ounces. It 
must be remembered that, whatever else may or may not be written 
on the label, the druggist must have his business card and also put 
the number and date of the prescription and the name of the doctor 
and patient, and many also put the name of the clerk compounding 
the formula. 



SIGNATURA. 



361 



The following represent labels that may be used on the various- 
size containers, and show the other information that must be written 
in addition to the prescriber's instructions. 

Of course, these are only rough averages, as there is no uniform- 
ity in these matters : 



MAIN STREET PHARMACY 

Cor. Main and Broad Sts. BLANKVILLE 



No. 



For Date. 



For J /2, 1, and 2 fluidounce bottles. 



MAIN STREET PHARMACY 

Cor. Main and Broad Sts. BLANKVILLE 



No. 



Dr. 



For. 



Date. 



For 2, 3, and 4 fluidounce bottles. 



MAIN STREET PHARMACY 

Cor. Main and Broad Sts. BLANKVILLE 



No. 



Dr. 



For. 



Date 



For 4, 6, and 8 fluidounce bottles. 



362 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



MAIN STREET PHARMACY 

Cor. Main and Broad Sts. BLANKVILLE 



No. 



For. Date 



For 6 or more fluidounce bottles. 




For boxes holding from 1 to 
4 capsules or ^-ounce 
ointment jars. 




For boxes holding frcfm 4 to 12 capsules 
or for 1-ounce ointment jars. 




For boxes holding from 12 to 24 capsules 
or for larger ointment jars. 



PRESCRIBER'S NAME. CALCULATING AMOUNTS. 363 

Suppository boxes have very little label space. 

Larger quantities of capsules are put into square boxes, which 
give more label space. 

If a "shake" label or other special label is used, less space will be 
available, as a smaller label will have to be employed. 

PRESCRIBER'S NAME. 

The prescriber's name should always be so written as to leave 
no possible doubt as to identity at any time. 

When the prescriber uses his own private blanks carrying his 
name and address, he can naturally take more liberties than when 
such is not the case. Where the private printed blanks are used it is 
the custom to merely sign the surname or even that monstrosity of 
penmanship, the fancy signature, may be permitted. 

Among the reasons for the foregoing might be mentioned that in 
the case of those agents which can be dispensed only on physicians' 
prescriptions it is necessary to have the full signature of the physi- 
cian. This is now required by the Federal Narcotic Law on all 
prescriptions affected. If the blank does not carry his name and 
title his signature should always include his medical degree if the 
drug is one the sale of which is restricted by law. In cases of 
unusual or uncertain doses it is only justice to the compounder that 
the prescription be properly signed to constitute an order in the full 
legal sense. It is not advisable to force the pharmacist to ask the 
patient who wrote the prescription. The physician may flatter him- 
self that every one knows who B or / is, but the compliment may 
not be fully merited. The patient may leave the prescription to be 
called for later or to be sent to his address, and after his departure 
it may develop that it is necessary to communicate with the pre- 
scriber, and the questions who? when? where? are not answered by 
the paper in hand. 

CALCULATING AMOUNTS. 

In writing the inscription a matter of some embarrassment to the 
beginner is calculating the total amount to order of each ingredient. 

The usual method is to write first the name of each drug, then 
decide on the number of doses in the prescription, and by making the 
vehicle q. s. to the desired bulk, or ordering the desired number of 
capsules, etc., and writing the directions, get the number of doses 



364 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

fixed before the writer ; then beginning with the first drug multiply 
the amount desired for each dose by the total number of doses of 
the finished product. 
For example: 

Sodii Bromidi, 

Elix. Aromatici q. s. f Hi j 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every three hours. 

Two fluidounces being the total quantity and a teaspoonful the 
dose, the number of doses would be sixteen. If ten grains of Sodium 
Bromide are desired at each dose, the amount would be 16 times 10, 
or 160 grains. 

Or: 

Quininse Sulphatis 

Ferri Reducti 

M. ft. cap. no. xx. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 

If it is desired to give two grains of the quinine salt at a dose 
and there are twenty doses, the amount of the salt would be 20 times 
2 grains, or 40 grains. 

In ointments, etc., the amounts are usually based on per cent. ; 

Phenolis, 

Petrolati q. s. V) 

M. 

Sig. — Apply twice daily. 

If it is desired to use about 1 per cent, of Phenol the calculation 
is 1 per cent, of 480 grains, or 4.8 gr. (or about 5 grains) total quan- 
tity of phenol. 

A method sometimes used for calculating approximate amounts 
is as follows: 

Base the calculations on an 8-fluidounce prescription with tea- 
spoonful doses. This would give about 60 doses to the entire quan- 
tity. For each ingredient write for as many drachms or fluidrachms 
as it is desired to give grains or minims at a dose. 

For example : 

Sodii Iodidi, 

Elix. Aromatici q. s. f Svii j 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water three times a day. 



CHOICE OF VEHICLE. 365 

This would give about 60 doses, and as a drachm is 60 grains, each 
dose will contain about as many grains as there are drachms in the 
total quantity of the salt. If it is desired to give 5 grains at a dose 
write for 5 drachms of the salt. 

A 4-fluidounce prescription would naturally require one-half the 
number of drachms or fluidrachms as grains or minims were desired 
at a dose. Fluid prescriptions of any size may be adjusted on this 
basis. The same rule would apply in writing for 60 pills or cap- 
sules or greater or less amounts adjusted as in the case of fluids. 

In metric prescriptions the following excellent scheme has been 
suggested : 

A gramme or a mil contains about 15 or 16 grains or minims 
respectively. The slight difference is immaterial. In ordering fluid 
preparations base the calculations on a 60 mil quantity (about 2 fluid- 
ounces) with teaspoonful doses; this will give about 16 doses. For 
each item (except, of course, the vehicle) write for as many grammes 
or mils as it is desired to* give grains or minims at a dose. For 
example : 

Sodii Bromidi, 

Elix. Aromatici q. s. 60| 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water every three hours. 

As this would contain about 16 doses and a gramme is about 16 
grains, for each gramme of the salt ordered the patient would get 
a grain at a dose. So if it is desired to give ten grains of the salt at 
a dose, write for ten grammes in the inscription. 

Larger or smaller prescriptions can be arranged on the same 
basis. 

In ordering capsules, pills, etc., if the prescription calls for 15 or 
16 the patient will get as many grains in each dose as there are 
grammes in the total quantity. Prescriptions for greater or less num- 
ber can, of course, be calculated on the same basis. The scheme is 
too simple and its advantages too obvious to require discussion. 

It is a safe plan to calculate the amounts by one of the methods 
mentioned and, in rechecking, to use another, as this reduces the 
chance for error to a minimum. 

CHOICE OF VEHICLE. 

In selecting a vehicle for a liquid prescription the prescriber must 
consider its solvent action, compatibility, taste, odor, color, and cost. 



366 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

Solvent Action. — If it is desired to administer a drug in solution 
the vehicle must naturally be one that will dissolve that particular 
substance. This matter is discussed at some length elsewhere, but 
the following general rules will bear repetition : 

Salts (metallic or alkaloidal) and gums are usually more soluble 
in aqueous liquids. Alkaloids, oils, resins, oleoresins, and some coal- 
tar products are more soluble in alcoholic liquids. 

If it is desired to administer a drug in suspension the vehicle 
must naturally be one that will not dissolve that particular drug. 

Compatibility. — This is taken up in detail on page 397. 

Taste. — The matter of taste is one that cannot be overlooked. 
Unpleasant developments, as nausea and vomiting, may result from 
a disagreeable preparation. The patient may, if an adult, refuse to 
take the medicine, and, if a child, the struggle to administer the dose 
may often more than counterbalance the good effect of the remedy. 
To a certain extent the people demand to be cured not only quickly 
but pleasantly, and if one physician can not or will not do it another 
will. 

Odor. — Disagreeable odors are usually unnecessary and possess 
all the bad features mentioned in regard to taste. 

Color. — Under this head might be included the matter of general 
appearance. When it is possible to do so without a sacrifice of qual- 
ity, it is certainly better to order a preparation that will be elegant in 
appearance. Color often has some psychic effect. It is very common 
to hear a patient rail against the doctor who "did not give me any- 
thing but water." 

Cost. — This is often a factor. Unless there is a definite reason 
for so doing, an expensive vehicle should not be employed. The 
remark is common when a doctor writes for an expensive proprietary 
q. s. : "I do not think that it is much good, but it makes a good 
vehicle." The patient has to pay for that good vehicle. 

The following very imperfect list of vehicles are among those 
worthy of special mention: 

Water should be considered as the one great vehicle, and em- 
ployed unless there is some reason against its use. Make it the agent 
of first thought in prescribing solutions, and elaborate from it. 

Distilled Water is valuable when it is desired to use a vehicle 
free from matter that might result in chemical action, as in pre- 
scribing silver nitrate, etc. 



CHOICE OF VEHICLE. 367 

Peppermint-water, Cinnamon-water, and Chloroform-water are 
valuable where there is nausea and for disguising the taste of many 
salts. 

Aromatic Elixir, which contains about 25 per cent. Alcohol, is a 
very valuable vehicle. It is a good solvent, has a pleasant taste and 
odor, and the alcoholic content makes it a good preservative. It 
is particularly desirable in prescribing such salts as the bromides, 
alkaloidal salts, etc. 

Syrup of Tolu, Syrup of Lemon, Syrup of Wild Cherry, and 
Syrup of Squills are used particularly in prescribing cough mixtures. 
They are used as the vehicle alone or with water. 

Mucilage of Acacia, Syrup of Acacia, and Syrup are frequently 
employed when insoluble agents are to be suspended in a liquid. 

Compound Tincture of Gentian and Compound Ticture of Cin- 
chona are used as vehicles in prescribing bitter tonics. They, of 
course, are not compatible with ferric salts. They contain about 50 
per cent, alcohol, which must be taken into consideration. 

Tincture of Sweet Orange and Compound Spirit of Orange are 
good alcoholic vehicles, particularly for such drugs as creosote, 
guaiacol, etc. 

Alcohol is an indispensable part of many other vehicles and is 
frequently used alone, as when prescribing agents requiring its sol- 
vent effect or preservative action. 

Glycerin is frequently employed alone or in connection with other 
vehicles, particularly for such agents as phenol, iodine, tannic 
acid, etc. 

Soap Liniment is a useful vehicle in prescribing liniments. To 
it can be added such agents as chloroform, menthol, etc. 

Liquid Petrolatum is the vehicle of common choice for prescrib- 
ing oil-soluble drugs as sprays, particularly such agents as camphor, 
menthol, and the volatile oils. 

Sugar of Milk is the most commonly used vehicle in prescribing 
powders. It is an inert, white powder, without odor and of a mildly 
sweet taste. 

Aromatic Powder is a finely powdered mixture of spices, and is 
often useful in disguising taste and odor and in giving bulk and color 
to powders. 

Petrolatum for ointments occupies the place that water does for 
solutions. It should be the vehicle used unless there is some reason 
to the contrary. It is inert, odorless, clean, and permanent. 

Ointment of Rose-water is an excellent ointment base. 



368 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

Hydrous Wool-fat is used as a vehicle in ointments when absorp- 
tion of the active agent is desired. 



QUANTITY OF A PRESCRIPTION. 

Only a comparatively small percentage of the medicine manufac- 
tured is actually taken by patients. Much is lost from one cause and 
another while still in the hands of the manufacturer. The ware- 
houses of the wholesale druggists are fairly packed with medicine 
that has spoiled, is out of date, unpopular, etc. A good part of the 
retailers' gross profits are represented 1 by similar articles, and last, but 
not least, almost every family has a medicine chest which, in spite of 
frequent "cleaning ups," contains the remains of many prescriptions 
usually representing the poor judgment of the prescriber. The cus- 
tom of prescribing in quantities too large has many objections. The 
patient is put to unnecessary expense ; the unused portion remains as 
a monument to the doctor's error, for it is usually an error to pre- 
scribe more than a patient needs. The patient feels that if the physi- 
cian had understood the case he would not have prescribed two or 
three times more than was necessary. It may be used in subse- 
quent sickness with unfortunate results, in that or some other family, 
or either by its aid or in spite of it the future patients recover without 
a consultation and the doctor is deprived of a legitimate fee. 

In many instances even where a considerable quantity of the agent 
will be used it may be advisable to prescribe comparatively small 
amounts on account of possible deterioration, as in the case of cer- 
tain syrups in warm weather. The quantity should usually be such 
as the prescriber feels reasonably sure the patient will require before 
deterioration occurs or a change is necessary or a cure is effected. 
As examples : 

In prescribing an ointment of yellow mercuric oxide for the eye- 
lids, 1 drachm is usually all that is necessary. In any event it is 
enough to order, as the possibility of dust from the atmosphere, dirt 
from fingers, etc., makes it desirable not to use the same package too 
long. For a case of scarlatina where it is desired to prescribe a cold- 
cream application for the skin during desquamation, a half-pound or 
pound may be ordered at one time to advantage. To break up a cold 
one dozen capsules may be more than enough, while in prescribing 
ferrous carbonate for chlorosis a prescription for less than 100 doses 
will probably be putting the patient to unnecessary trouble and 
expense. 



PROPORTIONING DOSAGE. 369 

As a rule in conditions of more or iess chronic character, where 
the patient is under observation and the necessity for change pos- 
sible, from seven to ten days' treatment is a convenient amount. If 
a liquid is being administered in teaspoonful doses three times a day, 
three or four fluidounces would be the amount indicated. 

Sometimes, as in prescribing tonics, it is advisable to order 
enough to have some effect, particularly if the patient may not be 
under regular observation. A twenty- or thirty- day treatment may 
be justified. 

A -study of almost any prescription file shows a distressing num- 
ber of 16-dose tonics and 64-dose headache mixtures. 

The prescriber should always remember that too great a dis- 
crepancy either way between the needs of the patient and the amount 
of his order shows a lack of grasp of the situation and may well 
shake the confidence of the patient. With regard to having the pa- 
tient frequently refill small prescriptions the prescriber should re- 
member that the druggist justly makes a charge for his time, and 
usually four two-ounce prescriptions will cost the patients two or 
three times as much as one eight-ounce prescription calling for the 
same ingredients. 

PROPORTIONING DOSAGE. 

By the dose of a drug is meant the average dose for the average 
adult under average conditions. Variations from the usual require 
special consideration. 

The prescriber must consider the age, size, sex, temperament, 
habits, and condition of the patient, and the action of the drug 
employed. 

Age. — Young's rule is the one*most commonly used for propor- 
tioning the dose for a child. It is : Divide the age of the child in 
years by the age plus tzvelve to obtain the fraction of the adult dose. 
For example : If the adult dose of a medicine is 20 grains, to find 
the dose for a child four years old, divide the age (4) by the age (4) 
plus 12 to obtain the fraction of 20 grains desired : 

4 4 1 1 , nn , 

- of 20 = 5. 



4 + 12 16 4 4 

Five grains would, therefore, be the dose for a child four years 
old. Another rule is : Make 20 the denominator of a fraction the 
numerator of which is the age of the child expressed in years. The 
result is the fraction of the adult dose. By this method if the dose 

24 



370 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

for an adult is 20 grains, to find the dose for a child four years old 
the following would be the calculation : 

4 11 

20 = 5- s° f20 = 4 - 

Four grains would, therefore, be the dose required. 

It will be observed that these rules only apply to those children 
whose ages are expressed in years. In the case of infants each is 
a problem unto itself. 

Size. — The size of a patient is naturally an important factor. It 
would be manifestly unwise to expect a child four years old and 
weighing only 20 pounds to tolerate what would be a normal dose for 
another child of the same age and weighing 40 pounds. A man six 
feet high and weighing two hundred pounds may require different 
dosage from one five feet high and weighing one hundred pounds. 

Sex. — Women are, on the average, smaller than men; their 
organs are smaller ; they have less blood ; they are weaker and per- 
form less work. These facts should receive due consideration in 
prescribing, and the average dose is usually smaller than for men. 
There are some exceptions ; for example, purgatives, which are gen- 
erally required in larger doses and stimulants in comparatively 
smaller doses for women than for men. 

Temperament. — This in some instances is an important factor. 
For example : A patient of a highly nervous type can tolerate less 
strychnine than can one of a phlegmatic temperament. 

Habit. — This must often be considered. One addicted to opium, 
alcohol, coffee, etc., will require larger doses of these drugs to pro- 
duce a desired effect than will one who has not previously used them. 
A patient who has been taking potassium iodide can frequently be 
given comparatively large doses without unpleasant effect. 

Condition. — The condition of the patient is almost always an im- 
portant consideration. The weak, anemic patient may not be able 
to tolerate the same dose of a purgative that would be a benefit to 
one who was of the robust, full-blooded type. A child in the 
paroxysmal stage of whooping-cough may be given antipyrine to 
advantage in doses several times the usual proportion. 

The Drug. — Some drugs are exceptions to the foregoing rules. 
For example : The same dose of castor oil is usually given to a child 
over two or three years old as to an adult. Calomel is ordinarily 
given in comparatively large doses to children, while opium is usu- 
ally best administered in comparatively small amounts to children. 



WRITTEN INSTRUCTIONS. 



371 



WRITTEN INSTRUCTIONS. 

In connection with the writing of prescriptions, particularly with 
the matter of the signatura or instructions for label, it is important 
to consider the means of giving more complete directions to patient 
or nurse, as it must be remembered that the label space is limited 
and yet that instructions should be complete. As elsewhere sug- 
gested, it is best to leave with each case special instructions which 
may be conveniently written on the regular prescription blanks, and 
a carbon copy retained by the prescriber and filed with the copies of 
prescriptions and other data relating to that case. Where a trained 
nurse is in charge the matter may often be simple, but where, as is 
usually the case, an anxious and excited mother or wife is the one 
to look to, the instructions can hardly be too explicit. Where sev- 
eral medicines are to be given, a time chart is almost indispensable if 
correctness is to be expected. This, with the other instructions, may 
be arranged something like the following, which is taken from the 
instructions left for a case of tonsillitis: 



fl^AA . fy.a^y.. L^y^rOa. 



For 




'SjL^jUL. "^O^CC^L 



/TV-^V / 3 ° 



^ajla. /S^mX I^^OK, Atr-h- 



372 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



For ..£&££<£... (tlsOOty. L^t^Oa.:. 


J fryn 


Q„ o^Laaas&<* 


f » 


^ o^L<^y^n^^^c^^yL. 


9 " 




11 a 


/ ®m 




3 » 




^7 ^uc/c-vc^ nswUswU- 


7 // 


C^L^c^c 


9 " 


^-C^SJ ->l^^- <*v 


/asrio 


-t^^. sCl*&*4a*~c£ 'CsruTsfrsu^'/i 


'4* studuC /Gvta-cL Gsio&si* -Oii<^ 


ZUZL 


Gs/'ttsi, ^tu&A. c<C<r?^<„ 



In arranging the chart after treatment is under way, it is best to 
list the prescriptions by number. 

In the written instructions it is particularly desirable to include 
such items as: Gw a tablespoonful of castor oil two hours after last 
powder; or, If bowels have not acted by noon give enema of half- 
gallon of warm water with one tablespoonful of table salt; or, // not 
asleep by eleven o'clock give another powder, but not again during 
the night. 

A diet list should always be written and a copy retained by the 
prescriber. Instructions for modified milk, etc., should always be 
written and a copy retained. Formulae for home preparation should 
always be written, as: Dissolve one teaspoonful of Boric Acid in a 
glass of warm water and bathe the part every three hours. 

Receipts for special articles of diet should usually be written, as 
the following for a milk-shake : 



CONCENTRATED MIXTURES. 373 

1 fresh egg; 

1 tablespoonful malted milk; 

Cracked ice ; 

Flavor, as sherry, chocolate, or grated nutmeg; 

Milk to fill shaker; 

Shake in milk-shaker and take two hours after each meal. 



CONCENTRATED MIXTURES. 

Whether the practice is just or not, the fact remains that the 
druggist bases his charges, to a considerable extent, on the size of 
the preparation dispensed. The best interests of the patient should 
be the paramount consideration in the prescriber's mind; he can, 
therefore, frequently concentrate the preparations and allow the pa- 
tient to add the water, — often known in the drug-store as "profit." 
As an example : A physician wishing to have a poor patient use a 
wet bichloride dressing and, as is usually the case, not thinking it 
advisable to prescribe tablets, ordered a pint of a 1 : 5000 solution. 
He found that the druggist charged $1.50. The next orHer was for 
a two-ounce solution 1 : 500, with directions to use one teaspoonful 
to nine teaspoonfuls of water ; the price charged was 25 cents. 

The same conditions obtain in such cases as in prescribing potas- 
sium iodide in syphilis, or in ordering solutions of potassium per- 
manganate for douches, irrigations, etc. 

To illustrate another point : A concentrated solution of corrosive 
mercuric chloride was ordered with directions "Use one teaspoonful 
to two tablespoonfuls of water to wet bandage." A dermatitis was 
produced, as a large teaspoon and a small tablespoon were used and 
a dilution of little more than 1 : 2000 resulted ; so it should be remem- 
bered that, when possible, the patient should be instructed to use the 
same measure for the drug and the diluent. 



SATURATED SOLUTIONS. 

A saturated solution is often ordered. The custom is subject to 
criticism. Many employ the term in prescribing potassium iodide, 
sodium phosphate, etc., when they want a solution representing a 
grain to the minim. The druggist usually understands what is de- 
sired and fills the prescription accordingly, but the order is open to 
criticism. . 

A saturated solution is one that contains all of the solid that 
will dissolve in the given solvent. Water is usually understood to be 



374 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

the solvent unless otherwise specified. The amount of a salt that 
will be dissolved depends to some extent on the temperature and 
other conditions. In no instance is the finished product just one 
grain to the minim. When such concentration is desired the inscrip- 
tion may be written as : 

Potassii Iodidi H.j 

Aquae q. s. f 3j 

In the case of agents, as boric acid, where a concentration of a 
grain to the minim is not obtainable or desired, it is even more neces- 
sary to prescribe a definite amount of the salt. 

The druggist usually handles orders for saturated solutions of 
this class by adding the salt in slight excess of the solvent, triturat- 
ing and filtering. The amount of the drug that dissolves will de- 
pend very much on the patience and energy of the compounder. The 
prescriber should know the solubility and arrange the prescription 
accordingly. For example : 

Boric acid is soluble in 18 parts of water. The full amount that 
is possible to get into solution should not be employed, as the state- 
ment "soluble in 18 parts of water" means that 1 part is the maximum 
amount that may be dissolved in 18 parts of water even under the 
most favorable conditions and by the expenditure of unlimited time 
and effort. These factors cannot be expected in the filling of pre- 
scriptions ; so it is always better to order an amount slightly less than 
the quantity indicated by the given solubility. 

The inscription may be arranged as follows : 

Acidi Borici gr. xx 

Aquae Dest q. s. f 3j 

The prescriber then knows what his patient will receive. 

PERCENTAGE SOLUTIONS. 

This is found to be one of the hardest problems in prescription 
writing, to impress upon the student. Some grasp it with such 
facility and it seems so simple withal that an apology would seem 
necessary for laying any stress upon it; but in almost any senior 
medical examination, where every student thinks the matter either 
mastered or too simple to be worthy of study, less than half of the 
exercises will be found correctly written. Some methods of cal- 
culation might be illustrated, as follows : 

The quantities for a four-fluidounce prescription for a 5 per cent, 
solution of liquefied phenol in glycerin. 



FORMS OF ADMINISTRATION. 375 

If the complete prescription contains 4 fluidounces or 32 
fluidrachms, 1 per cent, would be % o of that amount and found by- 
pointing off two decimal places (0.32 drachm) 5 per cent, would be 
five times as much, or 0.32 X5 = 1.60 fluidrachms, or 96 minims. 

Or, 5 per cent, is equal to one-twentieth; therefore, % °f the 
total bulk of the prescription must be liquefied phenol, the prescrip- 
tion containing 4 fluidounces. % of 4 fluidounces equals 
4-f-20=:%o = % of a fluidounce. One fluidounce being 480 
minims, % would be 480 -f- 5 — 96 minims. 

Or, the prescriber soon remembers that 4.8 minims are 1 per 
cent, of a fluidounce; therefore, 5 per cent, of a fluidounce is 
4.8 X 5 = 24 minims ; then 5 per cent, of 4 fluidounces would be 
24 X 4 — 96 minims. 

In making a correct percentage solution all items must either 
be weighed or measured. It is not correct to weigh the shot and 
measure the feathers. 

Water at standard temperature, etc., weighs 456.37 grains to the 
fluidounce of 480 minims; therefore, 4.8 grains of cocaine hydro- 
chloride with water to make a fluidounce is not strictly speaking a 
1 per cent, solution by either weight or measure. There should be 
4.56 grains of the cocaine salt. The prescriber seldom finds such 
exactness necessary, but may well carry in mind 4.5 grains of the 
solid as the 1 per cent, quantity of a 1 fluidounce aqueous solution of 
solids. 

The metric system being a decimal one, the matter of percentage 
solutions is simplicity itself: 

Phenolis Liq., 

Glycerini q. s. 120 

120 being the total quantity, 1 per cent, is found by dividing by 
100, that is, pointing off two decimal places = 1.20; 5 per cent, by 
multiplying 1.20 by 5 = 6.00 : 

Phenolis Liq 6 

Glycerini 120 

In, say, a 25 per cent, solution, 25 per cent, is one-fourth of the 
total; therefore, % of the total quantity (120) is 30, which would 
be the quantity of the liquefied phenol for a 25 per cent, solution. 

FORMS OF ADMINISTRATION. 

Before writing his prescription the physician must first decide, 
from the condition of the patient, as to the effect to be produced, 



376 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

then the agent that will best produce the desired effect, then the 
most desirable route under the circumstances to get the remedy into 
action, and then the most desirable form in which to administer it. 
To produce a systemic effect, drugs may be given by mouth, rectum, 
skin, hypodermically, intravenously, or by inhalation. 

The mouth is the natural channel for the intake for all matter 
except oxygen. Doses, not otherwise specified, are understood to 
be by this route. Medicines for general effect are supposed to be ad- 
ministered by mouth unless there is some reason to the contrary. 

It should be remembered that in some conditions, as when much 
undigested food is present, or when the patient is in great pain, 
absorption from the stomach may be delayed. 

The intravenous method gives the quickest results and the dose 
is smallest. 

Hypodermic administration is next in point of prompt action and 
smallness of dose. The dose is usually one-half to two-thirds of 
that by mouth. 

Rectal administration gives slower results than by mouth, and 
the dose is usually 50 to 100 per cent, larger. 

The local effect may be produced by any method that brings the 
agent into contact with the part to be affected. 

By Mouth for Systemic Effect. 

Solutions. — It is a safe rule to make this the form of first choice 
and use, unless there are reasons to the contrary, as odor, taste, 
insolubility, etc. 

Liquids not Solutions. — This includes mixtures, emulsions, etc. 
They are employed when an agent is administered by mouth that is 
insoluble in the desired vehicle and there are reasons against giving 
in capsules, powders, etc.; also when the taste would be objection- 
able if in solution. Examples are bismuth salts suspended in thick 
liquids, oil of turpentine in emulsion, quinine salts suspended in 
chocolate syrup, etc. 

Capsules. — This is one of the most convenient and agreeable 
forms for administering medicine. They are particularly useful for 
drugs of unpleasant taste or odor, as quinine salts, thymol, etc. The 
effect is not produced as quickly as when the drug is in solution, and 
they should not contain agents in such form as will cause irritation 
of the alimentary mucosa. It should be remembered that small chil- 
dren and many adults are unable to swallow capsules or are nauseated 



BY RECTUM FOR SYSTEMIC EFFECT. 377 

by them. Before prescribing capsules it is always best to ascertain if 
the patient can take them. 

Papers. — By papers is here meant doses of medicine wrapped up 
in papers (cht.) instead of put into capsules or other container. The 
form answers well for those powders that are not disagreeable in 
taste or odor, as calomel with milk sugar, sulphonmethane, etc. 

Pills. — This is a convenient form for the administration of some 
drugs, as silver nitrate, phosphorus, etc., and is sometimes an 
economic method where the drug is to be continued for a consider- 
able time, as in giving yellow mercurous iodide for syphilis or fer- 
rous carbonate for chlorosis. It is not often that a prescriber should 
order pills to be prepared extemporaneously. Pills of silver nitrate 
or phosphorus cannot usually be made to advantage by the local drug- 
gist, and if it is desired to have freshly prepared doses of such 
agents as ferrous carbonate or yellow mercurous iodide it will be 
better for many reasons to order capsules. Pills are subject to many 
disadvantages, such as hardening and becoming insoluble, crumbling, 
tasting if not coated, sticking together if coated, etc. 

Tablets. — Hypodermic tablets and tablet tritftrates usually dis- 
integrate readily when taken into the stomach, and are sometimes a 
convenient form for administering medicines of small dosage. If 
the medicine is disagreeable, as strychnine, the patient does get the 
benefit of it to some extent, particularly if hypodermic tablets are 
used. Compressed tablets are usually hard and very apt to disinte- 
grate slowly, if at all, in the alimentary tract. Their usefulness is 
very limited to the prescriber, though they are sometimes a great 
convenience to the dispensing physician. 

Cachets. — This is not usually considered a practical method of 
administration, in this country. 

By Rectum for Systemic Effect. 

Liquids. — For the best results the agent should be in solution 
and so diluted as to be non-irritating. When possible, the rectum 
should be first cleansed by irrigation and the bulk of the dose should 
not exceed about six fluidounces for an adult. 

Medicines are sometimes administered to advantage by the 
Murphy drip. 

Suppositories. — These are usually made with a vehicle of cocoa 
butter. They should be non-irritating and the active agents should 
be readily soluble. 



378 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

Rectal administration is often useful, particularly when the upper 
alimentary tract is intolerant, as in gastric irritation or when there is 
much nausea, or when it is undesirable for any other reason to give 
a remedy by mouth, as in appendicitis, etc. 

HYPODERMIC AND INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION. 

These methods are resorted to when quick results are demanded 
or when there are reasons against the use of other routes. The 
agents should usually be in solution and non-irritating. The opera- 
tion should, of course, be aseptic. 

By Absorption from the Skin. 

This is not often a practical route for producing the systemic 
effect of a drug. The principal exception is inunction of mercury 
for syphilis. 

By Inhalation. 

To produce a systemic effect by absorption from the mucous 
membrane of the respiratory tract a drug must be in the form of a 
vapor. The most common example of this form of administration 
is the use of chloroform, ether, amyl nitrite, etc. 

Local Effett. 

This may be produced by any method that brings the agent into 
contact with the part to be affected. Solutions, mixtures, ointments, 
powders, and practically all forms of medication are employed. Ex- 
amples are : liniments, ointments, dusting powders, eye-washes, nasal 
sprays, gargles, mouth-washes, enema, injections, caustics, etc. 

COMPARATIVE DOSAGE OF PREPARATIONS. 

In remembering dosage it is often advisable for the prescriber 
not to try to remember the dose of each preparation of a drug, but 
to remember the dose of the drug itself ; then the dose of the prepara- 
tions can be called to mind by the following rules : 

The dose of the fluidextract is the same in minims as the dose of 
the drug in grains. 

The dose in minims of the tincture is usually ten times the dose in 
grains of the drug. 

The dose of the extract is usually one-fifth the dose of the drug. 
For example : 



THE PHARMACOPOEIA. 379 

Nux Vomica — dose, 1 grain. 
Fluidextract of Nux Vomica — dose, 1 minim. 
Tincture of Nux Vomica — dose, 10 minims. 
Extract of Nux Vomica — dose, % grain. 

This, of course, is approximate only, but in the largest percentage 
of cases it answers all requirements and is often a valuable aid to 
memory. Where the dose of the drug is large, as 30 to 60 grains, 
the rule as to the tincture will not often apply. 

A rule can hardly be given for preparations as infusions, elixirs, 
etc., but the fluidextract, tincture, and extract are the preparations of 
common use. 

THE PHARMACOPCEIA. 

A Pharmacopoeia is a book compiled by a recognized authority 
and containing a list of drugs with information concerning them. 
The United States Pharmacopoeia is not published by the govern- 
ment, as is the case in some countries, but it is accepted by the 
government as standard in as far as it goes, and this gives it all 
necessary prestige. For example, the Pharmacopoeia fixes the 
strength of tincture of opium at 10 per cent., and the government 
requires that for government use, interstate commerce, etc., a prep- 
aration to be called tincture of opium must have 10 per cent, 
strength. State drug laws also recognize the Pharmacopoeia as 
does the federal government. 

The United States Pharmacopoeia was first published in 1820, 
and each ten years it is revised by a committee selected by the 
Pharmacopoeial Convention, which is composed of representatives 
from incorporated medical and pharmaceutical colleges and associa- 
tions and the Army, Navy and Public Health Service. 

THE NATIONAL FORMULARY. 

The National Formulary is a book containing formulae of prep- 
arations not included in the Pharmacopoeia, but that are still con- 
sidered of sufficient importance to render standardization advisable. 
It is published by the American Pharmaceutical Association. 

DISPENSATORY. 

A Dispensatory is a commentary on the Pharmacopoeia. They 
contain all that the Pharmacopoeia states regarding official drugs and 



380 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

much additional information. They also treat of other drugs not 
included in the Pharmacopoeia. They are compiled and published 
as private enterprises and contain a vast amount of information that 
is invaluable to the student of Materia Medica. 

The American Medical, Association is maintaining a department 
for the investigation of unofficial preparations offered the medical 
profession. The effort is made to eliminate fraud and encourage 
merit. The remedies included in these volumes are those found to 
meet certain requirements. It is one of the greatest advances ever 
made in Materia Medica. 

OFFICIAL DRUGS AND N. F. PREPARATIONS. 

An official drug is one that is contained in the Pharmacopoeia. 
In prescribing an official drug it is not necessary to write U. S. P., as 
that is understood. 

In prescribing a preparation of the National Formulary, if it is 
particularly desirable to get the N. F. product, it is usually best to 
specify N. F., as pharmacists are not always very familiar with the 
formulae of this valuable guide. 

While it is inadvisable for a prescriber to even try to confine him- 
self to the Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary, they certainly 
contain the vast majority of drugs that should be used. These books 
should be in the library of every physician, and he should so famil- 
iarize himself with their contents as to know what agents he can get 
so well standardized and give them the preference. 

PROPRIETARY AND PATENT MEDICINES. 

The use" of these preparations by the medical profession is cer- 
tainly carried to excess. The distressing neglect of Materia Medica 
by the majority of our medical colleges is probably the chief cause 
of the fault. Students are given a limited knowledge of a few drugs. 
They are not sufficiently grounded in a knowledge of medicines as 
to enable them to meet the demands of practice or to intelligently 
discriminate between the good and the bad of what is afterward 
offered them. They soon realize the inadequacy of their armamen- 
tarium and seize upon any suggested additions. This means, of 
course, that they fall an easy prey to the. detail man, the circular, or 
the well-filled advertisement page. 

Many of the patent or proprietary medicines are excellent prep- 
arations. Our Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary are stocked 






SPECIFYING MANUFACTURERS. 381 

with remedies originally introduced to the profession in* this way; 
so, if for no other reason, it would ill become the physician to indis- 
criminately rail against them. To impress the lesson it is only 
necessary to mention Acetphenetidin, Sulphonmethane, Phenol Sali- 
cylate, and a host of others might be cited. 

This is not to be construed as advocating proprietary medicines, 
and before adding any such remedy to his armamentarium the pre- 
server should know its value. Almost unlimited help can be derived 
from "New and Non-official Remedies" and "The Propaganda for 
Reform" of the Journal of the A. M. A. 

The fact remains, however, that the more a physician knows of 
Materia Medica and the more he studies the Pharmacopoeia and the 
National Formulary, the less frequently does he have to go outside 
of them for his prescription material. The detail man, to the student 
of Materia Medica, is, often a source of valuable information. They 
frequently present new' products of decided merit. The plea is not 
to avoid them, but to intelligently weigh their statements. 

The prescriber should not be urged to confine himself to the 
standards, but to have intelligent reasons when he goes to other 
sources. 

SPECIFYING MANUFACTURERS. 

There is a tendency on the part of members of the medical pro- 
fession to specify on prescriptions the preparation of some particular 
manufacturer. When there is any reasonable cause of advantage 
to the patient, there should be no hesitation in so doing, but the more 
familiar one becomes with medicines the more one becomes convinced 
that there is seldom a necessity for this practice. There was a time 
when it was frequently advisable, but the present State and National 
drug laws and the present status of pharmaceutical education have 
practically forced a uniformly high standard in manufacturing. Pro- 
miscuous specifying of special makes is usually a sign of ignorance or 
gullibility rather than of superior information. Another fact is that 
if a certain manufacturer puts out one preparation superior to that 
of competitors it is no indication that the other preparations of that 
make are above the average. 

As a general rule it may be stated that in prescribing the agents 
included in the Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary, it is best not 
to specify a particular make. 



382 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



WRITE PRESCRIPTIONS. 

A prescriber should avoid the habit of telling the patient what 
to get. The oldest friendship may not stand the strain. Even a 
physician often does not like to prescribe for himself, and when he 
consults a confrere prefers that he write a prescription. 

A patient seldom consults a physician unless he, at least, imagines 
himself sick, and however slight his ailments he wants to be shown 
full consideration. If he is given medicine at all he appreciates his 
ailment being accorded the dignity of having a prescription written 
for it. Also nothing so encourages self -medication as telling the 
patient what to get, nothing is so apt to result in mistakes, and 
nothing so disgusts the doctor's friend and should-be supporter — the 
druggist. 

An example will illustrate : A family sent for a physician to treat 
a child with earache. The physician, after a careful examination, 
told them to get an ounce of glycerin, put twenty drops of carbolic 
acid in it, shake it up and put two or three drops in the ear affected. 
It seemed to be the straw that broke the camel's back, for the family, 
who had employed him for years, sent for another physician who 
gave them the following prescription and retained the practice : 

For Mary Jones (5 years). 

Phenolis Liq lUxx 

Glycerini q. s. fSj 

M. 

Sig. — Use two (2) drops in ear as directed. 

One doctor had lost a family's practice and another gained one, 
not through the latter's superior medical ability, but through his 
knowledge of human nature and the demands of his position. 

The principle is not to be carried to extremes. For example : in 
prescribing a calomel purge to be followed next day by a saline, the 
prescriber can well write his prescription for the calomel, etc., and 
in his written instructions left with the patient instruct as to a dose 
of Epsom salt being taken the following morning. 

It should always be remembered that it is hard to overestimate 
the psychic factor in the treatment of disease, and that while the pre- 
scription is a very commonplace scrap of paper to the prescriber, 
it is, to the patient, the ultimate expression of an oracle and is that 
which he feels is to stand between him and dread disease or even 
the Grim Reaper. 



PRESCRIPTION BLANKS. 383 

PRESCRIPTION BLANKS. 

Prescriptions are written on everything from paper bags and 
scraps of wrapping paper on down — and up. Mohammed showed 
somewhat of the medical spirit in writing the Koran on pieces of 
bone and other waste material picked up in his wanderings. 

A prescription is the most important product of a dignified pro- 
fession, and there is every reason why it should represent the acme 
of neatness. 

A physician should use his own private prescription blanks, 
ordered and paid for by himself. The sheets should be of standard 
size (about Zy 2 x S J /\. inches), so that they will snugly fit in the regu- 
lar box files so commonly used by pharmacists. If they are too 
small they do not present a neat appearance and are rather hard for 
the druggist to locate if it is necessary to refer to them again. If a 
blank is too large it may have to be folded to fit a box file, or if a 
druggist uses the wire files the sheets project beyond the edges of the 
others and are apt to get torn or become unreadable through hand- 
ling and the usual accumulation of dust. The blank should be of 
good white paper, which is neater and more dignified, and shows the 
writing better than does a colored paper. 

At the top of the blank should be, in modest type and black ink, 
the doctor's name and some information concerning him. It is not 
considered good taste to use the degrees, but the abbreviation Dr. 
followed by the name as the doctor uses it — that is, the full Christian 
name or part or only initials and surname. The home and office 
address, office hours, and home and office phone numbers should also 
be given, and the U. S. registry number, and usually nothing more. 
A blank arranged in this way enables the druggist to translate the 
prescriber's signature, to readily reach him should it be necessary, 
and serves the purpose to some extent of a business card. When 
instructions for the patient are left on these blanks, they constitute 
a modest, ethical advertisement, the purpose that is served by the 
blotter or calendar of the merchant. Something like the blank on 
the next page is recommended. 

Now, the nice blanks so generously furnished by the friendly (?) 
druggist. If they did not bear the druggist's advertisement they 
would entail an obligation that should be avoided for many reasons ; 
but free blanks usually bear some legend, as "Take this to the Avenue 
Pharmacy." The doctor in signing the blank makes printed instruc- 
tions also a part of his order, and tells the patient to take the pre- 



384 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



scription to that store, to the exclusion of all others. This is not 
only a gratuitous insult to the other druggists, but to the patient, as 
the choice of a druggist is a matter without the province of the physi- 
cian, and he should not specify unless there are particular reasons, 



Dr. J. C. BLANK 

RESIDENCE: 1776 FIRST AVENUE PHONE 2893 

Office: 736 Central Bank Building 
Hours: 2 to 4 P. M. Phone 1345 . 



REG, 1736 



BLANKVILLE 




of interest to the patient, for his doing so, and then the patient has 
the right to know those reasons. 

The standpoint of the other druggists and a frequent result are 
well shown in the following incident : 

A young physician located in a suburban neighborhood with 



CARBON COPIES. 385 

five drug-stores. The active physicians doing practice in that sec- 
tion were using the blanks liberally supplied by two of those stores. 
If druggist A referred a patient to one of the old physicians, he 
either never heard of the case again or the patient returned with 
a prescription which carried instructions, "Take this to B's drug- 
store." The new man used his own blanks with the result that in a 
few months three druggists were referring all unattached patients 
to him and the other two stores were just about as friendly as if he 
had been using their blanks. 

CARBON COPIES. 

Prescription blanks should be securely bound in small books of 
about 50 sheets. It is better to have these wired at the top and per- 
forated so that the sheets can be easily torn out. The books need 
not have covers, but should have a V back that will enable them to 
fit into a regular leather case. Every other sheet should be plain, 
colored paper for making a carbon copy. This will give twenty-five 
originals to each book. In lots of eighty books (2000 prescription 
blanks) they should not cost over about eight cents each. 

There can be no reason against keeping carbon copies, and there 
are certainly many advantages. Twenty-five cents' worth of carbon 
paper will last almost any physician a year. A sheet is cut the size 
of the prescription blank and is merely transferred after each 
writing. One carbon sheet answers well for several books. 

It is impossible for any physician to remember all that he pre- 
scribes, and a copy of all the prescriptions for a case filed with the 
other data is an invaluable record. Again, everyone makes mistakes, 
and the habit of rereading the copies after leaving each case, or at 
least at night, is a practice that cannot be too highly recommended. 
What physician has not spent many anxious moments, after leaving 
a case, wondering if he did not write Corrosivi instead of Mitis or 
some similar possibility? How easy it is to get peace of mind by 
referring to a carbon copy ! 

Referring to the copies of the day's prescriptions is also a valu- 
able check on the day's work, and will frequently -remind one of a 
consultation that might otherwise have gone uncharged. 

In case of error on the part of the druggist the doctor has indis- 
putable evidence as to what he wrote, no matter how the original 
may have been altered. 



25 



386 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

CARE OF COPIES AND OTHER USES FOR THEM. 

If a physician uses a filing system (and all should) the copies of 
the prescriptions should be kept with the case history and other data. 
The most desirable filing system for this purpose is that which uses 
folders. A separate folder for each patient enables the physician to 
carry all matter regarding each case in the most convenient pos- 
sible way. This data is probably best kept in the office. 

The folder should be made for the history, etc., but if the physi- 
cian contents himself, as many do, with a comparatively brief his- 
tory, the prescription blank answers well by using one or more 
sheets. It is advisable to make a carbon duplicate of this also, and 
keep one in the office, and one can be kept in the study at home for 
reference, as in reading up on the case. 

The blanks and copies answer well for keeping a record of mat- 
ters of interest concerning the case, as pulse, temperature, etc., at 
each visit; alsoj for blood-counts, urinalysis, etc., unless special 
forms are used. These should be filed as suggested for other data. 

Some use the blanks for giving receipts for payments received 
during the day, and the carbon copy left in the book constitutes all 
the necessary data for making the proper credits when posting the 
day's work. Except in hospital work, written instructions for pa- 
tient or nurse are best made on the regular blanks and copies filed 
with the other data. 

COPIES TO A SUCCESSOR. 

It frequently happens that a physician is called in a case of 
emergency to see the patient of another physician. He should always 
leave a copy of any prescription he may write and a memorandum 
of his findings, and instruct that they be given to the other physician 
when he next calls. This is not only a courtesy due to the other 
attendant, but justice to the patient, and of advantage to himself. 
The regular attendant coming in cannot well continue the use of a 
remedy without knowing what it is, and for him to abruptly discon- 
tinue the first physician's treatment subjects the patient to additional 
expense and may cause an unpleasant impression in the mind of 
the patient with regard to the treatment started by the first attendant. 

CARE AS TO WRITING. 

Few physicians are so fortunate as to be expert penmen, yet any- 
one can write neatly and plainly if he will devote the proper care 



ARRANGEMENT ON SHEET. 387 

and time to the effort. It does not require a master of the art of 
penmanship to. dot an i and cross a t and to make an o so that it can 
be distinguished from an a and a u from an n or m. A physician 
may have to hurry in giving a hypodermic or in applying forceps to 
an after-coming head, but it is seldom that he cannot take a reason- 
able time to write his prescriptions. Aside from other considerations, 
neatness in this will have a better moral effect upon both patient 
and pharmacist than will neatness in dress, which all regard as a 
matter of importance. Not only should the writing be plain and 
neat, but the sheet should be spotless. A soiled blank should be dis- 
carded and if one is damaged in writing or in removing from the 
book, it should be destroyed and the work done over. This also 
applies to errors in writing. A word should not be scratched or 
overwritten, but a new prescription be made. 

ARRANGEMENT ON SHEET. 

A prescriber can get a good idea of the effect of arrangement by 
studying the letters sent out by some of the up-to-date business 
houses. It will be noted that when the amount of reading matter 
is small it is placed about the middle of the sheet with equal mar- 
gins above and below, instead of having the reading matter at the 
top of the sheet and the total margin below. It will also be noted 
that the margin on the left of the sheet is strictly observed and on 
the right as far as possible. The application of these rules to pre- 
scription writing is illustrated in Part III. 

The lines should run straight across the page and the name of 
the drug and the amount should be on one line except under unusual 
circumstances, as when the name of the manufacturer is specified in 
parentheses, or some other descriptive information is given. 

The amounts of the different ingredients ordered should be placed 
under each other and each on a line with the name of the drug to 
which it belongs. 

PEN AND PENCIL. 

Since a good fountain pen can be purchased at a nominal price, 
there is every reason why all prescriptions should be written in ink. 
It is much neater, more dignified, and the general appearance of the 
finished product is much better. 

Carbon copies can be made as well as with a pencil. The writing 
is more durable and it is not so apt to become illegible through the 
prescription being carried in the pocket, getting wet, or being sub- 



388 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

jected to the usual wear and tear of the frequent handling of the 
druggist's files. There is not the chance of an item being changed to 
cover an error of a prescription clerk. If ink is not used a good 
indelible pencil should be employed. 

ORDER OF WRITING. 

The date is first written, then the name of the patient and age. 
The superscription or heading ( IJ ) should be printed on the blank. 
The names of the ingredients should then be written without 
amounts, except the vehicle, which is followed by the total amount 
of the prescription ; then the directions to the compounder, then the 
directions to the patient, then the prescriber's signature. When this 
is complete the prescriber has before him the total amount of the 
preparation, the amount of each dose, and the number of doses ; so 
he can better calculate the amounts of the active ingredients. These 
are filled in, beginning with the first and taking them in the order 
in which they are written. 

REREADING. 

After a prescription has been written it should be carefully re- 
read, the amounts recalculated, and every part carefully reconsidered. 
It is best to allow some time to elapse between the writing and the 
rechecking. The best custom is to let all the matter remain in the 
book when first written and then, if with the patient, give attention 
to some other matters that will always require attention, then re- 
read carefully each prescription or sheet of instructions as it is torn 
from the book. This custom possesses the additional advantage that 
if an error has been made the sheet can be quietly allowed to remain 
in the book, and a new one written without subjecting the prescriber 
to the possible embarrassment of acknowledging an error by destroy- 
ing a prescription in the presence of the patient. 

TELEPHONING PRESCRIPTIONS. 

A fruitful source of unpleasant circumstances is the questionable 
custom of telephoning prescriptions. It is sometimes unavoidable, 
but should be done only when absolutely necessary. In case of error 
from any cause the burden of proof is on the prescriber to estab- 
lish the fact that he really dictated what he claims. When it is posi- 
tively necessary to telephone a prescription it should be first written 
just as if to be delivered in person; then with this before him the 






RECOMMENDING CREDIT. 389 

prescriber should, after ascertaining that he is speaking to a pre- 
scription clerk, read it off carefully and slowly enough to admit of it 
being taken down in full; then the clerk should be asked to read 
what he has written, which the prescriber should recheck from the 
original. He should then either send by hand or mail, at once, the 
written prescription marked original of prescription phoned. The 
druggist should use this to replace the copy which he had filled and 
filed. The doctor as usual retains his carbon copy. 

RECOMMENDING CREDIT. 

The matter of financial arrangements between patient and drug- 
gists are best left to the parties most concerned. It is an unfortunate 
practice for the prescriber to take to the drug-store the prescriptions 
for parties unknown to the pharmacist and recommend that they be 
filled and charged. A like practice is to mark the prescription, when 
not taken in person, O. K. or a/c O. K. There are sometimes ex- 
ceptional circumstances that would justify such action, but such is 
rarely the case. A refusal to recognize such recommendation is fre- 
quently embarrassing to the druggist, physician, and patient, and the 
prescriber should only make such suggestion when he intends to pay 
the account if the patient should not do so. The fact that the patient 
lives in a nice home and pays the bills of the physician, whom he 
likes and needs, is not always a certain indication that he will pay the 
pharmacist, whom he does not know or care about. The prescriber 
may feel that in recommending that the pharmacist extend credit 
for one little prescription the matter is small anyway, but the end 
result may be the opening up of an extensive account and consider- 
able loss to the druggist. It is certain that this class of interference 
is usually unnecessary, undesired, and unappreciated. 

NAMING A PRICE. 

A prescriber will often be asked as to the probable price of the 
prescription. He should never be led into hazarding a guess. The 
knowledge that the same prescription cost a previous patient a cer- 
tain amount is no ground for an answer. Each pharmacy is, to a 
large extent, a law unto itself as to price, and the same applies to 
even the different clerks in the same establishment. There neces- 
sarily can be no fixed price for prescriptions, as the variety of com- 
binations runs into countless thousands. Each charge is an estimate 
and the same man may charge 35 cents for a mixture today and 40 
cents tomorrow. The fluctuations of the market, the condition of 



390 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

the customer, the character of the account, and many other factors 
enter into the fixing of the price. The druggist always marks the 
price charged on each prescription, so that if refilled a discrepancy 
will not occur. Where this practice is neglected the result is often 
unfortunate. If for particular reasons the prescriber should find 
it necessary to name a price to the patient, the amount should be 
plainly entered on the prescription and he should remember that he 
owes the pharmacist an explanation, as the doctor has no more 
right to dictate the price of filling than the druggist the price of pre- 
scribing. How oft, oh how oft, has every druggist asked a customer 
a dollar for a prescription, only to have him or her say, "Why, Doc- 
tor Blank said that only would cost me fifty cents !" The only 
recourse is to acknowledge himself a thief or discredit Dr. Blank's 
fund of information. 

CHARITY. 

It sometimes happens that prescriptions are written for parties 
not able to pay anything, or frequently the patient is deserving of 
some concession on the part of both doctor and druggist. 

If the physician is rendering his services gratuitously and the 
condition of the patient justifies it, he may write, in the lower right- 
hand corner of the prescription, Pp. (meaning pauperismus — see 
page 347), which indicates to the druggist that the patient is in very 
reduced circumstances and that only a nominal charge, if any, should 
be made for the medicine. It should be remembered that this always 
carries the understanding that the medical attendant is receiving no 
remuneration whatever. 

It sometimes happens that a family in modest circumstances may 
require considerable medical attention and medicine, that they are 
able and willing to pay something, but are deserving of leniency at 
the hands of all parties concerned. It is better under such circum- 
stances for the physician to communicate with the pharmacist direct 
and discuss the circumstances in detail. 

LOCAL PECULIARITIES. 

In deciding what drugs to order for a patient it is frequently 
necessary to take into consideration what the local druggist can 
supply. This applies particularly to small towns and suburban 
neighborhoods. What may be a common remedy in one section of 
the country may be almost unused and not carried in stock in another. 
For example, the average village pharmacy might not be able to sup- 



REFILLING AND GIVING COPIES. 391 

ply good fresh preparations of benzoinated lard, confection of rose, 
syrup of orange, etc., as these are seldom used in some sections, and 
do not keep very well. 

In New Orleans many preparations that are in common use on 
account of the large French element might not be obtainable in other 
cities of a different character of population. 

The point to be impressed is that a physician prescribing drugs 
that are not in common use should be reasonably sure that the drug- 
gist can supply them. If there is a doubt it is better for the pre- 
server to inform himself in the matter, as he may be able to save 
himself, the pharmacist, and the patient inconvenience or em- 
barrassment. 

REFILLING AND GIVING COPIES. 

The custom among druggists is to refill, when requested, any pre- 
scription that does not specify to the contrary or to give a copy to be 
filled elsewhere. So general is this custom that it is demanded by 
the patient as a matter of right. An exception to the rule, of course, 
is in the case of those prescriptions that call for drugs that the laws 
of the Federal Government or of the particular State allow to be 
dispensed only once on a prescription, unless a written order to refill 
is given by the prescriber. Even when the law does not cover the 
point some few pharmacists will not refill a prescription calling for 
a habit-forming drug. Some prescribers write on prescriptions that 
they do not particularly want refilled, Not to be refilled or Non. rep. 
(see page 347). Others have this printed on all their blanks and 
only erase it when they think it will be necessary to have that par- 
ticular prescription refilled. This latter custom is not recommended 
for reasons later explained. 

Aside from' other considerations the custom of refilling and giving 
copies is manifestly unjust to the physician, as he does not usually 
sell the patient a formula for present and future use for himself and 
friends. He is paid for his effort to correct a particular condition 
then existing, and his prescription is an order to the druggist to de- 
liver a drug or drugs in a certain amount for that object. To refer 
to a previous illustration, the druggist has no more right to execute 
that order again than would the merchant to deliver a second pair of 
shoes on the order for one. 

The custom is frequently even more unjust to the patient, as what 
would cure at one time might really do damage to the same patient 
or another at some other time, though the condition might seem to 



392 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

be the same. An active purge for an abdominal pain due to consti- 
pation may give relief, but if taken when the pain is due to appen- 
dicitis it might produce unfortunate results. The illustration is used 
by another author of a lady who suffered from headache due to 
syphilis. Without being informed of the condition she was relieved 
by pills of yellow mercurous iodide. She later told her physician that 
she was so much pleased with the remedy that she had given copies 
of the prescription to all of her friends who suffered with headache. 

It sometimes happens that for sentimental or other reasons a pa- 
tient will wish to retain a particular prescription, as when consulting 
some eminent physician. The custom is for the patient to so state 
when giving the prescription to the druggist, who then fills the 
original and puts his name and his particular number and date on it, 
and sometimes the price charged in plain figures, or in a cipher code 
understood by most druggists. He makes a copy for himself, which 
he numbers, dates, and files as he would an original. 

The custom of refilling and giving copies is too well established 
for the pharmacist to fail to comply with it, and the only remedy is 
for the prescriber to specify against it and try to educate the public 
to the many disadvantages. It is a matter, however, that requires 
concerted action, and for one doctor, particularly if he is not well 
established, to try to stem the tide of custom and popular demand 
might prove decidedly unfortunate. 

ERRORS. 

The prescriber who claims to, never have made an error is one 
who disregards truth, has a poor memory, or has done very little 
practice indeed. The most earnest co-operation should exist between 
compounder and prescriber, and in case of a mistake by either the 
other should render all reasonable assistance. If a physician dis- 
covers that a prescription has not been properly compounded, he can 
always find a pretext for taking it back to the pharmacist without 
arousing the suspicions of the patient. When the prescriber makes 
a mistake it is the duty of the compounder to discover it and to pro- 
tect against any injury to the reputation of the physician. If the 
physician can be reached, the prescription should be taken to him 
by the pharmacist or he may be telephoned. The prescription should 
never be returned to the patient or the patient be allowed to sus- 
pect that there is any trouble. If the physician is not accessible and 
his intention is obvious, the druggist may make the necessary cor- 



DOMESTIC MEASURES. 393 

rection and advise the physician at the earliest possible opportunity. 
For example : 

n 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. iv 

Sacchari Lactis gr. xx 

M. ft. cht. no. iv. 

Sig. — One every hour. 

Any pharmacist should know that the mild mercurous chloride 
was intended, and should change the prescription if the physician 
cannot be reached. 

The pharmacist is more apt to discharge his full duties in these 
matters than is the physician, and the point to be impressed is that 
the prescriber must remember that the compounder is his co-worker 
and entitled to every consideration at his hands, and that sooner or 
later that co-worker is apt to have an opportunity to repay any such 
debt with interest. 

DOMESTIC MEASURES. 

Liquid medicines are usually ordered to be administered in quan- 
tities familiar to the laity, as teaspoonf ul, tablespoonful, wineglassful, 
teacupful, glassful, etc. The prescriber bases his calculations on 
such equivalents as a teaspoonful being one fluidrachm, a tablespoon- 
ful being four fluidrachms, etc., as shown on page 331. As a matter 
of fact, there is a great variation in the size of these measures. The 
teaspoonful is probably the most uniform of any, yet they vary 
through a range of over a hundred per cent, and the shape is such 
that even this variation is increased in use. A spoon filled nearly to 
the top may not contain more than half the amount that could be 
measured into it. Dessertspoons vary in size to such an extent as 
to render their use inadvisable ; the same applies to the wineglass. It 
is interesting to note the difference in a wineglassful of castor oil 
and a wineglassful of old port or Spanish sherry. The cup used by 
the coffee taker confined to one cup a day and the one used for 
measuring a disagreeable purgative water are very different vessels. 

The medical attendant must either accustom himself to recognize 
spoons, glasses, etc., of the proper size and have them set aside for 
use in measuring medicines, or he must insist on graduated medicine 
glasses. 

Graduated medicine glasses, if of the proper size and make, 
possess many advantages. They are not acted upon by the medicinal 
agent ; they are easily cleaned ; they are marked to hold correct 



394 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

amounts ; there is less discrepancy in filling a glass to a mark than in 
filling a spoon to the top ; there is less chance for waste in adminis- 
tering from a partly filled glass than from a full spoon. 

The lesson in domestic measures was very forcibly impressed 
upon the author in ordering a concentrated antiseptic solution with 
directions to use one teaspoonful of the medicine to two tablespoon- 
fuls of water. The result was very distressing and it was found that 
the patient used a teaspoon holding about 90 minims for the medicine 
and a tablespoon holding about 120 minims for the water. 

EXAMINING THE MEDICINE. 

It is an excellent practice to examine the medicine the patient 
is taking on each visit after prescribing. This is particularly de- 
sirable on the first visit after starting treatment. The first object is 
to see that the medicine has been properly prepared. Even a physi- 
cian without pharmaceutical experience can soon learn what should 
be the appearance of the remedy ordered. Unfortunately, it is a 
fact that the careful observer will frequently find cause to justify 
this practice. Gross errors and evident substitutions are not com- 
mon, but frequently a powder has not been properly dissolved, an 
emulsion has been imperfectly made, a dusting powder is gritty, an 
ointment shows lack of proper incorporation, or a preparation has 
not been mixed in the order to obtain the best results. 

A prescriber by seeing the finished product can best learn his own 
errors in combination and improve upon his work in that particular 
field. He sees that he is ordering quantities too large for capsules, 
that agents he thought would go well together are hopelessly incom- 
patible, and he gets a better idea as to odor, taste, and general ap- 
pearance of the remedies he is imposing upon a trusting public. 

Another important object is to see that the patient is getting the 
proper amount of the remedy. If four fluidounces of a preparation 
is ordered and a teaspoonful is to be taken three times a day, and it is 
found that after five days only about a fourth of the preparation has 
been taken, something is wrong. Either the spoon is too small, is not 
being properly filled, or the regular number of doses is not being 
taken. If twelve capsules are ordered, and six are to- be taken the 
first- day, the next morning's visit should find only six remaining. It 
will be found that, among poorer patients particularly, the second 
visit will frequently find the prescription still unfilled, or, if the 
medicine is promptly obtained, that constant effort is sometimes 
necessary to secure for the patient the proper care as to the adminis- 



OWNERSHIP OF A PRESCRIPTION. 395 

tration of the remedies. Mothers are apt to humor children who 
object to unpleasant remedies. Men who are not sick enough to re- 
quire a nurse are very apt to take a remedy only when there is press- 
ing demand for it. And yet the neighbors, the family, and even the 
patient hold the physician responsible for the progress of the case, 
irrespective of all conditions. 

OWNERSHIP OF A PRESCRIPTION. 

When a prescription is written it is the property of the pre- 
scriber until he delivers it to the patient, or to the druggist for the 
patient ; it then ceases to be his and he has no legal right to recall it. 
If the patient has the prescription it is his to do with as he chooses, 
and when it is delivered to the druggist to be filled it becomes and 
remains the property of the druggist. The patient cannot demand its 
return nor can the physician, and should a prescriber for any reason 
wish to regain possession of one of his prescriptions that has been 
filled, he should remember that he is to ask the druggist for the favor 
of its return and not demand it. It is the same proposition as if the 
doctor sent an order to a merchant to deliver to his servant a pair of 
shoes. The merchant should retain the order as his evidence of the 
transaction. Of course, the major object in the pharmacist retaining 
prescriptions is really that he may have them in case it is necessary 
to have them refilled. 



STOCK PRESCRIPTIONS. 

Most physicians have certain formulae that they are in the habit 
of frequently employing. These are known as stock prescriptions. 
The practice is often carried to excess, but there can be no doubt 
that well-selected stock prescriptions are better than none at all. It 
is usually necessary for the medical attendant to write his prescrip- 
tions in the presence of the patient or family. The vast majority of 
cases will represent only a limited number of conditions, as tonsillitis, 
colds, intestinal intoxication, etc. There can be no objecton to the 
prescriber drilling himself in correctly writing one or more formulae 
for each common demand. The matter of compatibility, taste, odor, 
appearance, etc., can be carefully worked out, and the dosage later 
adjusted to meet the demands of each particular case. The pre- 
scriber can often use these stock formulae as a starting point and 
build his Materia Medica to them to better advantage than if he 
works at random. For example : 



396 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

Quinine is the remedy for malaria. Let the physician work out a 
prescription, correct from every standpoint, for adminstering the 
drug in tasteless form to an adult that cannot take capsules; in a 
tasteless form to a child that cannot take capsules ; in bitter solution, 
in capsules, and quinine tonics to meet the requirements of these 
patients after the first few days of intensive treatment. 

Many teachers insist on learning "to use a drug" — certainly — but 
the prescriber should always stock his memory with facts as to how 
to order it for definite conditions, how to combine it, disguise its 
taste and odor if necessary, how and when to order it in liquid 
or solid form, and how to write the other details of the order. 

STATE AND FEDERAL LAWS. 

Every prescriber should familiarize himself with the laws of his 
State that particularly affect his profession. This applies especially 
to those restricting the sale or prescribing of alcoholics, poisons, 
narcotics, ergot, etc. 

The Federal (Harrison) Narcotic Law is, in its effect, probably 
the greatest law ever enacted in the history of the world. None 
but those in a position to know can estimate the extent to which 
narcotics were used, the rapid progress of the scourge, and the utter 
ineffectiveness of State legislation. 

The essentials of this law that are of particular interest to the 
prescriber are : 

A physician must register with the Department of Internal Rev- 
enue and be assigned a number. This number must appear on his 
orders for drugs affected, and on his prescriptions calling for these 
drugs. 

The drugs specified are Opium, or Coca Leaves, or any prepara- 
tion of them or derivative from them, or substitute, as Eucaine, 
Novacaine, etc. 

It exempts those prepared remedies containing not over 2 grains 
of opium or 1 grain of codeine, or %. grain of morphine, or }i grain 
heroine to the fluidounce if liquid, or avoirdupois ounce if solid. 
Certain external preparations are also exempted. Paregoric is the, 
only U. S. P. preparation exempted. 

The prescription for drugs included in the law must not only 
have the physician's registry number, but must show the name and 
address of the patient, and have the physician's signature. 

When the amount of the drug is unusual, as in treating an addict 



INCOMPATIBILITY. 397 

or a patient with an incurable disease, the prescription should carry 
a statement to that effect. 

A physician is not allowed to prescribe these drugs to supply an 
addict, but only to treat disease. 

A physician can administer these drugs to a patient he is attend- 
ing (out of his office) without keeping a record, but if he leaves 
any of them to be administered in his absence he must keep a record 
of the amount of the drug, name and address of patient and date. 

In office work where the physician is using very small amounts, 
he is permitted to merely keep a record of the date of purchase and 
date of exhaustion of his stock solutions. 

This is not intended to serve as a working interpretation of the 
Harrison Narcotic Law, and is only the writer's personal under- 
standing of those essentials now in force most affecting the prescrib- 
ing of drugs. Every prescriber should secure a copy of the law 
from the Treasury Department and familiarize himself with its 
entire text. 

It is certainly desirable to have the registry number printed on 
all prescription blanks. 

INCOMPATIBILITY. 

Incompatibility is a term used to express the condition where two 
or more agents when brought into contact result in a chemical de- 
composition, physical disassociation, or therapeutic opposition. 

The various classes of incompatibility are grouped under three 
heads: chemical, physical (or pharmaceutical), and therapeutical (or 
physiological). 

Excellent treatises on this important subject can be obtained. 
Some of them can hardly be improved upon for completeness, but 
the average student is apt to find difficulty in gleaning the actual 
necessities and becomes bewildered by the very completeness that to 
some is desirable. 

As many of the phases of incompatibility are of minor interest 
to the prescriber, it will here only be treated under the following 
heads : 

In Liquids. 

I. Formation of a precipitate : 

(a) The separation of a metal or insoluble metallic salt by 
chemical action. 

(b) The separation of an alkaloid or insoluble alkaloidal salt 
by chemical action. 



398 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

(c) Precipitation due to other causes. 
II. The evolution of a gas. 

III. Separation of an immiscible liquid. 

IV. Formation of a gelatinous mass. 
V. Incomplete solutions. 

VI. Immiscibility. 

In Solids. 

I. Chemical changes. 
II. Undesirable pharmaceutical mixtures. 

I. Formation of a Precipitate. 

(a) The Separation of a Metal or Insoluble Metallic Salt by 
Chemical Action. — It may be broadly stated that when two or 
more substances in solution are brought together, if by an ex- 
change of radicals an insoluble substance can be formed or a gas 
evolved — that exchange will take place. The matter resolves 
itself, therefore, largely into a study of solubilities. 

In ordering two or more solids in solution the prescriber must 
reason, "Are all soluble in the vehicle ? Can an insoluble substance 
be formed from the bases and radicals used ?" 

For example: 

Zinci Sulphatis gr. x 

Plumbi Acetatis gr. x 

Aquae q. s. f'Siv 

Is zinc sulphate soluble in water? Yes. 
Is lead acetate soluble in water? Yes. 

Can an insoluble substance be formed by an exchange of radi- 
cals ? Yes ; lead sulphate, which is insoluble, can be formed. 
Will the exchange take place ? Certainly. 

Potassii Iodidi 3iv 

Sodii Bromidi 3iv 

Aquae q. s. f Biv 

Is potassium iodide soluble in water ? Yes. 

Is sodium bromide soluble in water? Yes. 

Can an insoluble substance be formed (or gas evolved) by an 
exchange of radicals ? No. If potassium bromide and sodium iodide 
were formed they would still be soluble in water. Will an exchange 
take place? No. 



INCOMPATIBILITY. 399 

A precipitate is not always undesirable, so this must be taken into 
consideration by the prescriber. The precipitate resulting in the 
following mixture does not spoil the value of the remedy : 

Plumbi Acetatis, 

Tincturse Opii, 

Aquae q. s. 

The following would be undesirable : 

Strychninae Sulphatis gr. j 

Potassii Iodidi 3iv 

Aquae q. s. f 5iv 

The matter of precipitation resulting from chemical action is 
often made to appear complicated by giving a large amount of in- 
formation as to the solubilities of chemicals without sufficiently em- 
phasizing the small part that is of practical importance. 

Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium. — The salts of these are 
soluble, so need cause no fear that they will be precipitated. 

Lithium. — Soluble except the oxide and carbonate, which are 
sparingly soluble, and the phosphate, which is insoluble. 

Magnesium. — Seldom prescribed in solution except the citrate 
and sulphate, which are freely soluble and usually not ordered 
with other chemicals. 

The insoluble oxide is often ordered in suspension. 

The acetate, chloride, citrate, iodide, nitrate, sulphate and sulphide are 
soluble; so care need be used only when prescribing with acids or salts that 
will form other combinations. 

Calcium, Barium, Strontium. — Not often used in solution ex- 
cept the soluble calcium chloride, this being unassociated with 
other chemicals, and strontium bromide and iodide, which are 
soluble and are usually prescribed alone or with other bromides 
or iodides. 

The important soluble salts are the acetates, bromides, chlorides, citrates, 
iodides, nitrates, and sulphides; so care should be used as to other com- 
binations. 

Zinc, Manganese, and Copper. — Seldom prescribed in solution 
except as follows : 

Zinc as the soluble acetate, chloride, or sulphate, which are used 
alone or with other acetates, chlorides, or sulphates. 

Manganese as potassium permanganate, which is soluble and not 
often used with other chemicals. 



400 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

Copper as copper sulphate, which is soluble and used alone or with 
other sulphates. 

The soluble salts of interest are the acetates, bromides, chlorides, citrates, 
iodides, nitrates, and sulphates; so care should be used where other com- 
binations might be formed. 

Mercury. — Seldom prescribed in solution except the soluble 
corrosive chloride or the red mercuric iodide, which are often 
ordered with potassium iodide in excess, forming the soluble potas- 
siomercuric iodide. The corrosive chloride is also> prescribed in 
solution with ammonium chloride or tartaric acid. Mercury is 
sometimes ordered in an insoluble form in water by prescribing the 
mild chloride or the corrosive chloride with lime-water. 

Insoluble salts, as the salicylate, are sometimes used suspended in 
oil for hypodermic medication. 

Mercuric acetate, bromide, chloride, citrate, nitrate, and sulphate are 
soluble. Mercurous salts are insoluble. 

Iron. — With a few exceptions, iron salts are not often ordered 
in solution with active chemicals. The principal source of 
trouble is prescribing ferric salts with vegetable drugs containing 
tannic acid, when a dark-colored precipitate is formed. Salicy- 
lates also give a strong color reaction. 

The tincture of ferric chloride is frequently prescribed with potas- 
sium chlorate with an excess of water and with the solution of 
potassium arsenite. The tendency is and should be to prescribe iron 
in dry form or, when given in solution, to use it alone. Exceptions 
to this are the iron hypophosphite and glycerophosphate in the com- 
pound preparations, and the scale salts as in the elixir of iron, 
quinine and strychnine, wine of iron, etc. The insoluble reduced iron 
is sometimes ordered with alkaloidal quinine suspended in a heavy 
syrup. 

The more important soluble salts are the acetate, bromide, chloride, iodide, 
nitrate, sulphate; the scale salts — the citrate, soluble phosphate, pyrophos- 
phate, iron and ammonium citrate, iron and ammonium tartrate, iron and 
potassium tartrate, iron and quinine citrate, soluble iron and quinine citrate, 
iron and strychnine citrate, and the double crystalline salt iron and ammonium 
sulphate. Particular care should be exercised against the formation of the 
insoluble hydroxide or carbonate. 

Silver. — The nitrate is the only inorganic salt often used in 
solution, and should be employed alone or with nitric acid or 
some other nitrate. 

Organic combinations, as argyrol, protargol, etc., are frequently 
used in solution, but are prescribed alone. 



INCOMPATIBILITY. 401 

The nitrate and sulphate are soluble. 

Lead. — Seldom prescribed in solution except as the acetate, 
which is not usually associated with other agents except the tinc- 
ture of opium or zinc sulphate, the resulting precipitate to be sus- 
pended by shaking before using. 

The acetate and nitrate are soluble. 

Bismuth. — With the exception of the double salt, bismuth and 
ammonium citrate, none of the common salts of bismuth are 
soluble. They are frequently prescribed in liquids to be sus- 
pended by shaking when used. 

Antimony. — The only salt of much interest to the prescriber 
for use in solution is the soluble double salt antimony and potas- 
sium tartrate. The quantity used is comparatively so small that 
it is not often a source of trouble from a chemical standpoint. 
The simple salts of antimony may be regarded as generally 
insoluble. 

Arranged by Acids. 

Acetates and Nitrates. — Generally soluble except bismuth sub- 
nitrate ; so the prescriber need not worry about an acetate or nitrate 
being precipitated. - 

Bromides, Chlorides, and Iodides. — Generally soluble except 
silver, mercurous, lead, and bismuth; with these exceptions the 
prescriber need not expect a precipitate from the metallic agents 
in common use. It should be remembered that iodides and bro- 
mides precipitate alkaloidal salts. 

Sulphates. — Generally soluble except barium, calcium, lead, 
and strontium. 

Tartrates and Citrates. — Mostly soluble. 

Lactates, Hypophosphites, and Nitrites. — Soluble or slightly 
soluble. 

Arsenates. Borates. Hydrates. Oxalates. 

Arsenites. Carbonates. Oxides. Phosphates. 

These are mostly insoluble, or sparingly so, except those of am- 
monium, potassium, and sodium. Those of lithium are soluble or 
slightly soluble. 

Salicylates. Sulphates. Valerates. 

These salts that are in more common use are soluble, but they are 
seldom prescribed in solution with other chemicals. Mercury salicy- 
late is insoluble and is often prescribed in suspension. 

26 



402 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

Tannates may be considered as generally insoluble, though 
the tannic acid in vegetable drugs is not a common source of 
trouble except with ferric and some alkaloidal salts. 

(b) Precipitation of Alkaloids and Alkaloidal Salts by 
Chemical Action. — As a general rule alkaloids should not be pre- 
scribed with hydroxides, carbonates, iodine, iodides, bromides, 
borates, or tannic acid. The presence of glycerin or alcohol in 
sufficient percentage (10 to 50) will prevent precipitation in the 
majority of instances. With a few exceptions 1 it is not often that a 
prescriber will want to combine an alkaloid with these chemicals. 

The alkaloids in the various tinctures need seldom be considered 
as possible factors in precipitation. 

Morphine or codeine may sometimes be desirable with the bro* 
mides. The hydrobromides of these are soluble ; so these mixtures 
seldom precipitate. 

Cocaine is sometimes ordered with boric acid or borates. The 
presence of glycerin will prevent precipitation. 

Compound tincture of cinchona is prescribed with potassiomer- 
curic iodide. The alcohol present prevents the precipitation of the 
small amount of quinine. 

(c) Precipitation Due to Other Causes. — There are some in- 
stances of the precipitation of other than metallic and alkaloidal 
substances by chemical action, but they are seldom encountered in 
the regular course of prescription writing. Gelatinous precipi- 
tates will be treated elsewhere. 

The majority of the trouble coming in this division of the sub- 
ject results from adding to a solid in solution a liquid in which the 
solid is insoluble. 

Gums. — These are soluble in water, but insoluble in alcohol. 
A most common instance is adding an alcoholic liquid to acacia 
in aqueous solution. 

Resins. — These are soluble in alcohol, but insoluble in water. 
Common examples are adding aqueous liquids to tincture of 
asafetida, tincture of guaiac, tincture of myrrh, etc. 

A large percentage o>f fluidextracts will precipitate either gums or 
resins when treated with a liquid of materially different alcoholic 
strength. 

Among the drugs soluble in alcohol and insoluble or sparingly soluble in 
water are : acetanilide, acetphenetidin, benzoic acid, betanaphthol, camphor, 
monobromated camphor, iodine, menthol, methyl salicylate, phenyl salicylate, 
terpin hydrate, thymol, alkaloids. 



INCOMPATIBILITY. 403 

Care should, therefore, be used in prescribing alcoholic solutions 
of these substances with aqueous liquids. 

Salts, both of metals and alkaloids, are usually much more solu- 
ble in water than in alcohol. 

Among those soluble in water and almost entirely insoluble in alcohol are : 
alum, tartar emetic, arsenic trioxide, double salts of iron, iron phosphate, 
iron sulphate, lithium citrate, magnesium sulphate, potassium bicarbonate, 
potassium carbonate, potassium chlorate, potassium citrate, potassium and 
sodium tartrate, sugar, milk sugar, sodium borate, sodium carbonate, sodium 
chloride, sodium citrate, sodium nitrite, sodium phosphate, sodium sulphate, 
zinc sulphate. 

It should be remembered that considerable water can usually be 
added to an alcoholic solution or alcohol to an aqueous solution with- 
out precipitation. 

II. Evolution of a Gas. 

The most common instances are the evolution of carbon dioxide 
when a carbonate or bicarbonate and an acid or acid salt are brought 
together in solution. This action is often desirable either to give the 
patient a freshly formed salt or to have the agents dispensed in a 
liquid charged with carbonic acid. 

Examples of intentional mixtures of this class are prescriptions 
for salicylic acid and sodium bicarbonate or the formulae for the 
preparation of the solution of potassium citrate, solution of am- 
monium acetate, solution of magnesium citrate, seidlitz powders, etc. 

A common example of the unintentional prescription of this class 
is ordering ammonium carbonate and syrup of squills. 

Gas may be liberated with explosive violence when strong oxidiz- 
ing and easily oxidizable substances are brought together. 

Potassium chlorate should not be prescribed with easily oxidizable 
substances if trituration is necessary. 

It should not be prescribed with sulphuric acid or with hydro- 
chloric acid or glycerin except in the presence of considerable water. 

Spirit of nitrous ether should not be prescribed with substances 
containing tannic acid, as undesirable nitric oxide gas is evolved. 

Nitric acid should not be prescribed with glycerin or other easily 
oxidizable substances. 

Sulphuric acid should not be prescribed with chlorates. 

Glycerin should not be rubbed with dry oxidizing agents, as 
potassium chlorate, potassium permanganate, etc. 

Iodine should not be prescribed with oil of turpentine in concen- 
tration. It should not be ordered with ammonia water (to make the 



404 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

so-called colorless tincture of iodine), as explosions may occur after 
evaporation of the liquid. 

Chromium trioxide is a strong, oxidizing agent. It is seldom used 
by the general practitioner. It should be used alone. 

III. Separation of an Immiscible Liquid. 

(a) The Result of Chemical Action. — The only common ex- 
ample of this is the separation of the oily chloral alcoholate when 
hydrated chloral is dissolved in a strongly alcoholic liquid. ■ 

(b) Due to Physical Incompatibility. — Most oils are readily 
soluble in or miscible with alcohol, and only sparingly so with 
water. When, therefore, an alcoholic solution of an oil has water 
added to it in sufficient quantity, more or less of the oil separates, 
producing, first, a cloudy or milky appearance, then collecting as 
a separate strata. 

Alcoholic solutions that are particularly liable to this action are aromatic 
spirit of ammonia, spirit of orange, spirit of lemon, spirit of peppermint, 
spirit of camphor, camphorated tincture of opium, etc. 

IV. Formation of a Gelatinous Mass. 

The most common examples are : ordering phenol with collodion 
or albumin, or an aqueous solution of acacia with alcohol, ferric salts, 
or strong solutions of borates or lead subacetate. 

V. Incomplete Solutions. 

This constitutes one of the most common sources of trouble with 
which the pharmacist has to contend. 

A physician may prescribe insoluble or sparingly soluble sub- 
stances to be dissolved in liquid, as bismuth subnitrate in water. 

Sometimes a moderately soluble substance is prescribed in excess, 
as in ordering for a 2-fg aqueous solution 1 5 of boric acid. 

Sometimes too small an amount of the solvent is used, as wishing 
to give 2 grains of quinine hydrobromide in solution at a dose, to 
prescribe it 2 grains to the teaspoonful. The solvent should be in- 
creased so as to represent the two grains to two teaspoonfuls. 

Often the wrong solvent is ordered, as prescribing alkaloidal or 
metallic salts in alcohol instead of aqueous liquids in which they are 
more soluble. 

VI. Immiscibility. 

The most common examples are prescribing oils with aqueous 
liquids. 



INCOMPATIBILITY. 405 

Incompatibility in Solids. 

I. Chemical Changes. — Dry medicinal agents are not so apt to 
undergo chemical changes and the possibility of such occurring 
need not often be a cause of apprehension. The following, how- 
ever, may well be remembered : 

Chemical changes may take place after the agents have been dis- 
solved in the fluids of the intestinal tract; so drugs that in solution 
would form poisonous or inert compounds should not be prescribed 
together even in dry form. Examples are calomel and potassium 
bromide or silver nitrate and sodium chloride. 

Agents apt to explode when rubbed together should not be pre- 
scribed, as potassium chlorate and tannic acid. 

Certain salts when mixed with certain other agents liberate water 
of crystallization. The most common example is iron sulphate with 
alkaline carbonates. 

II. Undesirable Pharmaceutical Mixtures. — Some drugs when 
mixed develop excessive moisture. The following should usually 
not be prescribed together in dry form : 

Camphor, menthol, thymol, hydrated chloral, citric acid, sodium 
phosphate. 

The above should not usually be prescribed in dry form with 
acetanilide, antipyrine, acetphenetidin, sodium salicylate, phenyl- 
salicylate, resorcin, betanaphthol, diuretin, sulphonal, trional. 

There are, of course, some minor exceptions in the foregoing. 

In ointments, aqueous liquids should not be ordered with oily or 
fatty bases, as tincture of opium or solution of lead subacetate with 
petrolatum. 

Therapeutic Incompatibility. 

This is the condition resulting where agents are prescribed to- 
gether that have an antagonistic therapeutic effect. The considera- 
tion of this belongs to the realm of therapeutics. Therapeutic in- 
compatibility is not always undesirable. Where an agent affects 
several organs, another agent may be employed with it that modifies 
or counteracts its effect upon one or more of these parts and leaves 
its action on the others more or less uninfluenced. When an agent 
has two or more different actions, another agent may be employed 
with it that will modify or counteract one or more of these effects 
without materially interfering with its other action. 

Atropine is often ordered with morphine or opium with calomel. 

As general examples of therapeutic incompatibility might be men- 
tioned prescribing stimulants with depressants, purgatives with 
astringents, etc. 



406 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

Table of Relative Value of Weights and Measures. 1 



Weights, 


Metric 

Weight and 

Measure. 


Measures, 


Weights, 


Metric 


Measures, 


Old Form. 


Old Form. 


Old Form. 


Weight and 
Measure. 


Old Form. 






Fluidounces 






Fluidounces 


Grains. 


Gm. or Mils. 


and 
fractions. 


Grains. 


Gm. or Mils. 


and 

fractions. 


15432.4 


1000 


33.814 


6845.9 


443.606 


15 


14660.7 


950 


32.123 


6389.5 


414.032 


14 


14604.5 


946.358 


32 


6172.9 


400 


13.526 


14148.2 


916.875 


31 


5933.1 


384.458 


13 


13889.1 


900 


30.432 


5476.7 


354.884 


12 


13691.8 


887.211 


30 


5401.3 


350 


11.835 


13235.0 


857.637 


29 


5020.3 


325.311 


11 


13117.5 


850 


28.742 


4629.7 


300 


10.144 


12779.0 


828.064 


28 


4563.9 


295.737 


10 


12345.0 


800 


27.051 


4107.5 


266.163 


9 


12322.6 


798.490 


27 


3858.1 


250 


8.453 


11866.2 


768.916 


26 


3651.1 


236.590 


8 


11574.3 


750 


25.360 


3194.7 


207.016 


7 


11409.8 


739.343 


25 


3086.5 


200 


6.763 


10953.4 


709.769 


24 


2738.4 


177.442 


6 


10802.6 


700 


23.670 


2314.9 


150 


5.072 


10497.0 


680.195 


23 


2282.0 


147.869 


5 


10040.6 


650.621 


22 


1929.0 


125 


4.227 


9584.2 


621.048 


21 


1825.5 


118.285 


4 


9259.4 


600 


20.288 


1543.2 


100 


3.381 


9127.8 


591.474 


20 


1388.9 


90 


3.043 


8671.4 


561.900 


19 


1369.2 


88.721 


3 


8487.8 


550 


18.598 


1234.6 


80 


2.705 


8215.1 


532.327 


18 


1157.4 


75 


2.536 


7758.7 


502.753 


17 


1080.3 


70 


2.367 


7716.2 


500 


16.907 


925.9 


60 


2.029 


7302.3 


473.179 


16 


912.8 


59.147 


2 


7000.0 


453.592 


15.338 


771.6 


50 


1.691 


6944.6 


450 


15.216 


617.3 


40 


1.353 






Minims. 






Minims. 


480 


31.103 


504.8 


47.5 


3.081 


50 


463 


30 


486.9 


46.3 


3 


48.7 


456.392 


29.573 


480 


45 


2.916 


47.3 


447.5 


29 


470.7 


42.8 


2.773 


45 


432.1 


28 


454.5 


40 


2.592 


42.1 


420 


27.216 


441.7 


38.03 


2.464 


40 


416.7 


27 


438.2 


35 


2.268 


36.8 


401.2 


26 


422 


33.3 


2.156 


35 


400 


25.920 


420.7 


30.9 


2 


32.5 


399.3 


25.877 


420 


30 


1.944 


31.6 


385.8 


25 


405.8 


28.5 


1.848 


30 


370.4 


24 


389.5 


25 


1.620 


26.3 


360 


23.328 


378.6 


23.8 


1.540 


25 


354.9 


23 


373.3 


20 


1.296 


21.03 


342.3 


22.180 


360 


19.02 


1.232 


20 


339.5 


22 


357.1 


15.432 


1 


16.2 


324.1 


21 


340.8 


15.2 


0.986 


16 



i Condensed from Remington's "Practice of Pharmacy. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 407 

Table of Relative Value of Weights and Measures. 



Weights, 


Metric 


Measures, 


Weights, 


Metric 


Measures, 


Old Form. 


Weight and 
Measure. 


Old Form. 


Old Form. 


Weight and 
Measure. 


Old Form. 


Grains. 


Gm. or Mils. 


Minims. 


Grains. 


Gm. or Mils. 


Minims. 


308.6 


20 


324.6 


15 


0.972 


15.8 


300 


19.440 


315.5 


14.3 


0.924 


15 


293.2 


19 


308.4 


14 


0.907 


14.7 


285.2 


18.483 


300 


13.3 


0.863 


14 


277.8 


18 


292.2 


13 


0.842 


13.7 


262.4 


17 


275.9 


12.4 


0.801 


13 


246.9 


16 


259.7 


12 


0.778 


12.6 


240 


15.552 


252.4 


11.6 


0.75 


12.2 


231.5 


15 


243.4 


11.4 


0.739 


12 


228.2 


14.787 


240 


11 


0.713 


11.6 


216.1 


14 


227.2 


10.5 


0.678 


11 


200.6 


13 


211 


10 


0.648 


10.5 


185.2 


12 


194.8 


9.5 


0.616 


10 


180 


11.664 


189.3 


9 


0.583 


9.5 


171.1 


11.090 


180 


8.6 


0.555 


9 


169.8 


11 


178.5 


8 


0.518 


8.4 


154.3 


10 


162.3 


7.7 


0.5 


8.1 


138.9 


9 


146.1 


7.6 


0.493 


8 


123.5 


8 


129.8 


7 


0.454 


7.4 


120 


7.776 


126.2 


6.7 


0.431 


7 


114.1 


7.393 


120 


6 


0.389 


6.3 


108 


7 


113.6 


5.7 


0.370 


6 


100 


6.480 


105.2 


5 


0.324 


5.3 


92.6 


6 


97.4 


4.8 


0.308 


5 


90 


5.832 


94.7 


4 


0.259 


4.2 


80 


5.184 


84.1 


3.8 


0.246 


4 


772 


5 


81.2 


3 


0.194 


3.2 


70 


4.536 


73.6 


2.9 


0.185 


3 


61.7 


4 


64.9 


2 


0.130 


2.1 


60 


3.888 


63.1 


1.9 


0.123 


2 


57 


3.697 


60 


1 


0.065 


1.0517 


50 


3.240 


52.6 


0.9508 


0.06161 


1 



Table of Abbreviations, Words, and Phrases. 1 



Word or Phrase. 


Abbreviation. 


Meaning. 


Acerbus 




Sour 


Ad 
Adde 


Ad 


To, up to 
Add 


Ad libitum 


Ad lib. 


x\t pleasure 


Admove 


Admov. 


Apply 


Agita 


Agit. 


Shake 


Albus 
Alter 


Alb. 


White 
The other 
Every other hour 


Alternis horis 







i Condensed from Remington's "Practice of Pharmacy. 



408 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

Table of Abbreviations, Words, and Phrases. 



Word or Phrase. 


Abbreviation. 


Meaning. 


Amplus 




Large 




Ana 


A., aa. 


Of each 


Ante 




Before 


Aqua bulliens 


Aq. bull. 


Boiling water 


Aqua communis 


Aq. comm. 


Common water 


Aqua fervens 


Aq. ferv. 


Hot water 


Aqua fluviatilis 


Aq. fluv. 


River-water 


Aqua fontalis 


Aq. font. 


Spring-water 


Aqua marina 


Aq. mar. 


Sea-water 


Aqua pluviatilis 


Aq. pluv. 


Rain-water 


Bene 




Well 


Bibe 


Bib. 


Drink 


Bis 




Twice 


Bis in die 


Bis in d. 


Twice a day 


Bolus 


Bol. 


A large pill 


Bonus 




Good 


Brevis 




Short 


Bulliat, bulliant 


Bull. 


Let boil 


Capiat 


Cap. 


Let him (or her) take 


Caute 




Cautiously 


Charta 


Chart. 


Paper 


Charta cerata 


Chart, cerat. 


Waxed paper 


Chartula 




Small paper 


Cibus 


C." 


Food 


Cochlear or cochleare 


Coch. 


A spoonful 


Cochleare amplum 


Coch. amp. 


A tablespoonful 


Cochleare medium 


Coch. med. 


A dessertspoonful (about 2 
fluidrachms) 


Cochleare parvum 


Coch. parv. 


A teaspoonful (about 1 flui- 
drachm) 


Coctio 


Coct. 


Boiling 


Cola 


Col. 


Strain 


Colentur 


Colent. 


Let them be strained 


Coletur 


Colet. 


Let it be strained 


Collutorium 


Collut. 


A mouth-wash 


Collyrium 


Collyr., Coll. 


An eye-wash 


Confectio 


Conf. 


Confection 


Congius 


Cong. 


A gallon 


Contere 




Rub together 
Against 


Contra 




Coque 


Coq. 


Boil 


Cortex 


Cort. 


The bark 


Cras, Crastinus 


Crast. 


Tomorrow 


Cum 


C. 


With 


Decanta 


Dec. 


Pour off 


Decern 




Ten 


Decubitus 


Decub. 


Lying down 


Diebus alternis 


Dieb. alt. 


Every other day 


Diebus tertiis 


Dieb. tert. 


Every third day 


Dilue, Dilutus 


Dil. 


Dilute (thou), diluted 


Dividatur in partes 


D. in p. seq. 


Let it be divided into equal parts 


sequales 






Dividendus 




To be divided 


Dolor 




Pain 


Donee 




Until 



ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. 409 

Table of Abbreviations, Words, and Phrases. 



Word or Phrase. 



Electuarium 

Enema 

Et 

Extend 

Fac, fiat, fiant 

Febris 

Fiat cataplasma 

Fiat emulsio 

Fiat gargarisma 

Fiat massa 

Fiat mistura 

Fiat pulvis 

Fiat secundum artis 

regulas 
Fiat solutio 
Fiat suppositorium 
Fiat unguentum 
Filtra 
Flavus 
Folius 
Gargarisma 
Gratus 
Gutta 
Haustus 
Herba 
Hora 

Hora decubitus 
Hora somni 
Idem 
Indies 
Injectio 
Inter 

Involve gelatina 
Lac 

Maenus 
Mane 
Massa 
Minimum 
Misce 

Ne tradas sine nummo 
Non 

Non renetatur 
Numerus 
Octarius 
Omni hora 
Omni mane 
Omni nocte 
Ovum 
Pabulum 
Panis 

Pars, partis 
Partes sequales 
Parvus 
Pectus 
Pes 



Abbreviation. 



Elect. 



F., ft. 



Ft. cataplasm. 
Ft. emuls. 
Ft. garg. 
Ft. massa 
Ft. mist. 
Ft. pulv. 
F. s. a. r. 

Ft. solut. 
Ft. suppos. 
Ft. ung. 



Flav. 

Fol. 

Garg. 



Gtt. 

Haust. 



H. 

H. d. 

H. s. or Hor. som. 



In d. ; i. d. 



Mag. 



M. or Min. 

M. 

Ne tr. s. num. 



Non. rep. 

No. 

O. 

Omn. Bora 



P. se. 



Meaning. 



An electuary 

An enema, a clyster 

And 

Spread 

Make 

Fever 

Make a poultice 

Make an emulsion 

Make a gargle 

Make a mass 

Make a mixture 

Make a powder 

Let it be made according to the 

rules of art. 
Make a solution 
Make a suppository 
Make an ointment 
Filter 
Yellow 
A leaf 
A gargle 
Pleasant 
A drop 
A draught 
An herb 
An hour 

At the hour of going to bed 
Just before going to sleep 
The same 

From day to day. Daily 
An injection 
Between 

Coat with gelatin 
Milk 
Large 

In the morning 
A mass 
A minim 
Mix 

Do not deliver unless paid 
Not 

Do not repeat 
Number 
A pint 
Every hour 
Every morning 
Every night 
An egg 

Food. Nourishment 
Bread 
A part 
Equal parts 
Little 

The breast 
The foot 



410 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 
Table of Abbreviations, Words, and Phrases. 



Word or Phrase. 



Placebo 

Pondere 

Pone aurem 

Post cibo 

Potus 

Primus 

Pro re nata 

Pulvis, Pulverizatus 

Quantum sufficiat 

Quaque 

Quaque hora 

Quartus 

Quater 

Quinque 

Quintus 

Recipe 

Repetatur 

Repetantur 

Secundum artem 

Secundus 

Semis 

Septem 

Sex 

Sextus 

Siccus 

Signa 

Simul 

Sine 

Sit 

Solve 

Somnus 

Spissus 

Subinde 

Succus 

Supra 

Talis 

Ter 

Tere 

Ter in die, or Ter die 

Tertius 

Tres 

Tritura 

Ubi 

Una 

Uncia 

Unguilla 

Ut dictum 

Veniculum 

Vel 

Verus 

Vitellus 



Abbreviation. 



P. 

P. c. 



P. r. n. 
Pulv. 

Q.s. 

Q., q. 

Q. h. 



3 

Rept. 
Rept. 
S. a. 



Ss. 



Sig. 



Ter. 

T. i. d., or T. d. 



Trit. 



Ut diet. 



Meaning. 



To please, satisfy- 
By weight 
Behind the ear 
After eating 
Drink 
The first 
Occasionally 
A powder, powdered 
As much as is sufficient 
Each or every 
Each hour 
Fourth 
Four times 
Five 

The fifth 
Take 

Let it be repeated. 
Let them be repeated. 
According to art 
Second 
A half 
Seven 
Six 
Sixth 

Dry. Dried 
Mark thou 
Together 
Without 
Let it be 
Dissolve 
Sleep 

Dense, hard 
When the boiling is nearly 

finished. 
Juice, sap 
Above 

Such, like this 
Three times 
Rub 

Three times a day 
Third 
Three 
Triturate 
Where, whenever 
Together 
An ounce 
An ointment box 
As directed 
A vehicle 
Or 

True, genuine 
Yolk 



DROPS AND WEIGHT OF FLUIDRACHM. 



411 



Table Exhibiting the Number of Drops in a Fluidrachm of Different 
Liquids, with the Weight in Grains and Grammes. 1 



Name 



Drops 
in f3j 
[60 m.) 



Acetum Opii , 

Sanguinarise 

Scillae | 

Acidum Aceticum 

Aceticum Dilutum . 

Carbolicum i 

Hydrochloricum .... 

Hydrochlor. Dilutum 

Hydrocyanicum Dil. 

Lacticum 

Nitricum 

Nitricum Dilutum . . 

Nitrohydrochloricum. 

Phosphoricum Dil... 

Sulphuricum 

Sulphuricum Aromat. 

Sulphuricum Dilutum 

Sulphurosum 

^Ether 

Alcohol 

Dilutum 

Aqua 

Ammonise Fortior . . 

Destillata 

Balsamum Peruvlanum 

Bromum 

Chloroformum 

Copaiba 

Creosotum 

Fluidextract. Belladon. 

Buchu 

Cimicifugae 

Cinchonas 

Colchici Radicis 

Colchici Seminis .... 

Conii 

Digitalis 

Ergotae 

Gelsemii 

Glycyrrhizae 

Hyoscyami 

Ipecacuanhae 

Pareirae 

Rhei 

Sarsaparillae Comp... 

Senegas 

Serpentariae 

Uvae Ursi 

Valeriana? 

Veratri Viridis 

Zingiberis 

Glycerinum 

Hydrargyrum 

Liquor Acidi Arsenosi. 

Ammonii Acetatis . . 

Arseni et Hydrargyri 
Iodidi 

Ferri Chloridi 

Ferri Citratis 

Ferri Nitratis 

Ferri Subsulphatis . 

Ferri Tersulphatis . 



90 



108 

68 

111 

70 

60 

60 

111 

102 

60 

76 

59 

128 

146 

60 

59 

176 

146 

137 

60 

66 

60 

101 

250 

250 

110 

122 

156 

150 

147 

138 

160 

158 

137 

134 

133 

149 

133 

160 

120 

140 

158 

134 

137 

148 

137 

150 

150 

142 

67 

150 

75 

57 

58 
71 
71 
59 
73 



Weight of £3j 


in gr. 


in Gm. 


61 


3.95 


55% 


3.59 


57 


3.69 


58 


3.75 


55 


3.56 


59 


3.82 


65 


4.21 


56 


3.62 


54 


3.49 


66 


4.27 


77 


4.98 


58 


3.62 


66 


4.27 


57 


3.69 


! 101 


6.54 


53 


3.43 


58% 


3.79 


55 


3.56 


39 


2.52 


44 


2.85 


49 


3.17 


55 


3.56 


50 


3.24 


53% 


3.46 


60 


3.88 


i 165 


10.69 


80 


5.18 


51 


3.30 


56% 


3.66 


57 


3.69 


47% 


3.07 


48 


3.11 


58 


3.75 


57 


3.69 


55 


3.56 


61 


3.95 


62 


4.01 


60 


3.88 


49 


3.14 


61 


3.95 


59 


3.82 


60 


3.88 


57 


3.72 


61 


3.95 


60 


3.88 


62 


4.01 


47 


3.07 


60 


3.88 


49 


3.17 


50 


3.24 


48 


3.11 


68 


4.40 


760 


49.24 


56 


3.62 


55 


3.56 


55 


3.56 


72 


4.66 


72 


4.66 


59 


3.82 


83 


5.37 


72 


4.66 



Name 



Drops 
I in f3j 
(60 m.) 



Liquor Hydrarg. Nit.. 

Iodi Compositus 

Plumbi Subacetatis.. 

Potass. Hydroxidi . . 

Potassii Arsenitis . . . 

Sodas Chlorinatae . . 

Zinci Chloridi 

Oleoresina Aspidii ... 

Capsici 

Cubebae 

Oleum --Ethereum 

Amygdalae Amarae .. 

Amygdalae Expres. . 

Anisi 

Bergamottae 

Car i 

Caryophylli 

Cinnamomi 

Copaibae 

Cubebae 

Fceniculi 

Gaultheriae 

Juniperi 

Lavandulae 

Limonis 

Menthae Piperitae . . . 

Ricini 

Rosae 

Rosmarini 

Sassafras 

Terebinthinae 

Tiglii 

Spiritus iEther. Comp. 

^Etheris Nitrosi 

Ammoniae Aromat. . 

Camphorae 

Chloroformi 

Menthae Piperitae . . . 
Syrupus 

Acaciae 

Ferri Iodidi 

Scillae 

Scillae Compositus .. 

Senegae 

Tinctura Aconiti 

Belladonnae Fol 

Benzoini Composita. 

Cantharidis 

Cinchonas Comp. ... 

Digitalis 

Ferri Chloridi 

Iodi 

Nucis Vomicae 

Opii 

Opii Camphorata . . . 

Opii Deodorati 

Valerianae 

Veratri 

Zingiberis 

Vin. Colchici Radicis.. 

Colchici Seminis — 

Opii 



131 
63 
74 
62 
57 
63 
89 
130 
120 
123 
125 
115 
108 
119 
130 
132 
130 
126 
123 
125 
125 
125 
148 
138 
129 
129 
77 
132 
143 
133 
136 
104 
148 
146 
142 
143 
150 
142 
65 
44 
65 
75 
102 
106 
146 
137 
148 
131 
140 
128 
150 
148 
140 
130 
130 
110 
130 
145 
144 
107 
111 
100 



Weight of f3j 



in gr. in Gm. 



123 
59 
70 
58 
55 
62 
88 
52 
51 
52 
50 
55 
48% 
54 
46 
50 
57 
53% 
49% 
51 
53 
62 
49 
52 
47 
50 
51% 
47 
50 
58 
45% 
50 
45 
47 
48 
47 
48 
47 
72 
73 
77 
74 
70 
70 
46 
53 
48 
51 
49 
53 
53 
47 
44 
53 
52 
54 
52 
46 
46 
55 
54 
55 



7.97 
3.82 
4.53 
3.75 
3.56 
4.01 
5.70 
3.36 
3.30 
3.36 
3.24 
3.56 
3.14 
3.49 
2.98 
3.24 



3.20 
3.30 
3.43 
4.01 
3.17 
3.36 
3.04 
3.24 
3.33 
3.04 
3.24 
3.75 
2.94 
3.24 
2.91 
3.04 
3.11 
3.04 
3.11 
3.04 
4.66 
4.73 
4.98 
4.79 
4.53 
4.53 
2.98 
3.43 
3.11 
3.33 
3.17 
3.43 
3.43 
3.04 
2.85 
3.43 
3.36 
3.49 
3.36 
2.98 
2.98 
3.56 
3.49 
3.56 



i Remington's "Practice of Pharmacy." 



412 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



Table of the Solubility of Official Substances 
in Water and in Alcohol. : 



Abbreviations: s. = soluble; ins. = insoluble; sp. = sparingly; \ 
aim. = almost; dec. = decomposed; r„ s. = readily soluble; p. s. 



s. = very soluble; 
partially soluble. 



One Part is Soluble In Water In Alcohol 

At 25° C. At 25° C. 

(77° F.) (77° F.) 

Parts Parts 

Acetanilidum 190 3.4 

Acetphenetidinum 1310 15 

Acidum Benzoicum 275 2.3 

Boricum 18 18 

Citricum 0.5 1.8 

Gallicum 87 4.6 

Phenylcinchoninicum ins. sp. 

Salicylicum 460 2.7 

Stearicum ins. 21 

Tannicum v. s. v. s. 

Tartaricum 0.75 3.3 

Trichloraceticum v. s. v. s. 

Aconitina 3200 28 

Adeps ins. v. sp. 

yEthylis Carbamas v. s. 0.8 

yEthylmorphinse Hydrochloridum 8 22 

Agar ins. ins. 

Aloinum 65 10.75 

Alumen 7.2 ins. 

Exsiccatum 20 ins. 

Alumini Hydroxidum ins. ins. 

Ammonii Benzoas 10 35.5 

Bromidum 1.3 12 

Carbonas 4 dec. 

Chloridum 2.6 100 

IO'didum 0.6 3.7 

Salicylas 1 3 

Valeras v. s. v. s. 

Antimonii et Potassii Tartras 12 ins. 

Antipyrina v. s. 1.3 

Apomorphinse Hydrochloridum 50 50 

Argenti Nitras 0.4 30 

Nitras Fusus 0.4 30 

Oxidum v. sp. ins. 

Arseni Iodidum 12 5 

Trioxidum 30-100 sp. 

Atropina 455 2 

Atropinse Sulphas 0.4 5 

Auri et Sodii Chloridum v. s. v. s. 

Benzinum Purificatum ins. v. s. 

Benzosulphinidum 290 31 

Betaeucainse Hydrochloridum 30 35 

Betanaphthol 1000 0.8 

Bismuthi Betanaphtholas aim. ins. aim. ins. 

et Ammonii Citras v. s. sp. 

Subcarbonas ins. ins. 

Subgallas ins. ins. 

Subnitras aim. ins. aim. ins. 

Subsalicylas , aim. ins. — 

Bromoformum v. sp. v. s. 



SOLUBILITY OF OFFICIAL SUBSTANCES. 



413 



Solubility of Official Substances in Water and in Alcohol — Continued. 



One Part is Soluble In Water In Alcohol 

At 25° C. At 25° C. 

(77° F.) (77° F.) 

Parts Parts 

Caffeina 46 66 

Citrata v. s. — 

Caffeinae Sodio-benzoas 1.1 30 

Calcii Bromidum 0.7 1.3 

Carbonas Prsecipitatus aim. ins. ins. 

Chloridum 0.62 10 

Glycerophosphas 50 ins. 

Hypophosphis 6.5 ins. 

Lactas 20 aim. ins. 

Sulphidum Crudum v. sp. ins. 

Calx 840 ins. 

Chlorinata p. s. p. s. 

Camphora v. sp. r. s. 

Monobromata aim. ins. 6.5 

Cerii Oxalas ins. ins. 

Cetaceum ins. aim. ins. 

Chloralum Hydratum v. s. v. s. 

Chromii Trioxidum v. s. dec. 

Chrysarobinum ' v. sp. 385 

Cinchonidinae Sulphas 65 90 

Cinchonae Sulphas 60 12.5 

Cocaina 600 6.5 

Cocainae Hydrochloridum 0.4 3.2 

Codeina 120 2 

Codeinas Phosphas 2.3 325 

Sulphas 30 1280 

Colchicina •. 22 v. s. 

Cotarninae Hydrochloridum v. s. v. s. 

Creosoti Carbonas ins. v. s. 

Creta Praeparata aim. ins. ins. 

Cupri Sulphas 2.5 500 

Diacetylmorphina 1700 31 

Diacetylmorphinae Hydrochloridum 2 5 

Elaterium ins. 325 

Emetinae Hydrochloridum v. s. v. s. 

Ferri Chloridum v. s. v. s. 

et Ammonii Citras r. s. ins. 

et Quininae Citras . . « r. s. p. s. 

Phosphas v. s. ins. 

Sulphas 1.4 ins. 

Exsiccatus 1.4 ins. 

Granulatus 1.4 ins. 

Ferrum Reductum ins. ins. 

Gelatinum ins. ins. 

Glycyrrhizinum Ammoniatum r. s. r. s. 

Guaiacol 53 v. s. 

Guaiacolis Carbonas ins. 60 

Hexamethylenamina 1.5 12.5 

Homatropinae Hydrobromidum 6 40 

Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum 13.5 3.8 

Chloridum Mite ins. ins. 

Iodidum Flavum aim. ins. ins. 

Rubrum aim. ins. 115 

Oxidum Flavum aim. ins. ins. 

Rubrum aim. ins. ins. 

Salicylas aim. ins. aim. ins. 



414 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



Solubility of Official Substances in Water and in Alcohol — Continued. 



One Part is Soluble In Water 

At 25° C. 
(77° F.) 
Ports 

Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum ins. 

Hydrastina aim. ins. 

Hydrastinae Hydrochloridum v. s. 

Hydrastininae Hydrochloridum v. s. 

Hyoscyaminae Hydrobromidum v. s. 

Iodoformum aim", ins. 

Iodum ..... 2950 

Lithii Bromidum 0.6 

Carbonas 78 

Citras 1.4 

Magnesii Carbonas ins. 

Oxidum aim. ins. 

Ponderosum aim. ins. 

Sulphas 1 

Mangani Dioxidum Praecipitatum ins. 

Menthol sp. s. 

Methylis Salicylas sp. s. 

Methylthioninae Hydrochloridum r. s. 

Morphina 3340 

Morphinae Hydrochloridum 17.5 

Sulphas 15.5 

Paraffinum ins. 

Paraldehydum 8 

Pelletierinae Tannas 240 

Pepsinum 50 

Phenol 15 

Liquef actum 12 

Phenolphthaleinum 13 

Phenylis Salicylas 6670 

Phosphorus aim. ins. 

Physostigminae Salicylas 75 

Pilocarpine Hydrochloridum 0.3 

Nitras 4 

Plumbi Acetas 1.4 

Oxidum aim. ins. 

Potassii Acetas 0.5 

Bicarbonas 2.8 

Bitartras 155 

Bromidum 1.5 

Carbonas 0.9 

Chloras 1 1.5 

Citras 0.6 

et Sodii Tartras 0.9 

Hydroxidum 0.9 

Hypophosphis 0.6 

Iodidum 0.7 

Nitras 2.8 

Permanganas 13.5 

Pyrogallol 1.7 

Quinina 1560 

Quininse Bisulphas 9 

Dihydrochloridum 0.6 

et Ureas Hydrochloridum 0.9 

Hydrobromidum 40 

Hydrochloridum 18 



In Alcohol 

At 25° C. 

(77° F.) 

Parts 

ins. 

170 

v. s. 

V. s. 

2.5 

60 

12.5 

v. s. 

aim. ins. 

aim. ins. 

ins. 

ins. 

ins. 

aim. ins. 

ins. 

v. s. 

V. s. 

r. s. 

210 

52 

565 

ins. 

v. s. 

16 

aim. ins. 

v. s. 

aim. ins. 
6 

16 
3 

75 

38 

ins. 

2.9 

aim. ins. 

v. sp. 

250 

ins. 

aim. ins. 

aim. ins. 

aim. ins. 

3 

9 

22 

620 

dec. 

1.3 

0.8 

23 

12 

2.4 

0.9 

0.8 



SOLUBILITY OF OFFICIAL SUBSTANCES. 



415 



Solubility of Official Substances in Water and in Alcohol — Continued. 



One Part is Soluble 



Quinine Salicylas 

Sulphas 

Tannas 

Resorcinol 

Saccharum 

Lactis 

Salicinum 

Santoninum 

Scopolamine Hydrobromidum 

Sevum Preparatum 

Sodii Acetas 

Arsenas 

Exsiccatus 

Benzoas 

Benzosulphinidum 

Bicarbonas 

Boras 

Bromidum 

Cacodylas 

Carbonas Monohydratus . . . 

Chloridum 

Citras 

Cyanidum 

Glycerophosphas 

Hydroxidum 

Hypophosphis , 

Indigotindisulphonas 

Iodidum 

Nitris 

Perboras 

Phenolsulphonas 

Phosphas 

Exsiccatus 

Salicylas 

Sulphas 

Sulphis Exsiccatus 

Thiosulphas 

Sparteine Sulphas 

Strontii Bromidum 

Iodidum 

Salicylas 

Strophanthinum , 

Strychnina , 

Strychnine Nitras 

Sulphas 

Sulphonethylmethanum 

Sulphonmethanum 

Sulphur Lotum 

Precipitatum 

Sublimatum 

Terebenum 

Terpini Hydras 

Theobromine Sodio-salicylas 

Theophyllma 

Thymol 



In "Water 


In Alcohol 


At 25° C. 


At 25° C. 


(77° F.) 


(77° F.) 


Parts 


Ports 


77 


14 


725 


107 


sp. 


sp. 


0.9 


0.9 


0.5 


170 


4.9 


aim. ins. 


23.5 


88.5 


5300 


43 


1.5 


20 


ins. 


ins. 


0.8 


19 


1.5 


v. sp. 


3.1 


v. sp. 


1.8 


61 


1.2 


50 


10 


ins. 


15 


ins. 


1.1 


16 


0.5 


2.5 


3 


ins. 


2.8 


aim. ins. 


1.3 


ins. 


v. s. 


— 


V. s. 


aim. ins. 


0.9 


v. s. 


1 


s. 


v. sp. 


aim. ins. 


0.55 


2 


1.5 


sp. 


s. 


— 


4.2 


140 


2.7 


ins. 


8.1 


ins. 


0.9 


9.2 


1 + 


ins. 


3.2 


sp. 


0.5 


ins. 


1.1 


3 


0.35 


r. s. 


0.2 


s. 


19 


61 


v. s. 


s. 


6420 


136 


42 


150 


32 


81 


200 


r. s. 


365 


60 


ins. 


aim. ins. 


ins. 


aim. ins. 


ins. 


aim. ins. 


sp. 


3 


200 


13 


1 


sp. 


100 


80 


1010 


1 



416 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

Solubility of Official Substances in Water and in Alcohol — Concluded. 
One Part is Soluble 



Thymolis Iodidum 

Trinitrophenol 

Uranii Nitras 

Vanillinum 

Veratrina ; 

Zinci Acetas 

Carbonas Prsecipitatus 

Chloridum 

Oxidum 

Phenolsulphonas 

Stearas 

Sulphas 

Valeras 



In Water 


In Alcohol 


At 25° C. 


At 25° C. 


(77° P.) 


(77° F.) 


Parts 


Parts 


ins. 


sp. 


78 


12 


1.2 


v. s. 


100 


r. s. 


1760 


2.8" 


2.3 


30 


ins. 


ins. 


0.25 


1.3 


ins. 


ins. 


1.6 


1.8 


ins. 


ins. 


0.6 


ins. 


70 


22 



INTRODUCTION TO PART III. 



In the following pages, fifty prescriptions are given so ar- 
ranged as to illustrate the common errors of prescription writing. 
In each instance, also, the same prescription is shown, written 
just as it should be for delivery to the pharmacist. These pre- 
scriptions are selected from many thousands, and the intention 
is not only to point out pitfalls to the prescriber, but to give 
formulae of therapeutic merit; to offer (with due apologies) 
a substantial formulary of stock prescriptions with the hope 
that the students in this important field may daily build to this modest 
foundation, carefully working out every detail of each addition, until 
they are able to meet any emergency with all credit. 

It is earnestly urged that the student read each incorrect prescrip- 
tion with the criticisms and then try to write it correctly, afterward 
comparing his finished product with the correct copy given. 



27 (417) 



418 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



Prescribed for a persistent cough with slight or no evident lesions. 
For ..v^^.-.^J^^ 

* ^U^L.^ix Co- 












General arrangement is imperfect. 

Tincture of opium compound is not the proper name for the remedy 
wanted. 

Spts. is not considered a good abbreviation for Spiritus. 

The camphor and oil of anise in the paregoric, and the chloroform in the 
spirit of chloroform, would be thrown out of solution. 

Final i is best made / in numerals. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 419 



For ...&^....y.^^.^. (^J^iJ. 







&L 



Note the expression "when awake." Directions are usually understood to 
either mean during the day or during the entire twenty-four hours, regard- 
less. Many do not approve of waking patients for medicine except under 
pressing circumstances, but these directions instruct a dose to be given when 
the little patient is awakened by a paroxysm of coughing. 

Sodium bromide is often a good addition to this preparation. 



420 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



For a "dry" cough with some bronchial involvement and fever. 



For 



$Mm«: &M^J*. \£tp?.) 







•d 








-fU 




Compare the appearance of the short abbreviations with more complete 
writing. 

Ether is not the correct writing of the official word. 

It is unnecessary to instruct the druggist to make a solution; he could 
not make anything else by mixing these ingredients. 

What would the patient think if the druggist carried out his orders and 
wrote the above directions on the label? 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 421 



ForL^lLoUjL. LU^S^JS!^ 



*S^u/v. CuZktA^u "HiA-., -r\ TTC 








f.'J 



/yv^ 



jsj&XLa, JUsln^ <fiviu. Jlchaa^' 




As this is an expectorant mixture it is not often indicated unless the 
child is old enough to expectorate. 

The spirit of nitrous ether is often omitted if there is no fever. 

Even a small dose of ipecac will frequently cause nausea; so the pre- 
server should be on his guard. 



422 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



Frequently used during the paroxysmal stage of whooping-cough. 



For 






Margins should be observed. 

Antipyrine does not have the genitive ending i. It only comes in crystal- 
line form. 

The aromatic elixir would appear better written more completely, as the 
name above it is long. 

The character § calls for weight and not volume. 

The total quantity is too much for this class of remedy. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 423 



For ^W?^6 sK ■ zAoM-K, C^i&?'J< 










As this is only to be used to control the paroxysms, a small amount 
should be ordered. 

Instructions are given that the prescription is not to be Refilled, else the 
family may use it too long or in subsequent cases of cough when it would 
be inadvisable. 

Tincture of belladonna leaves is frequently added to the above. 

This should be given in water. 



424 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



Prescribed for cough. 









1%, 



-0t_^o^ 



s 



Heroine is very sparingly soluble and not often stocked. The salt should 
be used, and under the proper name. 

A carbonate is incompatible with the free acetic acid in syrup of ipecac. 

The abbreviation Ipecac, is too well understood by the laity, and nausea 
often occurs from the psychic effect of even a small dose. 

Periods should follow abbreviations. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 425 




For.JJ..^<,.....^l,A. ! . Z2^^21, 




struyuv, 




Syrup of ipecac, contains free acetic acid; but in this instance the amount 
is small as compared with the carbonate. 

The carbonate can be used in this combination with the diacetylmorphine 
and wild cherry alone, or apomorphine hydrochloride in about %o-grain doses. 

The full expectorant dose of the syrup of ipecac. (15 minims) is often 
not well tolerated. 



426 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



Used in treating a "dry cough." 






9r ' foV 




fr 



X^K>Q^Lj^-^-^^sJUjl^ *-c*a. 



-e-ojt^ixy GiX^y. 



p^6ua^* 



/dJ^-^t^C.^ 



Unusual proper names should be plainly written. 

The salt of apomorphine should be used, and the above dose will fre- 
quently produce nausea. 

The proper name for lemon juice is not used. 

If an error is made or a word erased for any reason, a new prescription 
should be written. 

A cough medicine is usually better administered at frequent intervals. 

Syrup of Lemon has been replaced by the Syrup of Citric Acid. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 427 



For..£th /t - fa,., <\> /^^>lMUIH^V. 



y£ ftt^nAz 



When ordering expectorants, as apomorphine hydrochloride, ipecac, etc., 
even in small doses, it is well to advise the nurse as to the possibility of nau- 
sea, and to reduce the dose if necessary, otherwise they may not only pro- 
duce an undesired result, but it leads to a doubt as to the knowledge and 
judgment of the physician. 



428 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



Prescribed for the headache, hiccough, etc., following acute alcoholism. 



For 

ft 



....'L?1^/^£3^ 






n 



-£<**-*^u Xio-e> 





The quantity is too large for an acute condition, as headache. 
Acetanilid does not take the ending a. 
Citrated caffeine is not a salt. 

As a remedy of this type is only given until symptoms are relieved, it 
should be so specified. 

This should be taken in water. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 429 



For ..^^.^^^ \*hm&L., 



-3 6$ 
3 rcLU fiU rrnc^, fa M 



Liu/., CLva-r* a-O-HS- , f$» jfoj 

Oh-. 

Ken, ax£. (dlewtAl. 



Attention is called to the rather unusual arrangement of the items in the 
inscription. 

To get a good solution the druggist must dissolve the acetanilid in the 
aromatic spirit of ammonia, and the other solids in the elixir and then mix 
the two solutions. 

The arrangement is to indicate that order. 

Patient should be told to take this diluted with water. 



430 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



Used as a sedative in hysteria, convulsions, threatened abortion, etc. 
For ..W*S?. ££n^ 




"f&XjUL. —k^~^^^> AA^C&JZ- 



dJL^tx^utJt} 



^^ 




The first item ordered is chloralum hydratum, the last word being an 
adjective and agreeing with the noun in case, etc. 

Hydrated chloral is incompatible with a strongly alcoholic solvent, as 
chloral alcoholate is formed. 

The directions are too long for the size label available. 

The punctuation is imperfect. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 431 



For MM.D 7ft- 

* ' 




Longer instructions than this for a 1-ounce bottle should be written on 
a separate sheet and left with patient or nurse. 

Aqua menthse piperita? or syrupus aurantii are pleasant vehicles for salts 
as the above. 

If it is undesirable to order as many as eight doses the quantity of the 
salts can be reduced by one-half, and two teaspoonfuls given at a dose. 



432 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



Prescribed for the "mucous diarrhea" of childhood. 









/q*-^^*^ 



Information as to age is incomplete. 

The sign " should never be used in prescription writing. 

A very short word is usually best not abbreviated. 

The subscription is misplaced. 

The arrangement of the directions could be improved. 

Margins are not properly observed. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 433 



7 




/-Kv-l 






^tu^, 



This is frequently ordered to be taken after every action or every second 
action. 

Instructions should always be left as to just how much water must be 
used in diluting the dose. 

In the "acid intoxication" this is sometimes used with an increase in the 
amount of sodium bicarbonate, in which case more of the vehicle must be 
used or the vehicle made thicker and a shake label employed. 



2S 



434 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



In a case of diarrhea, after the intestinal tract had been cleansed by a 
purgative, the following was ordered : 



For tJtk^J^Lfif^L 



(L<e^-4). ^budbj<A .GbUC^I , Z* ,l~~ 

Of), 



/U-*4~ ' f r '^"7^yi/ r 




/yJLo^J 



<^_ 



"Mrs. Bill" may not be considered respectful. 

The arrangement of the drugs is not good. 

Acidi is better not abbreviated. 

Magnesium ends in ii in the genitive. 

Peppermint is not the official name of the drug wanted. 

An i should be dotted and a t crossed. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 435 



W^J2kkL^MC^j3^ Ix^^^d*:.!. 

t> /73J O/iuZL £U y Ml&tiSci/ziU. 

fj**.eyui JEW* *»-*£ 

Ci^tlC QaZ/iA, 6Ucrm,, jfaTf 



syy\ 



siAjCUtsV <WJUuj CCU^t Tlo^LOVZ 



i.fit. 



ewi/tl. 



The tincture of opium is the most potent ingredient and may be listed 
first. The above is the order in which the drugs would be handled by the 
compounder. 

This formula is particularly useful where there is intestinal pain and 
tenderness. 



436 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



Prescribed for ileocolitis. 



For ..LSJ^r. ly^^-M AJ h^ \..h.^i/!S^....\. 




°% 


Ct« / LAA^UL>fu<s<~*-*- jt% fa 


a Y^*- ^ s fyj 


n* 




V 


1 -<-^<-^-^--^V^^^vt^ixJ^ 


j^U^JL^^y JLc^-O K-*>-^-* ■ 




<3 



It is usually best not to employ a nickname, particularly when it refers 
to a characteristic that may be shared by a parent. 

The vehicle in this mixture would be so thin that the powder would not 
remain suspended long enough to admit of a dose being poured out before 
it settled. 

A shake-label should be ordered. 

Sufficient information as to prescriber is not given. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 437 



Far HlJyiM, Lskk^^O^f.. L.J..jftA:J.f.. 

I \JsL4sYn yi^sOksL O/^Jj^yi^A- j "^ J J. 




4s Q , [y\y^M^Visll^ 's<s(ls<-> j 




wl><l- oiva/tlc 



fit 



ftsWI\ 



This seems to be one of the most satisfactory ways of administering 
bismuth subnitrate. 

A vehicle frequently employed is chalk mixture (Mistura Creta), which 
contains sufficient acacia and sugar for effecting a suspension. 

Astringent tinctures, as tincture of catechu, or gambir, or kino, are some- 
times used in the above. 



438 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



For acute pharyngitis. 



For ..th&...,.£^^ 



^7 



7 




i5^ , 



a 






<^C^OL^L^ 



-<^UJL^U^ 



/ UfLe<^*-J< 



The alkali metals, as well as calcium, strontium, magnesium, etc., have the 
genitive ending it. 

The acid radicals in the salts of all the acids except the hydri acids and the 
lower oxy acids have the genitive atis, as sulphatis for sulphate. 

The word acid appears better when written with proper termination. The 
genitive of all acids ends in i. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 439 







/ / 







JS^cUaAs -£<J<LflAsf 4LMASI, l^0-USl4.. 



Note the ending of sulphurous acid is underscored. It is not very fre- 
quently used, and might be misread as sulphuric acid. 

Patient may be instructed to take the dose with one or two tablespoon fuls 
of water, and to clean the teeth afterward, but not to remove the remedy 
from the throat, as by eating or drinking soon after a dose has been taken. 



440 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



Prescribed for a case of acute "rheumatism." 







IUvU tut**.. <&"«■ J£^ 



it 






The arrangement on the sheet is open to criticism. 

In an acute condition, particularly if painful, energetic treatment is usually 
indicated. 

The wine has been discontinued to a great extent in favor of the tincture. 
The disease should never be specified on the label. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 441 



to'. 




1 cUMsV$crt~* <uU 



fit 



frWft. 



Chloroform water only contains about one minim to the tablespoonf ul ; so 
can well be given in above dose. 

Instructions should be left as to reducing dosage upon relief of pain or 
development of unpleasant effects, as ringing in ears, etc. Some patients 
seem to tolerate the salicylates better if they are administered in cold milk. 

As an adjunct to this treatment many employ massage with a liniment 
containing oil of wintergreen or methyl salicylate. 



442 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

Prescribed for the high fever incident to the early stages of certain acute 
diseases. 

For ..lh.^k^....^ 

ty) % JU- (&J* . 



Spir. Nitris Dulcis is not the name of the agent wanted. 

Solution is not the official Latin term for the class of preparation wanted. 

The directions to druggist and patient are best treated as separate 
paragraphs. 

The quantity is too large and the dosage not sufficiently . intense for an 
acute condition. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 443 



For j2?£^^ (. i^^JL 










Lemonade is often a desirable diluent for a remedy of this type. 

In using a combination of this character the prescriber should have 
patient sufficiently under observation to enable him to discontinue the medi- 
cine at the proper time. 

The trend of the profession is toward the employment of water as the 
one great antipyretic. 



444 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



First prescription for a patient with high blood-pressure, and urine with 
low specific gravity. 



For 



.'2^ 




/2-^*^<^/(' 



The nitrate is not the salt desired. 

Large doses of sodium nitrite should never be used until the effect of 
smaller doses has been noted. 

A small bottle containing a smaller dose would be indicated to begin 
the treatment. 

Iodi is the genitive for iodine, but not for iodide. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



445 




: LD^21r^L..'.. 




5 mto^ HtdsuZLi , 
Ota /Ustu~ / fi. .S 



tWfl* 




Note that the attention of the compounder is called to the word nitritis, 
which closely resembles nitratis. 

The direction "in a glass" is changed to "with a glass." The patient 
often can better take a dose with a small amount of the diluent ordered 
and use the rest to remove the taste from the mouth, in preference to 
drinking a whole glass of a disagreeable mixture. The dilution in the stomach 
is the same, of course. 

It is often more desirable to give a preparation of this type with water. 



446 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



Prescribed for a patient suffering from anemia, loss of appetite, general 
weakness, etc. 



For 



%v. <la&f8^^^J 



%^eA^ ^xas^ @iJU-, 



kuj/i. Ifn 



(Iaastv*. 



(A 



*^f 



<x„ o~ 






In a prescription of this type it is better to list the ingredients in the 
order in which they should be mixed. Nux vomica added to tincture of 
ferric chloride would cause a precipitate of iron tannate. 

If the phosphoric acid is added to the iron first the reaction does not 
take place. 

Nux in the genitive changes to nucis. 

The directions would be better if transposed. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 447 



For !2hh...&: ^ /^UrVlSVXJ 

IsvwZ/U, / }]a^(Ua. Ucr-yn,.! 



. (J/U^YU, I/aA,*}; &&'J31 







s\*A sivcJUa, oJZla, sywia/t< 



Ov^K 




Attention is called to the instructions that the preparation be taken in 
water. Dilution lessens the action on the teeth, renders the taste less dis- 
agreeable, and aids the action as a bitter tonic. 

In ordering an iron solution the physician should always instruct that 
the preparation be taken through a tube and the teeth cleansed after each 
dose. 



448 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

The following "Four Chlorides" tonic is often prescribed. 
For ..^^.:.\L<&f&&^. /^^^r^^>. 

^^u. .-f^U&u^- ftp? 



L^ 




r 




X' 



V 



S^-^ ' /sU^Qy) //^2^9^n4*^ 



-tsLsK 




"Mrs. Sam" may be objectionable. 

The mercuric salt being a solid, a potent drug and one of the principal 
ingredients, should be written first. 

The arsenic solution, as the most potent and probably important of 
the liquids, should be written before the others. 

There is no reason why this should not be concentrated to a 6-ounce 
solution with teaspoonful dose. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 449 



For 



Otwi, 5, &> ^n^z^ 



(2mJU iiyd^crcU^.^+l-' faff 



On. 



/y~rt 



&wis?l 



It is particularly desirable in prescribing preparations as the above to 
give the patient written instructions as to the amount of water to use, the 
time of taking, the use of a glass tube, and the cleaning of the teeth after 
each dose. 



29 



450 

For 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



% 



ASLCJ_ 



f^^JD 




CC^ 



ci^^i^^L^^ 




Prescribed as .an 
agreeable quinine prepa- 
ration for a child. 



The principle in pre- 
paring so-called "taste- 
less" quinine is to use 
a salt that will dissolve 
only to the smallest pos- 
sible extent so that it 
will not come into con- 
tact with the special 
nerve elements in such 
form as to be appre- 
ciated. 

The age of the pa- 
tient should be given. 

Liquorici is not the 
proper name of the drug 
wanted. 

The vehicle should be 
used in sufficient quan- 
tity to make up to 2 
fluidounces. 



The sulphate is prob- 
ably the best salt for 
"tasteless" quinine mix- 
tures. The tannate is 
the least bitter of the 
quinine salts, but has to 
be given in larger 
amounts and at least is 
slower and more uncer- 
tain in action. 

It is usually possible 
to ascertain the prefer- 
ence of the child as to 
flavor. Glycyrrhiza may 
be distinctly disagree- 
able to some, while 
syrup of chocolate would 
be very agreeable. 

Written instructions 
may be given as to 
shaking the mixture. 



For. 



iykk3^i?i.... (.A.r^M.t.L... 






^Loisd- 



SLO~V~V\ 




G-4^ 



dj~^ju£j juL , 



fit 



cwu/?i, 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



451 



Used as a tonic par- 
ticularly in chronic ma- 
laria. 



Liquor Arseni Chlor- 
idi and Tinctura Ferri 
are not the proper 
names for the prepara- 
tions wanted. 

It is unnecessary to 
use distilled water in a 
preparation of this char- 
acter. 

ad may well be omit- 
ted. 

The directions are 
subject to improvement. 

Physician's name 
should be more care- 
fully written. 




^!^\^Oi*^..X^..^*^il^^... 



<2v^e* ~^x^^i fey 






X..&..t£v^....)..-.. 



Ia^aAA. '-Jaas^ dAJscru-) 




stsLAs 



~4a/£cZcas_ aJZiyi, ^n^ccuLc^ 



owi4l 



Where the condition 
was not malarial the 
amount of quinine sul- 
phate would probably be 
reduced. 

Written instructions 
should be given patient 
as to amount of water, 
use of glass tube, clean- 
ing teeth, etc. 

It should be remem- 
bered that a quinine so- 
lution is always in- 
tensely bitter and that 
patients are apt to dis- 
continue the remedy. 



452 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



^SL^JL ^L^n 

On. 



Prescribed for indi- 
gestion. 



Pepsini here calls for 
the U. S. P. product, 
which is standardized at 
1 to 3000; so further 
specification is unneces- 
sary. 

Acidi Hyd. Dil. might 
mean the diluted hydro- 
chloric, hydrobromic, hy- 
drocyanic or others. 

The label should in- 
dicate that the prepara- 
tion is to be diluted for 
administration. 



It should be remem- 
bered that a preparation 
of this character without 
instructions as to diet, 
manner of eating, etc., is 
practically useless. 

It is probably best to 
discontinue the use of 
the pepsin preparation 
gradually. It may be 
first omitted after the 
lightest meal of the day, 
then used only after the 
principal meal, etc. 



*£*JLLjgdM*& 

I i/j a/Vx^v^l. , *"3 77 






da 

ftlt/OlAi/tl 



7. 



*-zn*J.AsuL 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



453 



Has been prescribed 
for syphilis. 



The name of the pa- 
tient is usually best omit- 
ted in venereal diseases. 

The proper name is 
not used for the mer- 
curial salt. 

The content of a "sat- 
urated solution" often 
depends on the amount 
of effort put forth by the 
particular compounder. 

The quantity is rather 
large for the dose, as de- 
composition may occur 
to some extent before 
the amount would be 
used. 




For 






Than 



For 



ff 



Ota sUsca, /JooA ., fi.S T3 T 



/tot ' &s*t/ft. 




While convenience or 
economy may dictate this 
style of prescription, the 
physician should avail 
himself of an early op- 
portunity to test the 
dropper the patient is 
using or note the rapid- 
ity with which the liquid 
is disappearing. 

Written instructions 
should be given as to 
time of taking, diluting, 
etc. 

It is probably best to 
administer one hour be- 
fore or two hours after 
meals and to have the 
patient take the medicine 
diluted with one-fourth 
glass of water and fol- 
low with a glass of milk. 



454 

For 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



..Ih^./!^*?^.. ^f^^Lr.l 



\ ' -f 

(iLst^UL- -<XX^-ty A-^C6c<__ 



Prescribed as a pur- 
gative for a child 2 
years old suffering from 
intestinal indigestion. 



The name and age of 
the patient should be 
given. 

Mite is not in the 
genitive case. 

A child cannot usu- 
ally take capsules till 8 
or 10 years of age. 

The inscription is a 
Latin sentence; so 
Roman numerals should 
be used. 



Attention is called to 
the advantage of using 
sugar of milk in admin- 
istering calomel to chil- 
dren. It has an agree- 
able taste and, of course, 
is therapeutically inert. 
In this quantity sufficient 
bulk is given to the pow- 
der to facilitate handling. 
In administering calomel 
to a child it is usually 
considered best to give in 
the early part of the day 
and follow in two or 
three hours by castor oil. 
The active purging is 
over before bedtime or 
may be checked by a 
warm- colon irrigation. 




(l^.. 



CUisQskc^. o^claZU,^ 



.AX 



Qfr-. Ju- GAA. -7W.T7. 



t£c#. 






PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



455 



Ordered for a child 5 
years old when a diag- 
nosis of roundworms had 
been made. 

All glucosides, neu- 
tral principles, etc., have 
the genitive ending i. 

Santonin, although 
sometimes prescribed 
recklessly, is rather a 
potent drug, and this 
dose is too large. 

This should be pre- 
scribed with something 
to dilute and render 
more palatable. 

It is probably wise 
to instruct that the above 
is not to be triturated, as 
the crystals of santonin 
are more apt to reach 
the lower intestinal tract 
than the powdered drug. 



For ^-^-^^y- ^I^^^JL^L^biSLJ. 



r^Ot^c^c 



For 



UJ&4. 



j4u eUstuttj. dkltn.. ThiHt,, fy. . "<1 

CLddkccaZ , 



2c 






1 



/ cc/ttc Piaa, /^a-usu 



ti^OsLA. 



/It 



0wAl. 



This should be fol- 
lowed by an active pur- 
gative, as a tablespoon- 
ful of castor oil. Many 
prefer to give the san- 
tonin and sugar of milk 
without the calomel and 
follow with a purgative 
later. 

Written instructions 
should be left with the 
family as to diet, etc. 
The best time for admin- 
istering the above is 
probably in the morning, 
so that it can be prop- 
erly followed by the 
castor oil and then by 
the colon irrigation. 



456 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 




For typhoid fever, 



etc. 



Salol is neither the 
official Latin nor the 
proper English name of 
the drug wanted. 

It is usually best to 
express a quantity by its 
largest denomination. 

It is probably inad- 
visable to prescribe salol 
alone in capsules. 

It is not often ad- 
visable to order more 
than 5 grains of a sub- 
stance to each capsule. 



As the drug is almost 
odorless and tasteless, 
there is no objection to 
giving in powders. The 
size of the dose and the 
tendency to form con- 
cretions would militate 
against the use of cap- 
sules. If it is ordered in 
capsules it should be 
mixed with a small 
amount of some soluble 
powder, as milk sugar, to 
cause the disintegration 
of the lump resulting 
from packing in the cap- 
sules. 






For JJl&!k&l.:uJU&^^ 



\Jpuovu£Ci alcoq iaZ*. , ~~\i 



-t 



yV« Q4A. <7w. T7 



P/KL U/yUus (^Y~ 



O-^^si/iL; . 



/hi 



frnrft. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



457 



Prescribed for Mr. 
Smith, who complained 
that he was "bilious." 



It should be specified 
that John Smith is an 
adult. 

Hyoscyamus is not in 
the genitive case. 

This preparation 
would have a very dis- 
agreeable taste and would 
be best administered in 
capsules. If patient could 
not take capsules, other 
agents should be selected. 

Adjectives should fol- 
low nouns. 




fcjbyy:. {^.Sr^^v^^C 






QjO>. ^x^O- "J- 



Q*^ 



K^OL>tAS1^ 



/^LA^e*^j^(_ 



For 



r/h. (Jrfn^ J^n>(Zd. . 






fyq. fr-. IcJp. -yuo. fit 



L 



t 



a 



"U~ <UJ. 



■Jyi^f 



T'i 



ri*j^Lcn*>, 






These capsules are 
best given so that the 
last will be at bedtime 
and a saline adminis- 
tered early the following 
morning. 

It is claimed that the 
purgation from the above 
is accompanied by a 
minimum of discomfort. 

As a rule it is par- 
ticularly undesirable to 
give a mercurial purge in 
broken doses at long in- 
tervals during the day, 
as the patient _may_be_un- 
necessarily given a day 
of considerable discom- 
fort. 

Note the use of the 
new official extract of 
oxgall. 



458 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



Prescribed in the treatment of dropsy. 



For 




(fa*,. £>^>^ __ 

(fro* SyxooU*^ ~^ ^'** 



O^x^XY 




c . 



Squill is not the Latin name of the drug wanted. 

Pulv. is here the abbreviation of the Latin for the adjective, powdered; 
so it should follow the noun. 

The words pill and every in the directions are obviously unnecessary. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 459 



For 



%fo.Ju/&Qj L,iA.. 



3sU/d<is0vL>q- (MuUn,. /4 / uZLc l 



d. 



G^Ltkloi, {/souk/., 



777T p~. (IctA. n^o. xx~ 




This is given here more to illustrate the old formula than to recommend it. 

This is certainly more desirable in capsules. 

Hyoscyamus is frequently omitted from this combination, but its use 
to limit intestinal discomfort, etc., seems to be well founded. 

Even if it is desired to continue this treatment for some time, the first 
prescription should be for a small amount, as it is frequently not well 
tolerated. 



460 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



Prescribed for a case of monorrhagia. 







-4?^ J-u. juil. n^o 



xx 



^Xx-y 



GU^ 





The abbreviation gr. stands for both the singular and the plural. 

In cases where there are two substances with the names so nearly alike, 
as Hydrastina and Hydrastinina, an abbreviation that might represent either 
is obviously incorrect. 

The indefinite ergotin is better replaced by the U. S. P. product. 

Preparations of this character are better prescribed in capsules. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 461 



For JJll4.:...}L..^ 



JPufiVvajy* 






01/rf/ft- 




An important point here is the use of the concentrated products in cap- 
sules to replace the old custom of using the fluidextracts, which constituted 
such a disagreeable mixture, and frequently led to gastric disturbances. 
The same idea will often apply in prescribing. 

It is usually best in prescribing potent drugs to write out the names as 
completely as possible. 



462 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



Prescribed for a patient recovering from malaria. He was slightly anemic, 
had no appetite, was weak and generally "run down." 



fr-.A' 4v 



i-y 



For 



^yis6 . XXX 



(jLt'LX- 



-z. 



\ 




Adult is unnecessary, as Mr. conveys that information. 

The abbreviation for of each is not properly made. 

It is usually best to list the most potent drugs first. The druggist selects 
them first for several good reasons. 

The Quinine is not sufficient for malarial treatment. 

The prescriber would not wish t. i. d. on the label, so should not instruct 
the druggist to put it there. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 463 



For }l^h^^^7n4^r. 

(AAslovvC j /U^y,^d><~ f fro.. *hT 

Qtf, 4l, dcuf. !U>. "XXX" 

&C#<- / yvi cUlov ^CaJlk 

c / 




c^u4l. 



The mass of ferrous carbonate is often used instead of the reduced iron. 

When a drug is given three times a day it is usually best to know 
whether it should be given before or after meals, and so specify. The pa- 
tient cannot be too forcibly impressed with the fact that the physician 
knows just what he wants. 



464 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 







'8j2*L**J>. 



Ordered for a case of 
hookworm. 



Drugs the nominative 
of which end in I usually 
have the genitive ending 
if. 

It is usually consid- 
ered best to dilute this 
agent. 

Thymol is best ad- 
ministered in capsules. 

Part of this label is 
unnecessary, as specific 
written instructions as to 
dose, etc., should be left 
with the patient. 

It is not often advis- 
able to tell a patient to 
"take a saline." Definite 
directions should be 
given as to what to take 
and how much. 



Note the number of 
capsules. It is not often 
that more than 5 or 6 
grains should be ordered 
to the capsule. 

Detailed instructions 
should be left with the 
patient as to the taking 
of the capsules, the diet, 
etc. 

Thymol may often be 
given to advantage, pow- 
dered and suspended in 
a thick liquid. 



\^otn 



For Jfajd* 

ft 



%o^u^ Quu. 



h^<- 



h<^n^u^tt^. 



cl^sQ/Ko-aX (ycL&X^t 



&o<~. 



. L 



Oft. A. das/,. n^c.M 

V 



Jsu/^. (&) sU/M4su ho-wis I 



^uyiyf^. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



465 



Prescribed for amebic 
dysentery. 



The inscription can 
be better written. 

It is impossible to put 
sufficient directions on 
the available label space; 
so it is best to make out 
a special sheet of in- 
structions to be left with 
the patient. These writ- 
ten instructions should 
of course include diet, 
etc. 







L 






^7*^~~*yv^t~ 



/$jZj*^><&. 







h 



*/cu4U*a. *UuJX<cd. 




These are best taken 
at bedtime. 

Patient or family 
should be warned as to 
the possibility of nausea 
and vomiting, and in- 
structed as to the use of 
the cold cloth to throat, 
etc. If the pills are too 
heavily coated they may 
pass through entire; so 
patient should be in- 
structed to watch for 
them. 



30 



466 



For 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



$ 



^j&wx^ (j2.lfi*A. 







This was for a young 
lady suffering from 
chlorosis. 



It would be better 
to indicate the age of 
the patient in a different 
way. 

B lauds Pills is not 
the official name. 

It is unnecessary to 
specify the size, as there 
is only one official. 

The condition for 
which the iron carbonate 
is used generally re- 
quires extended treat- 
ment and in that case it 
is cheaper for the pa- 
tient to purchase more 
at a time. 

The directions could 
be better expressed. 



This is the so-called 
5-grain Blaud's Pill. It 
contains about 5 grains 
of the total mass or 
about 1 grain of ferrous 
carbonate. Unofficial pills 
may be ordered prepared 
of any size. The ready- 
prepared pills are on the 
market containing 2, 3, 
and 4 as well as 5 grains 
of the mass. If other 
than the official pill is 
wanted the size should 
be specified. 

It should be remem- 
bered that on the above 
prescription the phar- 
macist would dispense 
the ready-prepared pills, 
probably gelatin coated. 



For JJ.i.y^.,J;&r&M^ 



u. 



ft 



'/mjo (i) /aJZ(yu £*&k 



ryvicaX' 




PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



467 



Prescribed for a case 
of acute cystitis. 



A pet name should 
seldom be employed, a 
nickname never, partic- 
ularly if of a racial 
character. 

Extractum Bella- 
donna is not the full 
name of the drug 
wanted. 

Cocoa Butter is not 
the official name of that 
drug and the quantity is 
best left to the discre- 
tion of the pharmacist. 

The directions are 
subject to improvement. 



For 



ik^, ^JL^& 







For., jfy.^.^.&tf^. ^..^.d^.J&kK/..., 



On. J - 

usCct ,- 



V^. {^lu^W^. "?V0. <//// 



«H^^2^ ^r>vc sU*J*sL*- 



(L 



Cu*Lu 



. Q. fuJ>0w/?l. 



In warm weather 
these should be kept in 
a cool place. 

The first can be 
quickly hardened by put- 
ting it in a spoon resting 
on cracked ice and salt. 

They may be dipped 
in cool olive oil to facili- 
tate introduction. 

In prescribing rectal 
suppositories for women 
the physician should 
make it definitely under- 
stood that they are not 
for vaginal use. 



468 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



For 



■„J...bL<r^C. ■..£L€s&&#&?....,. 



S^z,; ' Q^U^- %5 



6&* 



'a^e^c^- 







Ordered as a morn- 
ing laxative. 



There is a general 
disregard of margins and 
arrangement. 

Mrs. "Bill" might ap- 
preciate a more dignified 
title. 

The word teaspoonful 
is understood to mean 1 
teaspoonful. 

The degrees do not 
look modest. 



If the preparation is 
taken in hot water the 
effect is usually more 
pronounced. 

Hot lemonade is often 
the more desirable sol- 
vent. 

When the taste of the 
sodium sulphate is found 
too objectionable it may- 
be omitted and the potas- 
sium bitartrate alone be 
administered in a glass 
of hot lemonade. 



For....!i2kld 


...M/^^/S^^d^.., 




it 


%. 






Sj 


/ /COszJi c*-z™ jr^£ 


sy*«- 


Cf tfrslsl* 


erf 'iv<rf- ^ 


cuio^ 


A,&s\£u 


^Uj/^u^ /y^w^u 


~y 




Rlc^vn 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



469 



Ordered in the treat- 
ment of syphilis. 



The continued appli- 
cation of the above will 
frequently produce irri- 
tation. 

More than eight ap- 
plications in succession 
are usually indicated, so 
may well be ordered at 
once for several reasons. 

There is nothing to 
mix. 

It is better to specify 
waxed or oiled paper. 



For 



^ke&os 







cO^aJvOlD, 



e$^f , 



For 



■Jk^SL. 






Jk.<y, vuisu o-^a- ^&^A 
n^CeT^A- /4A, elC^iU^L. 



M 



Complete written in- 
structions should, of 
course, be left with pa- 
tient as to baths, site of 
applications, etc. 

The pharmacist will 
charge for putting this 
into doses ; so when econ- 
omy is a factor the 
ointment may be ordered 
in bulk and the direc- 
tions made to read : 
Apply a teaspoonful 
every night. 



&wi/?X> 






470 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



Prescribed for a case of scabies. 
For .....Sr^lL<*^^ 




(typy 



(X*s 





Sulphur, unless otherwise specified, means the sublimed or common, which 
is not the best to use here. 

Peru is not the full word wanted; so should either be carried out or a 
period used. 

The quantity here would be too much for a 1-ountfe jar and too little 
to look well in a 2-ounce jar. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 471 



For LJl&t^^ (/.A 



[j sCZZv^t cC&~ , 






Written instructions should be left as to duration of treatment, bathing, 
change of clothes, etc. 

Note the fluid, balsam of Peru, is prescribed by weight. It adheres to the 
vessel to such an extent that in this quantity it is more conveniently weighed 
than measured. 



472 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



This ointment was ordered for Mrs. Coleman to relieve an erythema 
resulting from the continued use of wet bichloride vulva pads. 



For 



&e^ 






)TsI«sC*^ 




£3^2*^^^/ 




The name of the patient is misspelled. The correctness of patient's name 
is important. 

The name of the acid is misspelled. 

Each word in each name in the inscription should begin with a capital 
letter. 

It is hard to well incorporate zinc oxide in an extemporaneous ointment. 
It is better to order the ointment of zinc oxide. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 473 



tf>r..;/2^ 

^U^o- ^jswi^ (Uv^^s -d rr 

fa 



Phenol may be added to this if marked itching is a factor. 
Boric Acid is often used in the above formula. 

After the ointment has been thoroughly applied the area may be dusted 
with bismuth subnitrate for comfort and protection to clothing. 



474 



For 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



R 



(j^&/\sf^ 



(lAx^yvL (£al^jlj~4^~ 



-*-*- 



J(-V>tC- cx- 




<^^L^. 



Prescribed for ec- 
zema, particularly of the 
scrotum. 



Camphor is not a 
gum. 

Petroleum Jelly is not 
the proper name of the 
agent wanted. 

It is unnecessary to 
instruct that an ointment 
be made, as nothing else 
could result from mixing 
the above ingredients. 

The ointment boxes 
used by the majority of 
druggists admit of only 
limited label space. 



Camphor and hy- 
drated chloral will liquefy 
when triturated together, 
and with the petrolatum 
should form a smooth 
ointment. 

Written instructions 
should be left as to man- 
ner and frequency of ap- 
plication, use of water, 
oil, etc. 

From 1 to 5 grains of 
cocaine hydrochloride 
are sometimes added, but 
is usually unnecessary. 

If it produces discom- 
fort, instruct that it be 
diluted with vaseline. 






CiSU 



ill 



&u^i/?{. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



475 



This ointment is fre- 
quently ordered for sore 
eyelids. 

There is no advan- 
tage in specifying the 
color of the patient,- but 
age should be indicated. 

Petroleum Jelly is not 
the official name of the 
agent wanted. 

The quantity of the 
ointment is too large for 
the purpose intended, as 
it might become contam- 
inated, and only a small 
amount is usually re- 
quired. 

An abbreviation 
should be followed by a 
period. 

The prescription 
should be signed. 



For 







a. 




For Z^Llgk^... J^k^^ 



1/lswUSL, G~* &£- 



y 




ewi/%~ 



Experience has taught 
that it requires a consid- 
erable effort to get the 
salt distributed through 
the vehicle in a sufficient 
degree of fineness. Par- 
ticles of any appreciable 
size are apt to be dis- 
tinctly irritating. It is 
well, therefore, to in- 
struct that the druggist 
"rub well." 



476 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



Prescribed for acute mastitis. 










fir). 



S3 



When a small quantity of an oil is wanted for flavoring it is better to 
prescribe drops, as 5 minims are not easily measured. 

Cold Cream is not the official name of the preparation wanted. 

The quantity of the ointment is entirely too small for the purpose 
intended. 

The abbreviation a.a. is both improperly made and placed. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 477 



m^JltkL^ddJL^ 



This formula is frequently employed for such conditions as orchitis, 
infected hands and feet, etc. 

Ammoniated mercury is frequently added when an active antiseptic is 
desired. 

The area is often painted with tincture of iodine before applying oint- 
ment. If iodine is used mercury must be omitted. 

Camphor and phenol are frequently employed additions to the above. 



478 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



This has been used for prickly heat. 




Qrh- 



The manner of giving the name of patient might be improved upon. 

B oracic Acid is not the name of the drug wanted. 

It would be well to emphasize the fact that the ingredients should be 
rubbed well. 

If the directions for applying are too long to put on a label it would be 
well to remind patient that there is a special method of employment. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 479 



^.ft^....^A..]k& 



For 



r 






77?, yCUic OU^vu, Qsunsn -tx^y 





A 



ft^i/K- 



If there are too many children to specify, it would be betier to write as 
Mr. Jones's Children. The ages are unimportant here, but it is a good habit 
to always specify, if possible. 

Written instructions may be given the nurse, as "Put the powder in a 
cloth bag and apply three times daily by gently patting the affected parts 
after bathing." Frequency of bath would depend on the weather, condition 
of patient, etc. 



480 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



The following has been ordered as a spray in the treatment of rhinitis, 
nasal catarrh, etc. : 



For 





7*7. 



<C A-« 



Vy*-. 






QjctA**^ »£f - f 5 75 #- 




^ 









As 2 minims cannot well be measured in the average pharmacy, it would 
probably be well to prescribe drops. 

Atomizers are usually so constructed that a larger amount of the liquid 
would be necessary for the best results if the treatment was many times 
repeated. 

It would be well to indicate in the directions the use of the preparation. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 481 



For 



a 




:.zd^^ 










/& 



GirfAsfl. 



This character of remedy is usually employed to follow an aqueous 
cleansing spray. 

The tendency of the profession seems to be to make their oil solutions 
rather irritating by ordering too much of the volatile oils. 

Particular attention is called to the use of the official liquid petrolatum 
as a vehicle to replace less ethical products. 



31 



482 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



Ordered for the use of the physician as a local application in the treat- 
ment of follicular tonsillitis. 



(yjLdLstsCLi. 



It is preferable for many reasons for the prescriber to specify the actual 
amount of each ingredient. 

This, of course, would be too dangerous a preparation for the layman 
to use, and when having the patient purchase for the physician's use it 
is better to so specify. 

It would be well to order the bottle labeled "Poison" or "Not to be taken." 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 483 



For 



^iZLl...Aa/j^ (j&^&&)- 







to. 




<?uVt/%. 



This method of writing for a percentage solution prevents the possibility 
of trouble through mathematical error on the part of some incompetent clerk. 
It enables the prescriber to specify distilled water. 

A Poison or Not to be taken label is certainly desirable. 

In some instances the physician, in having the patient get medicine for 
his own use, can to advantage order the formula for a label, as : Sig. — 
Formula. 



484 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



For a case of acute bronchitis. 



For 



^..d^^. <:: 5^^ 



g^— z^ (to**) fa 



Creosotum does not have the genitive ending a. 

B. W., standing for beechwood, is now useless and unnecessary. 

It is unnecessary to specify that solution be made. 

The directions are too long. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 485 



J*, '^IcJZU. (2lcU^ (j&'-qhA.y 








U^-S' *Uylt y^(X^(rzrn^foct 







Written instructions as to the use of this should be left with the family. 
It is usually employed by the patient holding the head over pitcher or 
by making a tent to cover both. An open newspaper answers very well. 
It must be prepared fresh for each inhalation. 
It may be administered to small children during sleep. 



486 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



Prescribed as an inhalation in rhinitis with involvement of the accessory- 
sinuses. 



For 




B 




/Tte^voiCif^^- 




^^u^^*^ 


a^^ J^ 3 ^> 


s/^.. /3u^. 


f s M 


/Hi 




%. *-W~ 


^UcaJ.'^cZ 


/C&tUx^ f<fc+ 


-<^*^ 


&&ue^<-*y '^AACe 


<^^-~ 


iu^X (Lo—^^^ 


7*- — 


fkX-£-JL^L_^jU-M^ ' 


/3^«^y c 






The name of the patient should be given. 

The proper termination is not used for the genitive of menthol. 
Spiritus Rectificatus is not the proper name of the drug desired. 
When a liquid is not to be taken internally the first word of the direc- 
tions should so indicate. 

The directions are too long for the size of the label available. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 487 






sVucUo^ /CUV ^cCuvL 



a<JL 



^yUVv^ 



This should not be used for a young child on account of the effect of 
menthol on the eyes. Patients should be instructed to keep the eyes tightly 
closed while using. 

Written instructions should be left with patient as to frequency and 
duration of inhalation. Usually for about five minutes two to four times 
a day. 

This is frequently employed in certain forms of asthma. 

The Compound Tincture of Benzoin is frequently used instead of the 
Alcohol. 



488 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



Prescribed as a wet dressing for an infected hand. 




J^(Uajuj.<fU^ 







^ 



^7 iotx 'to svf^^ 1 ^ 



^Cajz^uu^i ^^y 





'ildv^oUC. 



Information as to the age of the patient should be given. 
The quantity of the salt can be better expressed. 
A soluble salt of mercury should never be ordered in ordinary water. 
A solution of this character should usually be prescribed in a more 
economical form. 

A poison label should be ordered. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 489 





y cria.cri. 



CLa^fi^ ( /Jxs^, 0.5. 




5«. *?< 



^I^G <jrv] 







As did the other prescription, this gives a solution of about 1 to 5000. 

The economy of the above is self-evident, as the druggist usually con- 
siders bulk an important factor in determining price. 

The value of the addition of tartaric acid hardly needs discussion. 

Written instructions should be given the family as to changing the dress- 
ing to prevent too great concentration by evaporation, also as to frequency 
of use, etc. 



490 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



For 



$?tt...C / P*}?r^ 



\y(&MutxJuL UJULvnouA-aaus- ^tttt 







V 

Sly • "Oytrt- 1U IulTH^/4^. " 



SV*— &^_ 



/fau^cM 



The full name of the patient may well be omitted. 

The salt is only partially soluble in the amount of vehicle ordered. 

Distilled water should be used. 

The word douche may be omitted as the "gallon of hot water" would 
prevent other use of the remedy, and more complete instructions should 
be left with the patient, anyway. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 491 




For .J..L&&&.. 



s.,.. 



& 



/tn^l^u^ \j2vrn aisi^q r^ ■ i •?/// 



LtoA^tLc Aj^ciA; tf.s j^w'ii 







More complete written instructions should, of course, be left with patient. 
These may include the position of patient, elevation of reservoir, temperature 
of the water, etc. 

It will be noted that the above gives a solution of about 1 to 5000. 

It is a convenient method of prescribing the drug. 



492 



PRESCRIPTION WRITIN^. 



For /Ikj^jz&^t^ 



Phenol is a crystalline 
solid; so should be pre- 
scribed in grains. 

Liquefied phenol is a 
liquid obtained by melt- 
ing phenol and adding 10 
per cent, of water so that 
it will not recrystallize. 

While 1 ounce is far 
in excess of the needs of 
the patient it is not usu- 
ally advisable to order 
less of a fluid, as there 
is no saving in price, and 
the ounce bottle is more 
convenient for label, 
handling, etc. 



Prescribed for ear- 
ache in a child 5 years 
old. 



The prescription 
should be better placed 
on the sheet. 

Carbolic Acid is not 
the official name of the 
drug wanted. 

Carbolic Acid is a 
solid; so should not be 
prescribed by minims. 

Glycerin is the Eng- 
lish name of the drug. 

If 1 fluidounce of the 
mixture is wanted the 
glycerin should be q. s. 

More definite direc- 
tions should be used, 
particularly as this is a 
poison for local use. 



For.„ 







/ 



At*i 



s>y^ sCasv Asj/hMn n^Ltu^^uy. 



<f 




&TsT*/?% 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



493 



Ordered as a local 
application for tonsillitis, 
enlarged cervical glands, 
etc. 



Even in the case of 
children it is best to em- 
ploy the correct name. 
The surname should also 
be given. 

The quantity is too 
large for the purpose 
desired. 

Tr. is not the best ab- 
breviation for tincture. 

Iodidi is not the geni- 
tive for the Latin name 
of Iodine. 

Margins should be 
better observed. 




/-^**»*^ 



"n • 



*, 



• ..ii^fA^. ^dJln^Z^ w~rf>HJ, 



£T 



//VK(l^ c(v^o/ 



JsuzasiA-, Ct-d^yviCc, clcl< Y? ss 



■/j 






aaaJAs £<c- ' &CcisL<- 



«f 




Ou^i^fZ- 



"Paint the neck" was 
probably not sufficiently 
definite, as only a com- 
paratively small part is 
usually to be covered. It 
is best, when possible, 
for the physician to 
make the first applica- 
tion to show family the 
method of applying and 
the area to be covered. 

An application will 
sometimes be kept up in- 
definitely unless instruc- 
tions are given as to 
when to discontinue. 

This constitutes the 
well-known "Iodine and 
Aconite" of the dentist. 
It is used by them for 
toothache, etc. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITINJk. 




Used with massage 
on a patient suffering 
from soreness following 
violent exercise. 



Chloroform does not 
have the genitive ending 
is. 

A prescriber should 
have some definite term 
for each purpose, and 
q. s. seems more desir- 
able than ad, though the 
latter is entirely correct. 

The quantity is too 
small for the purpose in- 
tended. 

The directions may 
be improved upon. 



This is probably best 
used following a hot 
bath. 

It may be made to 
act as a better rubefa- 
cient by covering for a 
short time with the 
hands or a woollen cloth. 

Camphor is some- 
times added to the above. 

The use of a liniment 
of this type is frequently 
preceded by the applica- 
tions of hot turpentine 
steeps. 



For 



2lkL %jSi£mAoaL 



07ll>nZd^6s% t 




fi^isyyiA' 








£is>*/7%* 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



495 



Prescribed as a local 
application in orchitis 
complicating mumps. 



The arrangement on 
the sheet is not good. 

Guaiacol is usually a 
liquid ; so it is unneces- 
sary to specify. 

The majority of 
liquid prescriptions are 
for internal use. Such 
is understood where 
specifications are not to 
the contrary. 

If a preparation is 
not to be administered 
by mouth the directions 
should, with rare excep- 
tions, indicate the fact. 



For 



4- fcf.Q^iU*^/ 




Ofj. 



For. 



.^....^...J^5^. 



ax 



sU/ cc*^ a~ (Urttsi. 



rrn.XL. 






cO^u^C^f 



Oisirt/ft 



This is frequently 
used during the febrile 
stage. 

As this usually lasts 
only about four days or 
less, a fluidounce is all 
that is necessary. 

In prescriptions for 
local use it is better to 
have the first word of 
the directions call atten- 
tion to the fact that it 
is not to be taken. 



496 PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 



Prescribed for a small superficial burn. 



; &a^c/£L*f /o£^ 



f ilJL^^u^ i 



H. 



It would be better to order the ingredients by their official titles. 
Such a small quantity as a fluidrachm of a thick, tenacious liquid is best 
ordered by weight. 

A shake-label should be used. 

The total quantity should be made to suit containers in common use. 



PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 497 



For 



.Jj^&dz. tA<&k 





(JHu. fl^^ssws-, a,. 5. J3J 



'aJasLu "ZiUsUtU- oia^ly* 



cw/JX . 




This does not make a clear solution, so should be shaken before used. 

A larger percentage of the balsam is frequently employed, but may irritate 
if long applied. 

Two fluidounces of a preparation of this character will usually be dis- 
pensed at the same price as the above. 



32 



APPENDIX. 

Problems and Blackboard Exercises. 



In the following pages are given some problems and exer- 
cises such as are met every day in the practice of medicine. 
No attempt is made to cover the entire field, but it is hoped that 
enough and' sufficient variety is given to be of advantage in the 
study of materia medica and prescription writing. They are also 
so arranged as to amount to a quiz on many important points 
in posology, toxicology, metrology and other phases of the sub- 
jects. The author begs to acknowledge his rather remote 
acquaintance with arithmetic, and the discussions, from this 
standpoint, may-' seem rather crude and void of system to better 
scholars, but the effort was made to illustrate different methods 
of reasoning out the desired results, and the reader can make 
his choice or be led to improve on any of the lines suggested. 
In teaching medical students,, the urgent need of exercises of 
this character has been thoroughly demonstrated. 



The common preparations of opium, — tincture of opium, 
tincture of deodorized opium, camphorated tincture of opium 
and powder of ipecac and opium, — are made from the powdered 
or granulated opium, which now contains about 10 per cent, of 
morphine. In giving opium, or its preparations, a smaller dose 
is employed than the morphine content would indicate, for it 
must be remembered that there are other active ingredients, 
particularlv codeine. 



( 1 ) How much opium ; how much morphine, in : 

(a) 5 drops of laudanum? 

(b) 10 drops of paregoric? 

(c) 5 grains Dover's powder? 

(499) 



500 APPENDIX. 

Discussion. 

(a) Laudanum, as most other tinctures, gives about 2 drops to the 
minim — usually a little more than 2 drops. One minim of laudanum 
represents about 0.1 01o) grain of opium, or 0.01 (%oo) grain of mor- 
phine. Five drops, which would be a little more than 2 minims, would 
represent a little more than % grain of opium and %o grain of morphine. 

(b) Paregoric represents 0.4 per cent, of opium, or about 0.04 per cent, 
of morphine. One minim would, therefore, represent about 0.004 grain 
opium, or 0.0004 grain morphine. Ten drops would be about 4 minims, 
and would represent about 0.016 (Vqo) grain opium, or 0.0016 0£oo) grain 
morphine, or 

Paregoric represents 4 parts of opium to 1000, or 1 to 250; 1 minim 
would, therefore, represent ^50 of a grain, and 4 minims would represent 
t&50 (%o) of a grain; %o of this (Yeoo) would be morphine. 

(c) Dover's powders contain 10 per cent, of opium, so 10 grains would 
contain 1 grain of opium, or 5 grains would contain % grain of opium; 
Y±o of this would be morphine — %o of % is %o (grain of morphine). 



(2) How much morphine in: 

(a) 2 grains powdered opium? 

(b) Yz grain extract of opium? 

Discussion. 

(a) Powdered opium contains about 10 per cent, of morphine, so Yio 
of it is morphine. If 1 grain of opium contains %o grain of morphine, 
2 grains contain 2 /±o (%) grain morphine. 

(b) Extract of opium contains about 20 per cent, of morphine — 20 per 
cent, of 1 grain would be % grain; 20 per cent, of y 2 grain would be Ho 
grain; or — 20 per cent, is 20 to the 100 — 100 grains of the extract contain 
20 grains of morphine, so 1 grain of the extract contains % grain of 
morphine and l / 2 grain of the extract contains x / 2 that much, or Yio grain. 



(3) A man phones that his wife has swallowed a tablespoonful 
of laudanum. 

(a) How much opium did the patient get? 

(b) How much morphine? 

(c) Relation of amount to average dose? 

Discussion, 
(a) A tablespoonful is about 4 fluidrachms or 240 minims. If lauda- 
num represents 10 per cent, of opium, 240 minims of the tincture would 
represent 24 grains of the drug. 



APPENDIX. 501 

(b) If opium contains 10 per cent, of morphine, 24 grains of opium 
contains M.0 as much, or 2.4 ( 2 fio) grains of the alkaloid. 

(c) As the dose of opium is 1 grain and morphine l /i grain, this patient 
received over twenty times the average dose. 



(4) A lady phoned that a child 2 years old had been given a tea- 
spoonful of paregoric by mistake, and what should she do till 
medical attention arrived? 

(a) How much opium had the child received? 

(b) How much morphine? 

(c) Relation of morphine received to an average dose for 

a child that age? 

Discussion. 

(a) Paregoric contains 4 parts of opium to the 1000; therefore, 1 
minim contains %so grain of opium; 60 minims (1 teaspoonful) contains 
sixty times as much, or 6 %so, or about ^ grain opium. 

(b) As opium contains about 10 per cent, of morphine, 1 grain opium 
contains ^io grain morphine, and % grain opium contains }4o grain of 
the alkaloid. 

(c) A child 2 years old would usually receive Vi of the adult dose 
(Young's rule). If the dose of morphine is % grain, this child would 
take Vi as much, or ty of % = Vm- So the morphine received is to the 
average dose as %o is to %e, or about Ys more than the average. It should 
be remembered that opium contains other active agents, so the child 
received equal to about twice an average dose of morphine, but hardly 
a toxic quantity. 



(5) Through error the tincture of deodorized opium was ordered 
in place of paregoric in what was intended to be this prescrip- 
tion: 

(Adult) Date, 

Bismuthi Subnit 3iij 

Tinct. Opii Camph f 3iij 

Mist. Cretae q. s. f&iij 

M. 

Sig.— Tablespoonful every four hours. (Shake-label.) 

How much opium per dose did patient get? 
How much morphine? 
Relation to average dose? 



502 APPENDIX. 



Discussion. 



As the tincture of deodorized opium represents 10 per cent, of the 
drug, 3 fluidrachms (180 minims) would represent about 18 grains of 
opium, or about 1.8 grains morphine. 

Three fluidounces contain 6 tablespoonfuls, so the patient would 
receive in each dose about 3 grains opium or about 0.3 (%) grain mor- 
phine. 

This would be about three times the average dose, but hardly a toxic 
quantity under ordinary circumstances, unless repeated. 



(6) Write a prescription for suppositories that will contain a 
sufficient amount of some preparation of opium to give about 15 
mg. of morphine to each suppository. 

Discussion. 

If 1 grain is about 65 milligrammes, 15 mg. is about x /\ grain. The 
extract of opium contains practically no refuse matter and is the prepara- 
tion usually employed for suppositories. It contains 20 per cent. (%) of 
morphine, so to get 1 part of the alkaloid 5 parts of the extract must be 
employed. Five times % grain is %, or \% grains, and this much of the 
extract must be in each dose. If 4 doses are desired, it would be 4 times 
V/i grains, or 5 grains. 

Heading showing doctor's name, address, registry number, etc. 

Name and address of patient. Date, 

Ext. Opii gr. v 

Ol. Theobromatis q. s. 

M. ft. suppos. no. iv. 
Sig. — Use one twice daily. 

Signature. 

It should be remembered that extract of opium contains other active 
ingredients than morphine. 



While Nux Vomica and its preparations are now standard- 
ized on their total alkaloidal content, they probably contain 
about the percentage of strychnine as required in the U. S. P. 
viii, that is, 

Nux vomica about 1.25 per cent. 
Flext. of nux vomica about 1 per cent. 
Extract of nux vomica about 5 per cent. 
Tincture of nux vomica about 0.1 per cent. 



APPENDIX. 503 

(7) A physician stated that his favorite tonic was tincture of mix 
vomica in 5-drop doses. 

How much strychnine did his patients receive? 

Discussion. 

Five drops of tincture of nux vomica averages a little more than 2 
minims. One minim contains about M.000 of a grain of strychnine, and 
2 minims about %oo (or }4oo) of a grain of strychnine. 



(8) A physician was surprised that he was able to gradually 
increase the dosage of tincture of nux vomica till the patient was 
taking 50 drops. 

How much strychnine was the patient receiving? 

Discussion. 

Fifty drops would average between 20 and 25 minims, probably about 
20. One minim contains about Mdoo of a grain of strychnine; 20 minims 
contain about 2 %ooo, or %o of a grain of strychnine. 



(9) Write a prescription for tincture of nux vomica, alone, and 
instruct the patient to begin with enough drops to represent 
about %oo grain of strychnine and increase to about % grain. 

Discission. 

If tincture of nux vomica contains about 0.1 per cent, of strychnine, 
1000 minims would contain about 1 grain, 1 minim about M.000 of a grain, 
or 10 minims about M.00 of a grain, and 25 minims about %o grain (1000 
divided by 40 = 100 94o = 25). Allowing 2 drops to each minim, the pre- 
scription would be as follows: 

Name, etc. Date, 

Tinct. Nucis Vomicae fBij 

Sig. — Twenty (20) to fifty (50) drops in water as directed. 

Signature. 



(10) Write a prescription for a tonic, in thirty capsules, contain- 
ing enough extract of nux vomica to represent an average dose 
of strychnine. * 

Discussion. 

Extract of nux vomica contains about 5 per cent, of strychnine, so 100 
grains of the extract contains about 5 grains of the alkaloid, or 20 grains 



504 APPENDIX. 

of the extract contains 1 grain of the alkaloid. The dose of strychnine 
is Mo grain, so the amount of the extract to contain this much is found 
by taking Mo of the amount that contains 1 grain (Mo of 20 = 2 %o == H)« 
If H grain of the extract is to be given at each dose and there are 30 
doses, the total is thirty times ^2 grain or 15 grains. 

Name, etc. Date, 

Arseni Trioxidi gr. j 

Ext. Nucis Vomicae gr. xv 

Mas. Ferri Carb gr. cl 

M. ft. cap. no. xxx. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 

It should be remembered that nux vomica contains other active 
ingredients than strychnine, so about 10 grains would probably be nearer 
the amount wanted in the prescription. 



(11) Write a prescription for, an adult for a 4-nuidounee tonic 
containing enough tincture of nux vomica to> give an average dose 
of strychnine. 

Discussion. 

The average dose of strychnine is Mo grain. Tincture of nux vomica 
contains about 0.1 per cent, of strychnine, or 1000 minims contain about 
1 grain, so the number of minims for Mo of a grain is Mo of 1000 
(iooo/ 40 = 25). 

Four fluidounces, teaspoonful dose, gives about 32 doses, so the total 
amount of the tincture is twenty-five times 32 or 800 minims, or about 
13 fluidrachms or about l J / 2 fluidounces. The prescription might be 
written as follows: 

Name, etc. Date, 

Tinct. Nuc. Vomicae f&ss 

Tinct. Cardam. Co q. s. f&iv 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water before meals. 

It should be remembered that nux vomica contains other active con- 
stituents besides strychnine, so the dose is not altogether as would be 
indicated by the strychnine content. In this prescription 1 fluidounce 
of the tincture would probably be nearer the correct amount. 



(12) Complete the following so that the patient will get an aver- 
age dose of strychnine for a child her age : 



APPENDIX. 505 

For Mary Jones (4 years). Date, 

Tinct. Nux Vomicae, 

Liq. Ferri Pep. cum Mang fSvj 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 

Discussion. 

The tincture of nux vomica contains about 0.1 per cent, of strychnine, 
therefore 1000 minims contain about 1 grain. 

The average dose of strychnine for an adult is ^o grain. A child 4 
years old would usually receive J4 of the adult dose (Young's rule), or 
3460 grain strychnine. If 1000 minims of the tincture contains about 1 
grain of the alkaloid, the number of minims for Yiqo of a grain would be 
found by taking % 6 o of 1000 (1000 divided by 160 = 100 9i 6 o = about 6 
minims). 

The prescription contains 48 doses (teaspoonfuls), so 48 times 6 is 
the total amount of minims required (48x6 = 288 or about 4 l / 2 or 5 
fluidrachms). 

It should be remembered that nux vomica is not given altogether in 
the dose as indicated by the strychnine content as it contains some other 
active ingredients. Also some claim that strychnine in full proportional 
doses is not well tolerated by some children. 



(13) A child 2 years old received 1 drop of tincture of bella- 
donna leaves. What is the relation to average adult dose ? 

Discussion. 

The average dose of tincture of belladonna leaves is 12 minims. A 
child 2 years old usually takes % of an adult dose (Young's rule); 34 of 
12 minims equals 12 /j, or about 1% minims. One* drop is about 14 minim, 
so the child receives about % of the average dose. It should be remem- 
bered that size, sex, etc., should also be considered. 



(14) What is the approximate percentage of alkaloid in the fol- 
lowing prescription : 

Ung. Belladon., 

Ung. Zinci Ox aa 3ij 

Petrolati q. s. 5j 

M. 

Discussion. 

This prescription contains 25 per cent, of belladonna ointment. Bella- 
donna ointment contains 10 per cent, of the extract (as other vegetable 



506 APPENDIX. 

ointments). The extract is about five times as strong as the drug (as 
most other extracts). The leaves contain 0.3 per cent, of alkaloids, prin- 
cipally atropine. If the ointment of belladonna represents 10 per cent, 
of the extract, which is five times as strong as the drug, it represents 
50 per cent, of the drug, and a preparation containing 25 per cent, of 
this would represent 12.5 per cent, of the drug (0.50 x 0.25 equals 0.125). 
The drug containing about 0.3 per cent, of alkaloids, the preparation would 
contain 0.3 per cent of 12.5 per cent. (0.003 x 0.125 = 0.000375) or 0.0375 per 
cent, of alkaloids. This, of course, could be calculated directly from the 
alkaloidal content of the extract, but the student does well to remember 
the content of the drug, and, for approximate work, the foregoing 
answers well. 



(15) Write a prescription for Fowler's solution, alone, to be 
taken by drops, so that the patient will get the equivalent of %5 grain 
of arsenic trioxide to each dose. 

Discussion. 

Fowler's solution (as most other solutions) averages about a drop 
to the minim. It represents 1 per cent, of arsenic trioxide, therefore 100 
drops would represent about 1 grain of the salt, 1 drop about %oo of a 
grain, 4 drops about fioo or %5 °f) a grain. 'It should be remembered that 
drops vary in size owing to style of dropper, rapidity of dropping and 
many other conditions. 



(16) A patient taking Fowler's solution after meals, gradually 
increased to 9 drops per dose before showing toxic symptoms. 
How much, and of- what salt, was he getting per day ? 

Discussion. 

In making Fowler's solution 1 per cent, of arsenic trioxide is used. 
This is acted upon by potassium bicarbonate to form potassium arsenite, 
which is the form in which arsenic is present in the solution. If the 
solution represents 1 per cent, of arsenic trioxide, 1 minim would repre- 
sent Yioo of a grain, 9 minims would represent %oo of a grain or about 
YiO grain as a dose. Three doses a/ day would give a total of nearly % of 
a grain. 



(17) Write a tonic prescription (for an adult) containing solu- 
tion of arsenous acid in such amount that there will be an average 
dose of arsenic trioxide to each teaspoonful of the preparation. 



APPENDIX. 507 

Discussion. 

Solution of arsenous acid contains 1 per cent, of arsenic trioxide, or 
about 1 grain to each 100 minims or Yioo of a grain to each minim. The 
dose of arsenic trioxide is Ho grain, so it would take about 3% minims 
of the solution to give an average dose of the salt, and each teaspoonful 
of the prescription must contain that much. A prescription for 4 fluid- 
ounces would contain about 32 doses, so multiply this (32) by the 3% 
minims (for each dose) and the total amount is obtained — 3% x 32 = 107. 
In practice we would use 1^ or 2 fluidrachms. 

Name, etc. Date, 

Liq. Acidi Arsenosi f3ij 

Elix. Ferri, Quin. et Strych. Phos fSiv 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 



(18) The Pharmacopoeia gives ljA minims as the average dose 
of Donovan's solution. 

(a) How much, and of what, does this dose contain? 

(b) How do these amounts compare with the average 

doses of these salts? 

(c) Based on the average doses of its contents, what would 

be a safe dose of the solution? 

Discussion. 

(a) Donovan's solution contains 1 per cent, each of arsenous iodide 
and red mercuric iodide, therefore 100 minims contain about 1 grain each 
of the salts, 1 minim contains Yioo of a grain each, \y 2 minims contains 
about Ym of a grain of each. 

(b) The average dose of arsenous iodide is Yio grain, of red mercuric 
iodide %o grain, so the dose of the solution as stated would be about 
%o of the average dose of the arsenic salt and %o of the dose of the 
mercuric salt. 

(c) Five minims would contain the average dose of the mercuric salt 
and J /2 the average dose of the arsenous salt. 



(19) A physician wished to prescribe the tincture of digitalis in 
drops so that the dose could be easily changed as conditions 
might require. Write the prescription so that the patient will 
begin with about 20 minims at a dose. 



508 APPENDIX. 

Discussion. 

The tincture of digitalis, as most other tinctures, averages a little 
more than 2 drops to 1 minim. 

Patient's name, etc. Date, 

Tinct. Digitalis fSij 

Sig. — Begin with forty (40) drops in water as directed. 
(Over) Signature. 

On the back of the prescription it is well to specify "Dispense a 
physiologically standardized, fat-free tincture of digitalis." 



(20) Write a prescription for tincture of digitalis so that the 
patient will get 15 minims in each teaspoonful. 

Discussion. 

If the prescription is to contain 15 minims to each fluidrachm (tea- 
spoonful), it would have to contain eight times as much to each ounce — 
8 x 15 = 120 minims = 2 fluidrachms. Or, as 15 minims is % of a tea- 
spoonful, 54 of the prescription must be for tincture of digitalis. 

Name of patient, etc. Date, 

Tinct. Digitalis f3iv 

Tinct. Cardam. Co q. s. f:5ij 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water 3 times a day. 
(Over) Signature. 

It is well to write on the back of the prescription blank, "Use a 
physiologically standardized, fat-free tincture of digitalis." 



(21) Write a prescription in the metric system calling for 60 
capsules, each containing an average dose of a strychnine salt, 
an arsenic salt and about 2 grains ofj actual FeCOg. 

Discussion. 

Ferrous carbonate is on the market only in the form of its prepara- 
tions. The mass is used for capsules, and contains about 35 per cent, 
of the salt, so 6 grains would be required for each capsule. The average 
dose of strychnine sulphate is }4o grain, of arsenic trioxide is %o grain; 
60 doses would require sixty times these amounts, or 

60x^0 or 6 %o equals 1% grains strych. sulphate. 

60x^o or 6 %o equals 2 grains arsenic trioxide. 

60 x 6 or 360 grains mass of ferrous carbonate. 



APPENDIX. 509 

Using the rule for transposing (see p. 336) we would have about as 
follows: 

Name of patient, etc. Date, 

Strychninse Sulph 1 100 

Arseni Trioxidi 1 130 

Mas. Ferri Carb 24|000 

M. ft. cap. no. lx. 

Sig. — One after each meal. 

Signature. 



(22) How much actual ferrous iodide in the U. S. P. average 
dose of the syrup ? 

Discussion. 

As the syrup contains 5 per cent, of the salt, 1 minim contains about 
^0 of a grain; 15 minims (the average dose) contains ^o or Y\ grain. 



(23) A common vehicle is chloroform water in tablespoonful 
doses. How much chloroform to each dose? 

Discussion. 

As chloroform is soluble in about 200 parts of water and the official 
chloroform water is a saturated solution, 200 minims of the water would 
contain 1 minim of chloroform, 240 minims (1 tablespoonful) would con- 
tain 24 %oo or 1% minims of chloroform. 



(24) In treating certain gastro-mtestinal pains, the spirit of 
chloroform is recommended in Yz teaspoonful doses. How much 
chloroform to each dose? 

Discussion. 

As the spirit of chloroform is a 6 per cent, solution, and a half tea- 
spoonful is 30 minims, the answer is obtained by finding 6 per cent, of 
30. 30 x 0.06 — 1.80 (minims of chloroform) . 



(25) A doctor orders a spray of 2 fluidrachms of the solution of 
hydrogen dioxide to each 6 fluidrachms of water (each fluid- 
ounce of the finished prescription). What percentage of H 2 2 
in the preparation, and how many volumes of available oxygen? 



510 APPENDIX. 



Discussion. 



Two fluidrachms to the fluidounce gives a 25 per cent, solution. The 
official preparations contain 3 per cent, of H2O2, so the prescription 
would contain 25 per cent, of 3 per cent., or 0.25x0.03 equals 0.0075 or 0.75 
per cent. The official preparation contains 10 volumes of available oxy- 
gen. If the prescription contains 25 per cent, of the solution, it would 
contain 25 per cent, of as many volumes of oxygen — 25 per cent, of 10 = 
0.25 x 10 = 2.50 (2y 2 volumes of available oxygen). 



(26) How much ether in a teaspoonful of Hoffmann's anodyne? 

Discussion. 

As the preparation contains 32.5 per cent, of ether, 60 minims (1 
teaspoonful) would contain 32.5 per cent, of 60 minims of ether — 0.325 x 
60 = 19.500 (minims of ether). 

The approximate amount may be found as follows: 

As the spirit is about % ether and a teaspoonful is about 60 minims, 
Ys of 60 is 20 (minims of ether). 



(27) How much tartar emetic in 2 teaspoonfuls of the compound 
syrup of squills? 

Discussion. 

As the preparation contains 0.2 per cent, of the salt, and 2) teaspoonfuls 
is 120 minims it would contain 0.2 per cent, of 120, or 120x0.002 = 0.240 
(or about 34 grain). 



(28) Through error a patient swallowed a teaspoonful of a mix- 
ture of equal parts of tinctures of iodine and aconite. How 
much actual iodine did the patient get? 

Discussion. 

As the tincture of iodine is a 7 per cent, solution, and a teaspoonful 
(60 minims) of the preparation was taken, and it was half tincture of 
iodine, the patient received 30 minims of tincture of iodine containing 
about 7 grains to each 100 minims — 7 per cent, of 30 = 30x0.07 = 2.10 
(grains of iodine). 



(29) Write a prescription calling for 2 ounces of an ointment 
containing 1 per cent, phenol and 5 per cent, zinc oxide — use the 
ointment of zinc oxide instead of the salt. „ 



APPENDIX. 511 



Discussion. 



An ounce by weight is 480 grains (apothecaries), so the amount of 
phenol to make 1 per cent, in 1 ounce is 1 per cent, of 480 or 4.8 grains. 
Five per cent, would be *rive times that much, or 5 x 4.8 or 24 grains. 
For a 2 ounce ointment, twice as much would be required, or 9.6 grains 
phenol and 48 grains zinc oxide. Zinc oxide is hard to properly incor- 
porate, so the U. S. P. 20 per cent, ointment should be employed. If the 
ointment contains 20 per cent, of the salt, each 5 parts of the ointment 
contains 1 part of the salt. If 48 grains of the salt is required, five times 
that much of the prepared ointment would be necessary — 48x5 or 240 
grains, or 4 drachms. 

Name, etc. Date, 

Phenolis gr. x 

Ung. Zinci Ox 3iv 

Petrolati q. s. Sij 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 
(Over) Signature. 

Directions may be given on back of prescription to melt the phenol 
and petrolatum and incorporate while hot, or the necessary amount of 
the U. S. P. phenol ointment may be ordered. 



(30) Write a prescription for an office solution containing about 
1 per cent, cocaine and 3 per cent, of antipyrine. 

Discussion. 

A fluidounce of water weighs about 450 grains, so the amount of a 
salt required to make a 1 per cent, solution in 1 fluidounce is 1 per cent, 
of 450 or 4.5 grains. Three per cent, would require three times 4.5 or 
13.5 grains. Approximate quantities are usually employed. As the solu- 
tion does not keep well, a small quantity is usually ordered. 

Heading showing address, registry number, etc. 

Name, etc. Date, 

Cocainas Hydrochl gr. v 

Antipyrinae gr. xv 

Aquse Dest q. s. fSj 

M. 

Sig. — Formula. Signature. 



(31) A physician wished a patient to use a 1 to 500 quinine solu- 
tion to irrigate the colon in the treatment for pinworms. Write 
the prescription necessary. 



512 APPENDIX. 

Discussion. 

Quinine alkaloid, sulphate or tannate would not dissolve in this 
strength. The hydrochloride would answer well. One grain to the 
fluidounce makes a little more than a 1 to *500 solution, so about 15 
grains to the pint, or 60 grains to the half gallon, would be required. 

Name, etc. Date, 

Quininae Hydrochlor 3j 

Sig. — Use to half gallon of warm water as directed. 

Signature. 



(32) Write a prescription for a solution of potassium perman- 
ganate so that when a teaspoonful is added to a quart of water 
it will make a solution of about 1 to 5000. 

Discussion. 

A quart of water weighs nearly 15,000 grains, so 3 grains of the salt 
would be the amount necessary in each teaspoonful. 
Name, etc. Date, 

Potassii Permangan gr. l 

Aquae Dest q. s. f5ij 

M. 

Sig. — Use teaspoonful to quart of water as directed. 

Signature. 



(33) You wish to have a patient use douches of a gallon of 1 to 
5000 potassium permanganate solution. Write the necessary 
prescription. 

Discussion. 

A pint of water weighs about 7500 grains, so \y 2 grains of the salt 
would be required for 1 pint. A gallon contains 8 pints, so would require 
about 12 grains. Tablets are inconvenient for patient's use and a solu- 
tion should be ordered. It should be so concentrated that the smallest 
possible domestic measureful can be added to a gallon of water to give 
the required strength. Twelve grains will just comfortably dissolve in 
l / 2 fluidounce (1 tablespoonful) of water. If about a dozen douches are 
indicated the prescription should be for 6 fluidounces as follows: 

Name, etc. Date, 

Potassii Permangan Siiss 

Aquae Dest q. s. £5vj 

M. 

Sig. — Use tablespoonful to gallon of hot water as directed. 

Signature. 



APPENDIX. 513 

(34) If you wish to prescribe a solution for a wet bichloride 
dressing for a poor patient, how will you write the prescription so 
that the patient can use 1 part to 10 parts of water and get a 
solution of about 1 to 5000? 

Discussion. 

An ounce of water weighs about 450 grains, so 1 grain of the salt 
would give a solution (by weight) of about 1 to 450. If 10 more ounces 
of water (about 4500 grains) are added to this, it gives a solution of 
about 1 to 5000. 

Name, etc. Date, 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. iv 

Acidi Tartarici gr. xx 

Aquae Dest q. s. fSiv 

M. 

Sig. — Use 1 part to 10 parts of water to wet dressing. 

Signature. 



(35) Write a prescription for mercurial inunctions so that each 
dose will contain about 15 grains of metallic mercury. 

Discussion. 

The official ointment is too strong for continued use and the diluted 
is undesirable for systemic effect on account of the petrolatum content. 
The ointment contains 50 per cent, of metallic mercury, and if diluted 
half it will contain 25 per cent. If it is arranged to use 1 drachm of this 
ointmenjt to each inunction it gives 15 grains of mercury. 

Initials of patient. Date, 

Ung. Hydrargyri, 

Adipis Lanae Hyd aa. 5j 

M. ft. cht. cer. no. xvj. 

Sig. — Apply one each night as directed. 

Signature. 



(36) Write a prescription for chloroform liniment and soap lini- 
ment to make 6 fluidounces, so that the finished product will 
contain about 10 per cent, of chloroform. 

Discussion. 

Chloroform liniment contains 30 per cent, of chloroform and the solu- 
tion wanted is one-third as strong (10 per cent.), so if one-third of the 
prescription is chloroform liniment, it will give the necessary reduction. 

33 



514 APPENDIX. 

The percentage strength of the preparation (30) is to the percentage 
strength desired (10), as the number of ounces of prescription (6) is to 
the number of ounces of the preparation required (X). 
30: 10:: 6: X=2. 
Name of patient, etc. Date, 

Lin. Chlorof ormi f,§ij 

Lin. Saponis q. s. f^vj 

M. 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 

Signature. 



(37) A mother gave her baby five feedings of 6 fluidounces each. 
Her formula calls for 6 per cent, of lime water. How much 
calcium hydroxide does the child receive daily? 

Discussion. 

Five feedings of 6 fluidounces each totals 30 fluidounces ; 6 per cent, 
of this is 1.8 fluidounces (lime water). Lime-water contains about 0.14 
per cent, of calcium hydroxide — 0.14 per cent, of 1.8 fluidounces (864 
minims) = 0.0014x864 = 1.2 (grains calcium hydroxide). 



(38) Write a prescription for a 4-fluidounce saturated solution 
of boric acid. 

Discussion. 

It is not practical to get a solution as concentrated as would be indi- 
cated by the stated solubility of the drug, as that only indicates the total 
amount soluble under the most favorable conditions and by the expendi- 
ture of unlimited time. If a prescriber merely orders a "Saturated Solu- 
tion," the druggist usually triturates an excess of the drug with water 
for a few moments and filters. It is better to prescribe a definite amount 
and know what the patient is receiving. 

Boric acid is stated to be soluble in 18 parts water. That is 1 grain 
to dissolve in about 18 minims of water, but practically it is best not to 
order over 1 grain to 20 minims of water, or 24 grains to the fluidounce 
(480 minims). 

Name of patient, etc. Date, 

Acidi Borici '3iss 

Aquas Dest q. s. 0iv 

M. ft. sol. 

Sig. — Apply locally as directed. 

Signature. 



APPENDIX. 515 

(39) Write a metric prescription calling for 3 fluidounces of a 
saturated solution of potassium chlorate. 

Discussion. 
Potassium chlorate is said to be soluble in 11.5 parts of water or 1 
grain in about 11.5 minims of water, but, making the usual allowance, as 
suggested in discussing the previous problem, it is better not to use more 
than 1 grain to 15 minims, or 32 grains to the fluidounce (480 minims), 
or 90 grains to the 3 fluidounces. Using the rule for transposing to 
metric equivalents (p. 336), the prescription would be as follows: 

Name of patient, etc. Date, 

Potassii Chloratis 6 

Aquae q. s. 90 

M. ft. sol. 

Sig. — Use for throat as directed. 



(40) What may occur when a wet bichloride dressing is applied 
to a surface previously painted with tincture of iodine? 

Discussion. 

The following reaction may result : HgCk plus 2 1 = Hgl2 plus 2 CI. 
Red mercuric iodide is a powerful irritant, and may cause extensive 
vesication, etc. 



(41) In the following prescriptions what mercurial salt does the 
patient get, and how much at a dose? 

Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros gr. ij 

Potassii Iodidi 5vj 

Aquse Dest q. s. fSvj 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful in water after meals. 

Discussion. 

Mercuric chloride with potassium iodide forms the red mercuric iodide, 
which, in the presence of an excess of the potassium iodide, forms the 
potassio-mercuric iodide. The molecule of mercuric chloride is HgC^ 
with a molecular weight of about 270. The molecule of red mercuric 
iodide is Hgl2 with a molecular weight of about 450, so for each 270 
parts of the chloride used 450 parts of the iodide are formed. If % 4 of a 
grain of the chloride is ordered for each dose (2 grains in 48 doses), the 
resulting iodide of each dose is found by the following: 

%4 : x :: 270 : 450 = about %4 grain at each dose of red mercuric iodide 
in the form of potassio-mercuric iodide. 



516 APPENDIX. 

(42) What does the patient get in the following prescription, and 
how much sodium bicarbonate is required to neutralize the acid? 

Acidi Salicylici 3iv 

Sodii Bicarbonatis, 

Aquae q. s. fSvj 

M. 

Sig. — Tablespoonful in water each evening at 4, 6, 8 and 10. 

Discussion. 

Sodium salicylate and carbon dioxide are formed so the patient gets 
a freshly formed sodium salicylate in water charged with carbon dioxide. 

Salicylic acid had the chemical formula HC7H5O3 which has the molec- 
ular weight of about 138. Sodium bicarbonate has a formula NaHCOs, 
which has a molecular weight of about 84. So for each 138 grains of the 
acid 84 grains of the sodium salt will be required. The prescription calls for 
240 grains of the acid, so the amount of bicarbonate is found as follows : 

240 : x : : 138 : 84 or 146 grains of the sodium bicarbonate. It is usually 
considered better for therapeutic reasons to prescribe an excess of the 
bicarbonate, say 4 drachms for this prescription. 



(43) Demonstrate why the compound tincture of cinchona can- 
not be used in the treatment of malaria. 

Discussion. 

This preparation represents 10 per cent, of cinchona, and cinchona 
contains about 5 per cent, of alkaloids (about 4 per cent, of quinine), so 
a teaspoonful (60 minims) of the tincture represents 6 grains of cin- 
chona, about Y20 of which is active (Y20 of 6 is %o, or about Y% grain). If 
it contains about Yz grain of alkaloid to 1 fluidrachm, it would require 3 
fluidrachms to yield 1 grain, or 90 fluidrachms (nearly a pint), to give 
a day's treatment. The alcohol, tannic acid, bad taste, etc., would be 
intolerable. 



(44) Write a prescription for quinine for malaria in a child 6 
years old, based on 30 grains per day for an adult. 

Discussion. 

A child 6 years old should receive one-third the adult dose (Young's 
rule) ; this would be 10 grains per day. Following the custom of divid- 
ing into about five daily doses, it would give 2 grains per dose. A child 
this age can seldom swallow a capsule and would not take a bitter solu- 
tion. In making a tasteless mixture a nearly insoluble salt should be 
used. The sulphate is the most desirable common salt. Two grains of 



APPENDIX. 517 

this can be conveniently disguised in a teaspoonful of syrup. The usual 
three (or more) days intensive treatment should be ordered. 

Name and age of patient. Date, 

Quininae Sulph 3ss 

Syr. Chocolatse q. s. fSij 

M. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful each morning at 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11. (Shake- 
label.) Signature. 



(45) What would be the daily amount of quinine for the first 
few days of the treatment of malaria in an adult weighing 75 pounds 
if the average adult dose was 30 grains? 

Discussion. 

An "average close" means the dose for an average man. In using 
drugs for systemic effect by absorption into the blood, it is usually 
intended to secure a certain percentage concentration — so much of the 
drug to so much blood. The probable amount of blood is based largely 
on the size of patient, so a patient about half the average size would 
usually receive half the average dose, which would give about 15 grains 
of quinine for this patient. 



(46) One doctor gives 30 grains quinine sulphate, another gives 
30 grains quinine hydrobromide. Demonstrate which gives the 
most of the alkaloid. 

Discussion. 

Quinine sulphate has the formula ((^oHoiC^Xo^HoSO^ + 7HoO, which 
has the molecular weight 872, the quinine 2(C2f>H2402Xo) being 648 and 
the sulphate radical and water (H9SO4 + 7HoO) being 224. Quinine 
hydrobromide has the formula C2oH240oX2HBr + H2O, which has the 
molecular weight 423, the quinine being 324 and the hydrobromide radical 
and water (HBr -j- EUO) being 99. So quinine sulphate is 74 per cent, 
quinine ( 64 %72), while quinine hydrobromide is 76 per cent, quinine 
( 32 ¥42s), 74 per cent, of 30 is 22.2 (grains of quinine in 30 grains of 
quinine sulphate), 76 per cent, of 30 is 22.8 (grains of quinine in 30 grains 
of quinine hydrobromide). 



(47) Demonstrate which official quinine salt contains the larger 
percentage of quinine. 



518 APPENDIX. 



Discussion. 



The official salts, with the formulae and molecular weights of their 
acid radicals and water of crystallization, are as follows: Bisulphate 
(H 2 S0 4 + (7H 2 0) = 224), dihydrochloride (2HC1 = 72), hydrobromide 
(HBr + H 2 = 98), hydrochloride (HC1 + 2H 2 = 72), sulphate (H 2 S0 4 - 
i+7H 2 = 224), salicylate (HC7H5O3 + H 2 = 156), the radical in 
quinine and urea hydrochloride (HC1C0(NH 2 ) 2 HC1 + (5H 2 0)H 2 = 222). 
Quinine sulphate contains 2 quinine radicals to each acid radical, so the 
224 should be divided by 2. Quinine tannate is not constant in composi- 
tion, but as it only contains from 30 to 35 per cent, of quinine, it is out 
of consideration. As the quinine radical (C 2 oH 2 40 2 N 2 ) is constant in 
all, the salt having the lightest radical naturally has the largest percentage 
of quinine alkaloid. This shows the hydrochloride and the dihydrochloride 
to contain the largest percentage of the alkaloid. 



CLINICAL INDEX. 



Abscess. page 

Balsam of Peru 84 

Hydrogen Peroxide 214 

Iodine ($) 200 

Ipecac 206 

Quinine 132 

Abortion, Threatened. 

Facsimile Prescription 431 

Bromides (3) 101 

Opium (3) 243, 248 

Viburnum Opulus (B) 320 

Viburnum Prunifolium (B).. 321 

Acidosis. 

Calomel (B) 186 

Sodium Bicarbonate (B) . . . . 292 

Acne. 

Cascara Sagrada (R) 121 

Sodium Benzoate (R) 93 

Adenitis. 

Facsimile Prescriptions, 482, 

493, 495 

Aconite (B) 48 

Belladonna ($) 89 

Cataplasm of Kaolin 210 

Guaiacol 177 

Ichthyol (B) 198 

Iodine (B) 200 

Alcoholism. 

Facsimile Prescription 428 

Acetanilide 16 

Ammonia ( B ) 62 

Belladonna (3) 90 

Bromides (B) 102 

Calomel 185 

Capsicum 117 

Hops 181 

Hyoscine 195 

Hyoscyamus 195 

Paraldehyde (R) 250 

Scopolamine Hydrobromide.. . 287 

Trional 302 



Alkalinuria. page 

Acid, Boric 20 

Sodium Benzoate (I£) 92 

Alopecia. 

Alcohol (R) 56 

Bay Rum ($) 299 

Cantharides 116 

Potassium Carbonate 269 

Quinine ($) 137 

Resorcinol (R) 276 

Amebic Dysentery. See Dysen- 
tery. 

Amenorrhea. 

Aloes (3) 59 

Cimicifuga 130 

Iron ($) 163 

Manganese 218 

Petroselinum 255 

Viburnum Opulus (3) 320 

Viburnum Prunifolium (Ifc).. 321 

Anasarca. See Dropsy. 

Anemia. 

Facsimile Prescriptions, 447, 

449, 463, 467 

Acid, Hydrochloric (3) 28 

Arsenic ($) 76, 77 

Ferric Chloride (B) 165 

Ferrous Sulphate (R) 163 

Ferrous Carbonate (I£) 162 

Ferrum Reductum (Ifc) 163 

Manganese 218 

Angina Pectoris. 

Amyl Nitrite 66 

Iodides 203 

Nitroglycerin 174 

Sodium Nitrite (B) 295 

Anorexia. 

Facsimile Prescriptions, 447, 

452, 454, 462 

Acid, Phosphoric 33 

Cardamom 118 

Malt 218 

(519) 



520 



CLINICAL INDEX. 



Anorexia (continued). page 

Nux Vomica (B) 228 

Quassia 274 

Serpentaria 288 

Appendicitis. 

Belladonna (B) 89 

Opium (3) 248 

Apoplexy. 

Croton Oil (U) 239 

Elaterin 154 

Iodides 203 

Jalap (3) 209 

Argyria. 

Hexamethylenamine 180 

Arteriosclerosis. 

Iodides (3) 205 

Arthritis. 

Facsimile Prescriptions 441 

Guaiacol (3) 177 

Guaiacol Carbonate (3) 178 

Hexamethylenamine (3) .... 180 

Iodine (3) 201 

Salicylates (3) 37, 38 

Ascites. See Dropsy. 
Asphyxia. 

Ammonia 61 

Asthma. 

Aspidosperma 81 

Belladonna 87 

Calcium 108 

Cubeb 150 

Eucalyptol 158 

Gelsemium 170 

Grindelia 176 

Iodides (3) 204 

Lobelia 215 

Nitroglycerin 174 

Oil of Juniper 233 

Sabal 280 

Squill 286 

Stramonium ( 3 ) 301 

Bedsores. 

Alcohol 56 

(See also Ulcers.) 
Blepharitis. 

Facsimile Prescription 475 

Mercury, Yellow Oxide (3). 192 
Bromidrosis. 
Alum (B) 61 



Bromidrosis (continued). page 

Bismuth Subnitrate (3) 99 

Bronchitis. 

Facsimile Prescriptions, 419, 

421, 485 

Acacia (R) 10 

Acetphenetidin 18 

Aconite 47 

Alcohol 56, 57 

Ammonium Salts ( 3 ) ... 63, 65 

Benzoates 92 

Benzoin (3) 91 

Brandy (3) 57 

Camphor ($) 112, 114 

Chloroform ($) 126 

Citrates (B) 25, 26 

Codliver Oil 235 

Codeine (R) 244 

Creosote (B) 147, 148 

Cubeb 150 

Eucalyptol 158 

Glycyrrhiza 175 

Grindelia 176 

Guaiacol 177 

Heroine (3) 244 

Hexamethylenamine (3) .... 180 

Hypophosphites (3) 31 

Iodides 203 

Iodine 199 

Ipecac (3) 207 

Lobelia 215 

Menthol (3) 222 

Mustard 290 

Opium 244 

Quinine 132 

Saw Palmetto 280 

Serpentaria 288 

Sernega 287 

Spirit of Nitrous Ether 53 

Squill 286 

Styrax 302 

Tar 263 

Tartar Emetic 69 

Terebene (3) 310 

Terpin Hydrate 310 

Tolu 86 

Burns. 

Facsimile Prescription 497 

Balsam of Peru (3) 84 



CLINICAL INDEX. 



521 



Burns (continued). page 

Bismuth 96 

Camphor (B) 113 

Castor Oil (B) 237 

Lime Liniment (B) 109 

Linseed Oil 213 

Picric Acid (B) 315 

Calculi. 

Belladonna 87 

Citrates 24 

Glycerin 172 

Hexamethylenamine (B) 180 

Spirit of Nitrous Ether (B). 53 

Cancer. 

Arsenic 76 

Potassium Hydroxide 270 

Zinc Chloride 322 

Catarrh, Nasal. See Nasal Ca- 
tarrh. 

Chancroids. 

Acid, Nitric 32 

Silver Nitrate 72 

Chapped Skin. 

Glycerin (3) 173 

Petrolatum 253 

Rose Water (B) 279 

Chlorosis. 

Facsimile Prescription 466 

Aloes (3) 59 

Arensic 77 

Ferrous Carbonate, Mass (B) 163 
Ferrous Carbonate, Pills (R) 162 
Ferrous Sulphate (R) 162 

Chorea. 

Arsenic 76 

Cimicifuga 130 

Gelsemium 170 

Salicylates 36 

Cirrhosis, Hepatic. 

Acid, Nitrohydrochloric 32 

Gold and, Sodium Chloride ... 84 
Iodides 203 

Clavus. 

Acid, Salicylic (U) 30 

Collodion ($) 143 

Indian Cannabis (B) 116 

Iodine (B) 201 

Colic. See Indigestion. 
Cold. See Coryza. 



Comedo. page 

Acetanilide (R) 17 

Acid, Sulphuric (Ifc) 43 

Magnesium Sulphate (1$) ... 217 

Conjunctivitis. 

Facsimile Prescription 475 

Acid, Boric 20 

Argyrol (B) 74 

Castor Oil (B) 237 

Cocaine (3) 141 

Yellow Mercuric Oxide (R). 192 

Constipation. 

Facsimile Prescription 468 

Agar 55 

Aloes (B) 58, 59 

Belladonna (B) 89 

Cascara Sagrada (B) ... 120, 121 

Castor Oil (3) ■ 237 

Colocynth (B) 145 

Frangula 168 

Glycerin 172 

Glycyrrhiza 175 

Honey 219 

Leptandra 211 

Liquid Petrolatum (R) 254 

Malt 218 

Mercury Salts and Prepara- 
tions" (B) 185-188 

Nux Vomica, (B) 228-230 

Olive Oil , 236 

Phenolphthalein 259, 260 

Potassium Bitartrate 268 

Podophyllum (B) 266 

Rhubarb 278 

Senna 283 

Soap 283 

Sodium Phosphate (R) .... 296 

Sodium Sulphate' (3) 297 

Sulphur 304 

Taraxacum 308 

Convulsions. 

Facsimile Prescription 430 

Amyl Nitrite 66 

Bromides (3) 102 

Hydrated Chloral (3) 124 

Opium 242 

Pilocarpine 262 

Coryza. 

Acetphenetidin (I£) 18 



522 



CLINICAL INDEX. 



Coryza (continued). page 

Acetanilide ( 3 ) 16 

Acid, Acetylsalicylic (I£) 42 

Ammonium Carbonate (I£)... 63 

Belladonna (!*■) 89 

Caffeine (3) 104 

Camphor (S) 112 

Citrates 24 

Cocaine ( ty ) 141 

Hyoscyamus 195 

Menthol 222 

Phenyl Salicylate (U) 40 

Powder of Ipecac and Opium 

(3-) , 247 

Quinine (3) 134, 135 

Cough. 

Facsimile Prescriptions, 419, 

421, 423, 425, 427, 485 

Acid, Hydrocyanic 28 

Ammonium ( B ) 63-65 

Antipyrine ( IJ ) 70 

Apomorphine (B) 244 

Benzoates 92 

Benzoin (3) 91 

Bitter Almond . . . 66 

Brandy 57 

Chloroform (B) 127 

Citrates (E) .. 25 

Codeine (3) 243 

Creosote (3) 147, 148 

Glycyrrhiza 175 

Heroine ($) 244 

Honey 219 

Hyoscyamus (B) 196 

Ipecac (3) 207 

Lemon (B) 212 

Sanguinaria 281 

Spirit of Nitrous Ether (3). 54 

Tar 263 

Tartar Emetic 69 

Tolu (3) 85, 86 

Wild Cherry ($) 273 

Croup. 

Aconite ( B ) 48 

Ammonium Bromide (3). 102, 103 

Belladonna (3) 88 

Benzoin 91 

Bromides (B) 103 

Creosote 147 



Croup (continued) page 

Hydrated Chloral (U) 124 

Ipecac (3) 207, 208 

Paregoric (3) 245 

Potassium Bromide (3) 102 

Tolu 85 

Cystitis. 

Facsimile Prescription 467 

Acid, Boric 20 

Argyrol 74 

Belladonna (I*-) 88 

Benzoates ( IJ ) 92 

Citrates 24 

Copaiba 145 

Cubeb 150 

Elm 316 

Grindelia 176 

Hexamethylenamine ( 3 ) 180 

Hyoscyamus (B) 196 

Methylene Blue 223 

Opium (3) 248 

Phenyl Salicylate 39 

Potassium Permanganate 271 

Protargol 74 

Quinine 132 

Saw Palmetto 280 

Spirit of Nitrous Ether (3). 53 

Triticum 316 

Uva Ursi 317 

Cystocele. 

Alum 60 

Dandruff. See Alopecia. 

Dermatitis (Drug, Poison Ivy, 
etc.). 

Facsimile Prescription 474 

Acid, Boric 20 

Salicylic (3) 35 

Bismuth (R) 99 

Camphor (I*.) 113 

Hydrous Wool-fat (3) 50 

Prepared Chalk 107 

Starch 67 

Thymol ($) 313 

Diabetes. 

Codeine 243 

Saccharin 93 

Diarrhea. 

Facsimile Prescriptions, 433, 

435, 437 



CLINICAL INDEX. 



523 



Diarrhea (continued). page 

Acacia ( B ) 14 

Acid, Nitrohydrochloric 32 

Sulphuric (R) 43 

Tannic 45 

Betanaphthol (R) 94 

Bismuth Salts (B) 97, 98 

Brandy 56 

Calcium 107 

Camphor 112 

Catechu 121 

Cerium 123 

Chloroform 126 

Chondrus 128 

Gambir 169 

Guarana 179 

Hydrastis 193 

Iodine 199 

Kino ($) 210 

Lead Acetate 264 

Magnesium Sulphate (R) ... 217 

Menthol 222 

Nutmeg 225 

Opium (B) 246-248 

Phenol (R) 258 

Phenolsulphonates 259 

Phenyl Salicylate (3) 40 

Sulphur (3) 97 

Sulphur 304 

Diphtheria. 

Acid, Lactic 31 

Sulphurous (R) 44 

Aconite (B) 43 

Castor Oil 237 

Chloroform 126 

Corrosive Mercuric Chloride 

(B) 190 

Hydrogen Peroxide 214 

Iron 161 

Lime Water 107 

Potassium Chlorate 269 

Serum Antidiphtheriticum . . . 288 

Silver Nitrate 72 

Dropsy. 

Facsimile Prescription 459 

Caffeine 104 

Digitalis (3) 153 

Jalap (S) 209 

Juniper 233 



Dropsy (continued) . page 

Potassium Acetate (B) 267 

Potassium Bitartrate (3) 268 

Spirit of Nitrous Ether ($).. 54 

Squill 286 

Uva Ursi 317 

Dysentery. 

Facsimile Prescriptions, 433, 

435, 437 

Acid, Tannic (R) 45 

Bismuth Subnitrate (B) 97 

Brandy 56 

Chalk, Prepared (B) 108 

Chalk Mixture (B) .... 108, 109 

Chloroform 126 

Chondrus 128 

Elm 316 

Ipecac (R) 208 

Kino (3) 210 

Lead 264 

Opium (B) 246-248 

Phenolsulphonates 259 

Phenyl Salicylate (3) 40 

Quinine 132 

Silver Nitrate 72 

Sulphur (3) 97 

Sulphur 304 

Dysmenorrhea. 

Belladonna 87 

Bromides (3) 101, 102 

Cimicifuga 130 

Gelsemium 170 

Ginger 326 

Viburnum Opulus (3) 320 

Viburnum Prunifolium (3).. 321 

Dysentery, Amebic. 

Facsimile Prescription 465 

Ipecac (ft) 40 

Phenyl Salicylate (ft) 40 

Quinine (ft) 137 

Dyspepsia. See Indigestion. 

Ecchymoses. 

Ammonium Chloride 65 

Eclampsia. 

Bromides 101 

Elaterin 154 

Glucose 172 

Physostigmine 261 

Veratrum 320 



524 



CLINICAL INDEX. 



Ecthyma. page 

Acid, Boric (R) 22 

Bismuth (B) 99 

Resorcinol (R) . . 276 

Tar (3) 264 

Eczema. 

Facsimile Prescription 474 

Acid, Salicylic 34 

Arsenic 76 

Bismuth 96 

Calamine 105 

Calomel (3) 191 

Camphor (B) 113 

Codliver Oil 235 

Hydrated Chloral (B) 125 

Hydrous Wool-fat (B) 50 

Oil of Cade (B) 233 

Phenol (B) 258 

Prepared Chalk 107 

Sodium Thiosulphate 297 

Starch 67 

Talcum 308 

Tar (R) 263 

Zinc Oxide 323 

Edema. See Dropsy. 

Endocarditis. 

Salicylates (B). 38 

Endometritis. 

Iodine (3) 201 

Phenol 256 

Silver Nitrate 72 

Enterocolitis. 

Facsimile Prescriptions . 433, 437 

Acid, Sulphuric 43 

Bismuth Subnitrate (R) 98 

Chalk Mixture (3) .... 108, 109 

Kino (3) 210 

Paregoric (B) 247 

Phenol 258 

Phenyl Salicylate 40 

Tincture of Deodorized Opium 

(3) 246 

Sulphur ($) 97 

Enuresis. 

Belladonna 87 

Bromides 101 

Valerian (U) 318 

Epididymitis. 

Aconite (B) 48 



Epididymitis {continued) . page 

Guaiacol (U) 177 

Lead Subacetate (R) 265 

Opium (R) 248 

Epilepsy. 

Amyl Nitrite 66 

Arsenic 77 

Bromides (U) 101 

Epistaxis. 

Gambir 169 

Iron 161 

Erysipelas. 

Iodine 199 

Iron (3) 165 

Lead Acetate 264 

Potassium Permanganate .... 271 
Quinine 132 

Erythema (Venenatum, Scarla- 
tiniforme, etc.) 

Facsimile Prescription 473 

Acetanilide (R) 17 

Acid, Boric (H) 22 

Bismuth (B) 99 

Chalk (U) 110 

Cocaine (B) 140 

Magnesium (Ifc) 217 

Morphine (U) 249 

Felons. 
Alcohol 56 

Fever Blisters. 

Bismuth ( R ) 99 

Calomel (3) 190 

Fissure. 

Cocaine 139 

Silver Nitrate 72 

Flatulence. 

Acid, Sulphurous 44 

Asafetida (U) 79 

Caraway 119 

Cardamom 118 

Eserine 261 

Fel Bovis 159 

Ginger (3) 326 

Hops 181 

Lavender, Compound Tincture 

(5) 234 

Nutmeg 225 

Peppermint (3) 220 

Physostigma 261 



CLINICAL INDEX. 



525 



Flatulence (continued). page 

Sodium Bicarbonate (B) .... 293 

Spirit of Ether (B) 52 

Sumbul 305 

Freckles. 

Acid, Salicylic 34 

Alcohol (B) 57 

FURUNCULOSIS. 

Facsimile Prescription 477 

Acid, Nitrohydrochloric (R).. 32 

Aconite (3) 48 

Alcohol (B) 56 

Belladonna ($) 89 

Ichthyol (5) 198 

Iodine (B) 200 

Linseed 213 

Lead Plaster (B) 265 

Gall-stones. 

Belladonna 87 

Olive Oil 236 

Opium 242 

Gastric Ulcer. 

Bismuth Subnitrate 98 

Calcium Carbonate 107 

Iron 161 

Magnesium Oxide (I£) 217 

Silver Nitrate 72 

Sodium Bicarbonate 292 

Goiter. 

Acid, Acetylsalicylic 41 

Arsenic 76 

Digitalis (U) 153 

Ergot ($) 156 

Iodides 203 

Iodine (B) 201 

Iron (3) 164 

Iron Arsenite (B) 164 

Salicylates 36 

Gonorrhea. 

Facsimile Prescription 491 

Acid, Boric (B) 21 

Argyrol (B) 74 

Belladonna (U) 88 

Benzoates 92 

Bromides ($) 102 

Catechu (3) 122 

Citrates 24 

Copaiba ' 145 

Cubeb 150 



Gonorrhea (continued). page 

Hexamtheylenamine (R) ... 180 

Hydrastine (3) 194 

Ichthyol 197 

Lead Acetate (B) 265 

Mercury, Corrosive Chloride 

(3) 190 

Methylene Blue 223 

Opium (B) 249 

Phenol (3) 258 

Phenyl Salicylate 39 

Potassium Bromide (Ifc) 102 

Potassium Citrate ( B ) 24 

Potassium Permanganate (R) 271 

Protargol 74 

Quinine 132 

Saw Palmetto 280 

Silver Nitrate 72 

Sodium Bromide (B) 102 

Spirit of Nitrous Ether 53 

Terpin Hydrate ■ 310 

Uva Ursi 317 

Gout. 

Acid, Acetylsalicylic 41 

Citrates 24 

Colchicum (3) 143 

Hexamethylenamine (B) ... 180 

Potassium Bicarbonate 268 

Salicylates (U) 38 

Grip. See Influenza. 

Hay Fever. 

Belladonna 87 

Cubeb 150 

Eucalyptol (U) 158 

Headache. 

Facsimile Prescription 429 

Acetanilide (3) 15, 16 

Acetphenetidin 18, 19 

Acid, Acetylsalicylic 41 

Ammonia, Aromatic Spirit (R) 62 

Ammonium Bromide (B) ... 83 

Antipyrine 69 

Bromides 101 

Caffeine (B) 105 

Camphor, Monobromated (B) 114 

Canabis Indica 115 

Gelsemium 170 

Guarana 179 



526 



CLINICAL INDEX. 



Heart Disease. page 

Caffeine (U) 105 

Digitalis (3) 152-154 

Potassium Acetate (3) 267 

Sparteine (3) 298 

Squill 286 

Strophanthus 301 

Strychnine (3) 229 

Valerian (3) 318 

Hemorrhage. 

Acid, Tannic 45 

Alum 60 

Calcium Lactate 108 

Calcium Chloride (.$) 108 

Cotarnine hydrochloride 146 

Ergot (3) 156 

Hemorrhoids. 

Acid, Tannic (3) 45 

Cocaine 139 

Gambir 169 

Herpes. 

Alum (3) 61 

Arsenic 76 

Bismuth (3) 99 

Calamine (3) 106 

Cocaine (3) 141 

Menthol (3) 223 

Nux Vomica (3) 230 

Hiccough. 

Facsimile Prescription 429 

Acetanilide 16 

Bromides (3) 102 

Musk 224 

Hookworm. 

Facsimile Prescription 464 

Thymol 312 

Hyperchlorhydria. 

Bismuth Subnitrate 96 

Calcium Carbonate ( 3 ) 109 

Magnesium Oxide (3) 217 

Olive Oil 236 

Sodium Bicarbonate 292 

(See also Gastric Ulcer.) 

Hyperidrosis. 

Acid, Boric (3) 22 

Acid, Salicylic (3) 35 

Alcohol 56 

Alum 60 

Belladonna 87 



Hypertension. page 

Facsimile Prescription 445 

Aconite ( $ ) 47 

Amyl Nitrite 66 

Potassium Bitartrate (3) ... 268 

Sodium Nitrite (3) 295 

Veratrum 320 

(See also Apoplexy, Nephritis, 
Uremia, etc.) 

Hysteria. 

Facsimile Prescription 431 

Ammonia ( 3 ) 61 

Arsenic (3) 77 

Asafetida (3) 79 

Bromides 101 

Camphor 112 

Ether, Spirit (3) 52 

Ginger ($) 326 

Glycerophosphates 30 

Hops 181 

Hyoscyamus 195 

Hypophosphites 30 

Iron (3) 164 

Lactucarium 211 

Musk 224 

Paraldehyde (3) 250 

Peppermint 219 

Sumbul (3) 305, 306 

Valerates (3) ' 319 

Valerian (3) 318 

Ileocolitis. See Enterocolitis. 

Impetigo. 

Bismuth (3) 99 

Mercury (3) 190 

Sulphur 304 

Indigestion. 

Facsimile Prescription 452 

Acid, Hydrochloric 27, 28 

Acid, Nitrohydrochloric 32 

Acid, Phosphoric 33 

Ammonium ( 3 ) 62 

Betanaphthol 94 

Bismuth (3) 98 

Capsicum 117 

Charcoal 117 

Chloroform (3) 127 

Hops 181 

Hydrastis 193 

Ipecac 206 



CLINICAL INDEX. 



527 



Indigestion (continued). page 

Malt 218 

Nux Vomica (B) 228-230 

Oxgall 159 

Pepsin (B) 252, 253 

Quassia 274 

Serpentaria 288 

Strychnine (B) 230 

Indigestion, Acute. 

Ammonia ( B ) 62 

Chlorofrm ($) 127 

Ether ($) 52 

Opium (B) 246 

Peppermint (B) 220 

Valerian (B) 318 

Indolent Ulcers. See Ulcers. 

Infections, Local. 

Facsimile Prescription 489 

Aconite 47 

Alcohol 56 

Belladonna (B) 89 

Cresol 149 

Hamamelis 179 

Ichthyol (3) 198 

Iodine 199 

Lead 264 

Mercury (B) 189 

Potassium Permanganate .... 271 

Inflammation. See Infections, 
Local. 

Influenza. 

Acetphenetidin ( B ) 18 

Acid, Acetylsalicylic (B) ... 42 

Ammonium ( Ifc ) 65 

Belladonna (IJ) 90 

Caffeine (B) 104 

Calomel ($) 185 

Camphor (3) 112, 114 

Citrates 24 

Codeine (U) 245 

Opium (B) 248 

Phenyl Salicylate (3) 40 

Quinine (B) 135 

Insect Bites. 

Hamamelis 179 

Iodine (B) 201 

Witchhazel 179 

Insomnia. - 

Hydrated Chloral 124 



Insomnia (continued). page 

Paraldehyde (3) 250 

Sulphonethylmethane ( Ifc ) ... 302 
Sulphonmethane ( B ) 303 

Intestinal Parasites. See Hook- 
worm, Pinworm, Roundworm, 
Dysentery, etc. 

Itch. See Scabies. 

Jaundice. 

Acid, Nitrohydrochloric 32 

Hexamethylenamine 180 

Mercury 184 

Olive Oil 236 

Sodium Phosphate (B) 296 

(See also Calculi, Malaria, etc.) 

La Grippe. See Influenza. 

Laryngitis. 

Acid, Lactic 31 

Aconite 48 

Benzoin (3) 91 

Bromide (B) 102 

Camphor (B) 112 

Creosote (3) 148 

Ipecac (B) 208 

Menthol (U) 222 

Potassium Chlorates 269 

(See also Bronchitis, Cough, 
Influenza, etc.) 

Leucorrhea. 

Facsimile Prescription 491 

Boroglyceride (B) 22 

Ichthyol (B) 198 

Iodine ($) 201 

Potassium Permanganate (f£). 271 
(See also Endometritis, Gonor- 
rhea, etc.) 

Lymphadenitis. 

Facsimile Prescriptions, 475, 

477, 493, 495 

Belladonna (B) 89 

Ichthyol (B) 198 

Iodine (3) 200 

Guaiacol (5) 177 

Lymphangitis. See Lymphadenitis. 

Malaria. 

Facsimile Prescriptions, 450, 

451, 463 

Acid, Sulphuric 43 

Arsenic (Ifc) 77 



528 



CLINICAL INDEX. 



Malaria (continued). page 

Iron (ft) 163, 165 

Quinine (ft) 133-136 

Mastitis. 

Facsimile Prescription 477 

Aconite (ft) 48 

Belladonna (ft) 89 

Cataplasm of Kaolin 210 

Ichthyol (ft) 198 

Iodine (ft) 200 

Menorrhagia. 

Facsimile Prescription 461 

Ergot (ft) 156 

Hydrastis (ft) 193 

Strychnine (ft) 229 

(See also Endometritis, Subin- 
volution, etc.) 

Metrorrhagia. See Menorrhagia. 

Measles. See Bronchitis, Coryza, 
Cough, etc. 

Migraine. See Headache. 

Miliaria. See Prickly Heat. 

Myalgia. 

Facsimile Prescription 494 

Chloroform (ft) 128 

Menthol (ft) 223 

t (See also Rheumatism.) 

Nasal Catarrh. 

Facsimile Prescription 481 

Acid, Boric 20 

Cubeb 150 

Eucalyptol (ft) 158 

Petrolatum, Liquid (ft) 254 

Sodium Bicarbonate (ft) ... 293 
Thymol 312 

Nausea. 

Acid, Hydrocyanic 28 

Bismuth (ft) 98 

Cerium Oxalate ( ft ) 123 

Cocaine (ft) 139 

Nutmeg 225 

Phenol 256 

Nephritis 

Facsimile Prescription 459 

Ammonium Acetate 62 

Digitalis (ft) 153 

Gold and Sodium Chloride . . 84 

Ichthyol 197 

Iodides ... 203 



Nephritis (continued). page 

Jalap (ft) 209 

Oil of Juniper 233 

Oil of Turpentine 309 

Potassium Acetate (ft) 267 

Potassium Bicarbonate 268 

Potassium Bitartrate (ft) ... 268 

Sodium Nitrite 295 

Squill 286 

(See also* Dropsy, Uremia, etc.) 

Nervousness. See Hysteria, Neu- 
rasthenia, etc. 

Neuralgia. 

Aconite ( ft ) 48 

Antipyrine 69 

Belladonna 87 

Caffeine (ft) 105 

Canabis Indica 115 

Cantharides 116 

Camphor (ft) 113 

Chloroform (ft) 128 

Colchicum 143 

Gelsemium 170 

Hydrated Chloral 125 

Menthol 222 

Nutmeg 225 

Salicylates 36 

(See also Headache and Rheu- 
matism.) 

Neurasthenia. 

Acetic Acid 19 

Arsenic (ft) 76 

Asafetida (ft) 79 

Glycerophosphates 30 

Gold and Sodium Chloride . . 84 

Hypophosphites 30 

Iron (ft) 164 

Lactucarium 211 

Musk 224 

Phosphorus (ft) 260 

Sumbul (ft) 305, 306 

Valerates (ft) 319 

Valerian (ft) 318 

New Growths. 

Acid, Glacial Acetic 19 

Acid, Nitric 32 

Acid, Trichloracetic 46 

Arsenic 76 

Chromium Trioxide 129 



CLINICAL INDEX. 



529 



New Growths (continued). page 

Potassium Hydroxide 270 

Orchitis. 

Facsimile Prescriptions . .477, 495 

Belladonna (3) 89 

Guaiacol .($) 177 

. Ichthyol (3) 198 

Lead 265 

Opium (B) 248 

Otitis Media. 

Facsimile Prescription 492 

Alcohol 56 

Phenol (3) 257 

Palpitation. 

Bromides (B) 101 

Hyoscyamus (B) 195 

Strychnine ($) 230 

Sumbul (3) 305 

Valerates ($) 319 

(See also Hysteria and Neu- 
rasthenia.) 

Pharyngitis. 

Facsimile Prescription 439 

Acid, Sulphurous (Ifc) 44 

Acid, Tannic (I*) 45 

Argyrol 74 

Ferric Chloride, Tintcure (B). 166 

Potassium Chlorate ($) .... 270 

Thymol 312 

Phthisis. See Tuberculosis. 

Pinworms. 

Castor Oil 237 

Quassia (3) 274 

Quinine (R) 137 

Santonin, (B) 282 

Pleurisy. 

Cataplasm of Kaolin 210 

Iodine 199 

Mustard 290 

(See also Bronchitis, Cough, 
and Influenza.) 

Pneumonia. 

Aconite 47 

Alcohol 56 

Ammonium 63 

Benzoin 91 

Camphor 112 

Cataplasm of Kaolin 210 

Citrates (3) 25 



Pneumonia (continued). page 

Codeine 244 

Creosote (3) 147, 148 

Ipecac (U) 207 

Mustard 290 

Squill 286 

Strychnine 227 

(See also Bronchitis, Cough, 
and Influenza.) 

Prickly Heat. 

Facsimile Prescription 479 

Acid, Boric (3) 21 

Salicylic (3) 35 

Bismuth 96 

Starch (3) 67 

Zinc Oxide (3) 323 

Pruritus. 

Facsimile Prescription 474 

Acid, Hydrocyanic 28 

Acid, Salicylic 34 

Argyrol 74 

Camphor (B) 113 

Cocaine (B) 142 

Hydrated Chloral ($) 125 

Menthol (3) 222, 223 

Phenol ($) 257, 259 

Starch 67 

Sulphuric (B) 304 

Psoriasis. 

Acid, Salicylic (3) 35 

Chrysarobin (B) 129 

Colodion ($) 144 

Ether ($) 52 

Purpura. 

Calcium Chloride (B) 108 

Calcium Lactate 107 

Cotarnine Hydrochloride 146 

Ergot 155 

Pyelitis. 

Hexamethylenamine (B) 180 

Methylene Blue 223 

Uva Ursi 317 

Pyorrhcea Alveolaris. 

Acid, Boric (3) 21 

Renal Colic. See Calculi. 

Retention of Urine. See Cal- 
culi and Nephritis. 

Rheumatism. 

Facsimile Prescriptions ...441, 494 



34 



530 



CLINICAL INDEX. 



Rheumatism (continued). page 

Acid, Acetylsalicylic 41 

Acid, Salicylic 34 

Arnica 75 

Belladonna ($) 89 

Chloroform (R) 128 

Citrates 24 

Colchicum (U) 143 

Guaiac 178 

Guaiacol Carbonate (B) 178 

Ichthyol 197 

Iodides 203 

Lithium (B) 24 

Mezereum 224 

Nutmeg 225 

Oil of Turpentine 309 

Phnyl Salicylate 39 

Potassium Bicarbonate 268 

Salicin 281 

Salicylates 36 

Stillingia 300 

Xanthoxylon 322 

(See also Arthritis.) 

Rhinitis. 

Facsimile Prescriptions . . .481-487 

Acid, Boric 20 

Antipyrine ( Ifc ) 70 

Argyrol 74 

Eucalyptol (3) 158 

(See also Coryza and Influ- 
enza.) 

Ringworm. See Tinea. 

Roundworms. 

Calomel 185 

Oil of Turpentine 309 

Phenyl Salicylate (B) 39 

Santonin (3) 282 

Spigelia 299 

Thymol 312 

Salivation. 

Acid, Tannic (U) 45 

Belladonna (3) 90 

Honey of Rose (U) 279 

Myrrh 225 

Scabies. 

Facsimile Prescription 471 

Betanaphthol (B) 95 

Chalk (H) 110 



Scabies (continued). page 

Lard (B.) 49 

Oil of Cade (B) 232 

Resorcinol (3) 277 

Sodium Thiosulphate 297 

Soft Soap (U) 284 

Staphisagria 300 

Sulphur (B-) 305 

Seborrhea. 

Betanaphthol (Ifc.) 94, 95 

Castor Oil ($) 238 

Resorcinol (U) 276 

Spirit of Myrcia (B) 299 

Sinusitis. 

Facsimile Prescription 487 

Antipyrine 70 

Benzoin (B) 91 

Bismuth 96 

Menthol (U) 222 

(See also Coryza, Influenza, 
Headache, etc.) 

Spasmodic Laryngitis. See Croup. 

Sprain. 

Arnica 75 

Cataplasm of Kaolin 210 

Chloroform (B) 128 

Lead Acetate 264 

Menthol (B) 223 

Oil of Turpentine 309 

Stomatitis. 

Facsimile Prescription 439 

Acacia (B) 14 

Acid, Boric 20 

Sulphurous ( B ) 44 

Borax 293 

Ferric Chloride, Tincture ( Ifc ) . 166 

Hydrogen Peroxide 214 

Myrrh ($) 225 

Potassium Chlorate (3) .... 270 

Subinvolution. 

Boroglyceride (B) 22 

Ergot (3) 156 

Glycerin 172 

Iodine (U) 201 

Quinine (B) 134 

Strychnine (B) 230 

Syphilis 

Facsimile} Prescriptions ...453, 469 

Acid, Nitric 32 



CLINICAL INDEX. 



531 



Syphilis (continued) . page 

Arsenic 76 

Iodides (B) 204, 205 

Iodoform 198 

Mercury, Ammoniated ( U ) .191, 192 
Mercury, Corrosive Chloride 

(B) 187, 188, 190 

Mercury, Mass (3) 188, 189 

Mercury, Ointment (3) .188, 189 
Mercury.Mild Chloride (3). 186, 189 
Mercury, Red Iodide ($) ... 187 
Mercury, Yellow Iodide (B). 186 
Mercury with Chalk ($).... 186 

Sarsaparilla (B) 285 

Stillingia 300 

Xanthoxylon 322 

Tapeworm. 

Aspidium ($) 80 

Chloroform (B) 127 

Croton Oil 239 

Granatum 176 

Pelletierine 176 

Pumpkin Seed 251 

Resorcinol 276 

Threatened Abortion. See Abor- 
tion, Threatened. 

Tinea. 

Facsimile Prescription 471 

Acid, Salicylic 91 

Betanaphthol (U) 95 

Chrysarobin (U) 129 

Corrosive Mercuric Chlo- 
ride 91, 189 

Hydrous Wool-fat (B) 50 

Oil of Cade (3) 233 

Resorcinol 276 

Sodium Thiosulphate ( B ) . . 298 
Sulphur (B) 304 

Tinea Versicolor. 

Corrosive Mercuric Chloride 

(3) 189 

Sodium Thiosulphate (B) ... 298 
(See also Tinea.) 

Tonsillitis. 

Facsimile Prescriptions ..483,493 

Acetphenetidin 18 

Acid, Acetylsalicylic 41 

Acid, Sulphurous (Ifc) 44 

Acid, Tannic ( B ) 45 



Tonsillitis (continued). page 

Aconite (B) 47 

Argyrol (B) 74 

Ferric Chloride, Tincture (IJ). 166 

Guaiac 178 

Guaiacol 177 

Hydrogen Peroxide 214 

Iodine (B) 201 

Myrrh 225 

Phenyl Salicylate 39 

Phenol (S) 257 

Potassium Chlorate ( B ) 270 

Protargol 74 

Salicin 281 

Salicylates (B) 38 

Silver Nitrate 72 

Toothache. 

Facsimile Prescription 493 

Aconite (B) 48 

Creosote 147 

Iodine (3) 201 

Oil of Cloves 119 

Tuberculosis. 

Acid, Lactic 31 

Bismuth Paste 96 

Calomel (R) 185 

Codliver Oil 235 

Codliver Oil (3) 31 

Creosote (U) 147, 148 

Creosote Carbonate (R) 147 

Glycerophosphates 30 

Guaiacol 177 

Hypophosphites (B) 31 

Ichthyol 197 

Iodoform 198 

Olive Oil 236 

Terpin Hydrate 310 

(See also Anorexia, Cough 
etc.) 

Turgescent Rhinitis. See Rhi- 
nitis, Turgescent. 

Tympanites. 

Asafetida (U) 80 

Bismuth (U) 97 

Eserine 261 

Hypophysis 197 

Oil of Turpentine (3) 310 

Oxgall 159 

Phenyl Salicylate (B) 40 



532 



CLINICAL INDEX. 



Typhoid Fever. page 

Facsimile Prescription 456 

Asafetida (B) 79 

Betanaphthol (3) 94 

Bismuth (B) 97, 98 

Brandy 56 

Citrates 24 

Hexamethylenamine (I£) 180 

Iodine 199 

Menthol 222 

Phenyl Salicylate ($) 39 

Phenolsulphonates 259 

Oil of Turpentine 310 

(See also Diarrhea, Tympani- 
tes, etc.) 

Ulcers. 

Acid, Glacial Acetic 19 

Acid, Nitric 32 

Acid, Trichloracetic 46 

Balsam of Peru (B) 84 

Bismuth 96 

Calamine 105 

Eucalyptol 158 

Hydrogen Peroxide 214 

Iodine 199 

Mercury (B) 192 

Mezereum 224 

Phenol 256 

Potassium Hydroxide 270 

Prepared Chalk 107 

Protargol .' 74 

Quinine 132 

Silver Nitrate 72 

Zinc Chloride 322 

(See also Syphilis, etc.) 

Uremia. 

Croton Oil (U) 239 

Digitalis (3) 154 

Elaterin 154 

Glucose 172 

Jalap ($) 209 

Pilocarpine 262 

Veratrum 320 

(See also Hypertension, Ne- 
phritis, etc.) 

Urethritis. See Cystitis and 
Gonorrhea. 



Vaginitis. page 

Facsimile Prescription 491 

Acid, Boric 20 

Alum 60 

Argyrol (B) 74 

Boroglyceride (3) 22 

Iodine (B) 201 

Lead Acetate 264 

Potassium Permanganate (.B) 271 

Silver Nitrate 72 

Zinc Sulphate 325 

(See also Gonorrhea, Pruritus, 
etc.) 

Vomiting. 

Acetanilide (Ifr) "... 15 

Acid, Sulphurous 44 

Amyl Nitrite 66 

Arsenic ($.) 78 

Bismuth 96 

Cerium Oxalate (B) 123 

Cocaine (3.) 139 

Iodine 199 

Peppermint (I*) 220 

Phenol 256 

(See also Nausea.) 

Vulvitis. 

Argyrol (3) 74 

Acid, Salicylic (B) 34 

Cocaine (3) 139 

(See also Leucorrhea, Pruritus, 
Vaginitis, etc.) 

Whooping-cough. 

Facsimile Prescription 423 

Antipyrine (B) 70 

Asafetida 79 

Belladonna (U) 88 

Benzoin ($) 91 

Bromof orm 100 

Gelsemium 170 

Hyoscyamus ( I£ ) 196 

Lactucarium 211 

Quinine 132 

Terpin Hydrate 310 

(See also> Bronchitis, Cough, 
Laryngitis, etc.) 

Worms. See Hookworms, Pin- 
worms, Roundworms, Tape- 
worms, etc. 



CLINICAL INDEX. 533 

Wounds. page Wounds (continued). page 

Alcohol 56 Mercury (B) 189 

Cresol 149 Potassium Permanganate .... 271 

Hamamelis 179 Oil of Turpentine 309 

Iodine 199 Witchhazel 179 

^ Iodoform 198 (See also Infections, Local.) 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE 

Abbreviations 344 

Abortif acient 4 

Absolute Alcohol 55 

Absorbent Cotton 175 

Acacia 13 

Acetanilid 14 

Acetanilidum 14 

Acetic Acid 19 

Acetone 17 

Acetonum 17 

Acetphenetidin 17 

Acetphenetidinum 17 

Acetum 1 

Scillae 286 

Acetylsalicylic Acid 41 

Acid, Acetic 19 

Acetic, Diluted 19 

Acetic, Glacial 19 

Acetylsalicylic 41 

Arsenous 75 

Benzoic 91 

Boracic 19 

Boric 19 

Carbolic 255 

Citric 22 

Chromic 128 

Gallic 26 

Hydriodic, Diluted 202 

Hydrobromic, Diluted 100 

Hydrochloric 26 

Hydrochloric, Diluted 27 

Hydrocyanic, Diluted 28 

Hypophosphorous 29 

Hypophosphorous, Diluted ... 29 

Lactic 31 

Muriatic 26 

Nitric 31 

Nitrohydrochloric 32 

Nitrohydrochloric, Diluted ... 32 

Nitromuriatic 32 

Oleic 32 



PAGE 

Acid, Phosphoric 33 

Phosphoric, Diluted 33 

Prussic, Diluted 28 

Salicylic 33 

Stearic 42 

Sulphuric 42 

Sulphuric, Aromatic 42 

Sulphuric, Diluted 42 

Sulphurous 43 

Tannic 44 

Tartaric 46 

Trichloracetic 46 

Acidum Aceticum 19 

Aceticum Dilutum 19 

Aceticum Glaciale 19 

Acet3 r lsalicylicum 41 

Benzoicum 91 

Boricum 19 

Citricum 22 

Gallicum 26 

Hydriodicum Dilutum 202 

Hydrobromicum Dilutum .... 100 

Hydrochloricum 26 

Hydrochloricum Dilutum .... 27 

Hydrocyanicum Dilutum .... 28 

Hypophosphorosum 29 

Hypophosphorosum Dilutum.. 29 

Lacticum 31 

Nitricum 31 

Nitrohydrochloricum 32 

Nitrohydrochloricum Dilutum. 32 

Oleicum 32 

Phenylcinchoninicum 32 

Phosphoricum 33 

Phosphoricum Dilutum 33 

Picricum 315 

Pyrogallic 273 

Salicylicum 33 

Stearicum 42 

Sulphuricum 42 

Sulphuricum Aromaticum 42 

(535) 



536 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE 

Acidum, Sulphuricum Dilutum . 42 

Sulphurosum 43 

Tannicum 44 

Tartaricum 46 

Trichloraceticum 46 

Aconite 46 

Extract 47 

Fluidextract 47 

Root 46 

Tincture 47 

Aconitina 47 

Aconitine 47 

Aconitum 46 

Adeps 49 

Benzoinatus 49 

Lanse 50 

Lanae Hydrosus 50 

Adhesive Plaster 155 

Adjuvant 353 

Elixir 175 

^Ether 51 

iEthylis Carbamas 54 

Chloridum 54 

yEthylmorphinse Hydrochloridum 241 

Agar 55 

Alcohol 1, 55 

Absolute 55 

Absolutum 55 

Dehydratum 55 

Diluted 55 

Dilutum 55 

Ethyl 50 

Aldehyde 1 

Alkali 1 

Alkaloid" 1 

Almond, Bitter 65 

Sweet 66 

Aloe 57 

Aloes 57 

Tincture of 58 

Aloin 58 

Aloinum 58 

Alterative 1 

Althaea 59 

Alum 59 

Burnt 60 

Dried 60 

Exsiccated 60 



page 

Alumen 59 

Exsiccatum 60 

Alumini Hydroxidum 61 

Aluminum Hydroxide 61 

American Hellebore 319 

Oil 253 

Ammonia Liniment 62 

Water 61 

Water, Stronger 61 

Ammoniated Glycyrrhizin 175 

Mercury 181 

Mercury, Ointment of 181 

Tincture of Guaiac 178 

Tincture of Valerian 317 

Ammonii Benzoas 92 

Bromidum 100 

Carbonas 63 

Chloridum 64 

Iodidum 202 

Salicylas 36 

Ammonium 61 

Alum 59 

Benzoate 92 

Bromide 100 

Carbonate 63 

Chloride 64 

Ichthyosulphonate 197 

Iodide 202 

Muriate 64 

Salicylate 36 

Amygdala Amara 65 

Dulcis 66 

Amyl Nitrite 66 

Amylis Nitris 66 

Amylum 67 

Analgesic 1 

Anaphrodisiac 1 

Anesthetic 1 

Anise 68 

Oil 68 

Spirit 68 

Water 68 

Aniseed 68 

Anisum 68 

Anodyne 1 

Antacid 1 

Anthelmintic 1 

Antidiphtheric Serum 288 



GENERAL INDEX. 



537 



PAGE 

Antiemetic 1 

Antif ebrin 14 

Antigalactagogue 1 

Antilithic 2 

Antimalarial 2 

Antimonii et Potassii Tartras... 68 
Antimony and Potassium Tar- 
trate 68 

Antiphlogistic 2 

Antipyretic 2 

Antipyrina 69 

Antipyrine 69 

Antirheumatic 2 

Antiscorbutic 2 

Antiseptic 2 

Antisialagogue 2 

Antisialic 2 

Antispasmodic 2 

Antisyphilitic 2 

Antitoxin, Diphtheria 288 

Purified 288 

Antitetanic Serum 289 

Purified 289 

Antizymotic 2 

Aperient 2 

Aphrodisiac 2 

Apomorphina? Hydrochloridum.. 242 

Apomorphine Hydrochloride . . . 242 

Apothecaries' Measures 330 

Weights 330 

Approximate Measures 331 

Aqua 2, 70 

Ammoniae 61 

Ammonia? Fortior 61 

Amygdalae Amara? 65 

Anisi 68 

Aurantii Florum 82 

Aurantii Florum Fortior 82 

Camphorae Ill 

Chloroformi 126 

Cinnamomi 138 

Creosoti 147 

Destillata 71 

Destillata Sterilizata 72 

Fceniculi 168 

Fortis 31 

Hamamelidis 179 

Hydrogenii Dioxidi 214 



page 

Aqua Mentha? Piperita? 219 

Mentha? Viridis 221 

Regia 32 

Rosa? 278 

Rosa? Fortior 278 

Aquae Aromatica? 71 

Argentum 72 

Argenti Nitras 72 

Nitras Fusus 72 

Oxidum 72 

Argyrol 74 

Arnica 74 

Flowers 74 

Tincture 75 

Aromatic Elixir 82 

Elixir of Eriodictyon 157 

Fluidextract 138 

Fluidextract of Cascara Sa- 

grada 120 

Powder 138 

Solution of Pepsin 51 

Spirit of Ammonia 61 

Syrup of Eriodictyon 157 

Sulphuric Acid 42 

Syrup of Rhubarb 277 

Tincture of Rhubarb 277 

Waters 71 

Arrangement of Prescriptions . . 387 

Arseni Iodidum 75 

Trioxidum 75 

Arsenic 75 

Antidote 160 

Iodide 75 

Trioxide 75 

White 75 

Arsenous Acid 75 

Iodide 75 

Arsenum 75 

Asafetida 78 

Emulsion 79 

Pills 79 

Tincture 79 

Asafoetida 78 

Astringent 2 

Aspidium 80 

Oleoresin 80 

Aspidosperma 81 

Aspirin 41 



538 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE 

Atropina 87 

Atropinae Sulphas 87 

Atropine 87 

Sulphate 87 

Attar of Rose 278 

Aurantii Amari Cortex 81 

Dulcis Cortex 81 

Auri et Sodii Chloridum 84 

Avoirdupois Weights 329 

Balsam of Copaiba 145 

of Peru 84 

of Tolu 85 

Balsams 2 

Balsamum Peruvianum 84 

Tolutanum ' 85 

Bark 2 

Base 2 

Basham's Mixture 161 

Basic Substance 2 

Basis 353 

Bay Rum 299 

Bearberry 317 

Belladonna 86 

Leaves 86 

Leaves, Extract of 86 

Leaves, Tincture of 86 

Liniment 87 

Ointment 87 

Plaster 86 

Root 86 

Root, Fluidextract of 86 

Belladonnas Folia 86 

Radix 86 

Benzaldehyde 90 

Benzaldehydum 90 

Benzin 90 

Purified 90 

Benzinum 90 

Purificatum 90 

Benzoates 92 

Benzoic Acid 91 

Benzoin 90 

Tincture 90 

Tincture, Compound 91 

Benzoinated Lard 49 

Benzoinum 90 

Benzosulphinide 93 



page 

Benzosulphinidum 93 

Betaeucainse Hydrochloridum. . . 93 

Betanaphthol 94 

Bichloride of Mercury 181 

Biniodide of Mercury 182 

Bismuth 95 

and Ammonium Citrate 96 

Subcarbonate 96 

Subgallate 96 

Subnitrate 96 

Subsalicylate 96 

Bismuthi et Ammonii Citras ... 96 

Subcarbonas 96 

Subgallas 96 

Subnitras 96 

Subsalicylas 96 

Bismuthum 95 

Bitter Almond 65 

Almond-Water 65 

Apple 144 

Orange Peel 81 

Orange Peel, Fluidextract ... 81 

Orange Peel, Tincture 81 

Black Cohosh 130 

Draught 287 

Haw 320 

Iron 159 

Mustard 291 

Pepper 262 

Snake-root 130 

Blaud's Pills 160 

Bloodroot 281 

Blue Gum Leaves 157 

Blue Mass 181 

Ointment 181 

Pill 181 

Stone 150 

Vitriol 150 

Boracic Acid 19 

Borax 293 

Boric Acid 19 

Boroglyceride, Solution 20 

Brandy 55 

Bromides 100 

Bromine 100 

Bromoform 100 

Bromof ormum 100 

Bromum 100 



GENERAL INDEX. 



539 



PAGE 

Brown Mixture 175 

Mustard 291 

Buchu 103 

Fulidextract 103 

Buckthorn 168 

Bulb 3 

Burnt Alum 60 

Cacao Butter 238 

Caffeina 103 

Citrata s 104 

Citrata Effervescens 104 

Caffeinae Sodiobenzoas 104 

Caffeine 103 

Citrated 104 

Citrated, Effervescent 104 

Sodiobenzoate 104 

Calabar Bean 261 

Calamina Praeparata 105 

Calamine, Prepared 105 

Calcii Bromidum 100 

Carbonas Praecipitatus 106 

Chloridum 106 

Glycerophosphas 30 

Hypophosphis 29 

Lactas 106 

Sulphidum Crudum 106 

Calcined Magnesia 215 

Calcium 106 

Bromide 100 

Carbonate Precipitated 106 

Chloride 106 

Glycerophosphate 30 

Hypophosphite 29 

Lactate 106 

Oxide 106 

Sulphide, Crude 106 

Calculating Amounts on Pre- 
scriptions 363 

Calomel 182 

Calumba 110 

Tincture 110 

Calx 106 

Chlorinata 106 

Sulphurata 106 

Cambogia 110 

Camphor Ill 

Liniment Ill 



page 

Camphor, Monobromated Ill 

Spirit Ill 

Water Ill 

Camphora Ill 

Monobromata Ill 

Camphorated Oil Ill 

Tincture of Opium 240 

Cane Sugar 280 

Cannabis 114 

Indica 114 

Cantharidal Collodion 116 

Cantharides 116 

Cerate 116 

Collodion 116 

Plaster 116 

Tincture 116 

Cantharis 116 

Capsicum 116 

Oleoresin 117 

Plaster 117 

Tincture 117 

Caraway 119 

Oil 119 

Carbo Ligni 117 

Carbolic Acid 255 

Carbon Copies of Prescriptions. 385 

Cardamom Seed 117 

Tincture 118 

Tincture, Compound 118 

Cardamomum 117 

Care as to Writing Prescriptions 386 
of Carbon Copies of Prescrip- 
tions 385 

Carminative 3 

Carolina Jasmine 170 

Carron Oil 107 

Carum 1 19 

Caryophyllus 119 

Cascara Sagrada 119 

Extract 119 

Fluidextract 120 

Fluidextract, Aromatic 120 

Castile Soap 283 

Castor Oil 236 

Cataplasma Kaolini 209 

Cataplasm of Kaolin 209 

Catechu 121 

Pale 169 



540 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE 

Cathartic 3 

Caustic 3, 72 

Potash 270 

Soda 294 

Caustics 3 

Cayenne Pepper 116 

Cera Alba 122 

Flava 122 

Cerata 122 

Cerate 3, 122 

Cantharides 116 

Cerates 122 

Ceratum 3, 122 

Cantharidis 116 

Cerii Oxalas 122 

Cerium Oxalate 122 

Cetaceum 123 

Ceylon Cinnamon 138 

Chalk Mixture 107 

Chalybeate Pills . .' 160 

Chamomile, German 219 

Charcoal, Wood 117 

Charta 3 

Sinapis 291 

Chloral '. 123 

Chloralum Hydratum 123 

Chlorinated Lime 106 

Chloroform 125 

Liniment 126 

Spirit 126 

Water 126 

Chloroformum 125 

Choice of Vehicles for Prescrip- 
tions 365 

Cholagogue 3 

Chondrus 128 

Chromii Trioxidum 128 

Chromium Trioxide 128 

Chrysarobin 129 

Ointment 129 

Chrysarobinum 129 

Cimicifuga 130 

Extract 130 

Fluidextract 130 

Cinchona 130 

Fluidextract 130 

Rubra 130 

Tincture 130 



PAGE 

Cinchona, Tincture, Compound . 131 

Cinchonidinse Sulphas 132 

Cinchonidine Sulphate 132 

Cinchoninae Sulphas 132 

Cinchonine Sulhpate 132 

Cinchonism 132 

Treatment 132 

Cinnamomum 138 

Saigonicum 138 

Zeylanicum 138 

Cinnamon 138 

Ceylon 138 

Saigon 138 

Spirit 138 

Tincture 138 

Water 138 

Citrate, Lithium 23 

Potassium 23 

Sodium 23 

Citrated Caffeine 104 

Citrates 23 

Citric Acid 22 

Citrine Ointment 183 

Clarified Honey 219 

Clove 119 

Oil 119 

Cocaina 139 

Cocainae Hydrochloridum 139 

Cocaine 139 

Hydrochloride 139 

Coccus 142 

Cochineal 142 

Cocoa Butter 238 

Codeina 241 

Codeinae Phosphas 241 

Sulphas 241 

Codeine 241 

Phosphate 241 

Sulphate 241 

Codliver Oil 235 

Emulsion 235 

Emulsion with Hypophosphites 235 

Colchici Cormus 142 

Semen 142 

Colchicina 142, 143 

Colchicine 142, 143 

Colchicum 142 

Corm 142 



GENERAL INDEX. 



541 



PAGE 

Colchicum, Extract 142 

Fluidextract 142 

Seed 142 

Tincture 143 

Cold Cream 278 

Collodion 3, 143 

Cantharidal 116 

Flexible 143 

Collodium 3, 143 

Cantharidatnm 116 

Flexile 143 

Colocynth 144 

Extract 144 

Extract, Compound 144 

Colocynthis 144 

Columbo 110 

Comparative Dosage of Prepa- 
rations 378 

Compound Chalk Powder 107 

Digestive Elixir 251 

Effervescing Powder . .. 272 

Ether 5 

Extract of Colocynth 144 

Fliudextract of Sarsaparilla.. . 284 

Infusion of Senna 286 

Laxative Pills 58 

Mixture of Glycyrrhiza 175 

Pills of Rhubarb 277 

Powder of Glycyrrhiza 175 

Powder of Jalap 209 

Powder of Rhubarb 277 

Solution of Cresol 149 

Solution of Iodine 199 

Solution of Sodium Phosphate 296 

Spirit of Juniper 233 

Spirit of Orange 82 

Syrup of Glycerophosphates.. 161 

Syrup of Hypophosphites 30 

Syrup of Sarsaparilla 284 

Syrup of Squill 286 

Tincture of Bezoin 91 

Tincture of Cardamom 118 

Tincture of Cinchona 131 

Tincture of Gambir 169 

Tincture of Gentian 170 

Tincture of Iodine 199 

Tincture of Lavender 234 



page 
Concentrated Diphtheria Anti- 
toxin 288 

Concentrated Mixtures 373 

Tetanus Antitoxin 289 

Confectio 3 

Confection 3 

Cooking Soda 291 

Copaiba 145 

Copies of Prescriptions to Suc- 
cessor 386 

Copper Sulphate 150 

Copperas 161 

Coriander 146 

Oil 146 

Seed 146 

Coriandrum 146 

Corm 3 

Corrective 353 

Corrosive Mercuric Chloride.... 181 

Sublimate 181 

Cosmoline 253 

Cotarninae Hydrchloridum 146 

Cotarnine Hydrochloride 146 

Cotton, Absorbent 175 

-root Bark 175 

Couch-grass 316 

Counterirritant 3 

Cramp-bark 320 

Cream of Tartar 268 

Creosotal 147 

Creosote 146 

Carbonate 147 

Water , 147 

Creosotum 146 

Cresol 149 

Compound Solution 149 

Creta Prseparata 107 

Croton Oil 238 

Cubeb 149 

Oil 150 

Oleoresin 150 

Troches 150 

Cubeba 149 

Cubic Centimeter 334 

Culver's Root 211 

Cupri Sulphas 150 

Dandelion 308 

Deadlv Night-shade 86 



542 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE 

Decoction 3, 150 

Decoctum 3, 150 

Definitions 1 

Dehydrated Alcohol 55 

Deliriant 3 

Delirifacient 3 

Demulcent 3 

Deodorant 3 

Deodorized Opium . . . 240 

Depressant 4 

Desiccated Hypopsysis 196 

Pituitary Body 196 

Diaceytlmorphine 242 

Hydrochloride 242 

Diacetylmorphinae 242 

Hydrochloridum 242 

Diachylon Ointment 264 

Plaster 264 

Diaphoretic 4 

Diastase 151 

Diastasum 151 

Digestant 4 

Digitalin .151 

Digitalinum 151 

Digitalis 151 

Fluidextract 151 

Infusion 151 

Tincture 151 

Diluted Acetic Acid 19 

Alcohol 55 

Hydriodic Acid 202 

Hydrobromic Acid 100 

Hydrochloric Acid 27 

Hydrocyanic Acid 28 

Hypophosphorous Acid 29 

Lunar Caustic 72 

Muriatic Acid 27 

Nitrohydrochloric Acid 32 

Nitromuriatic Acid 32 

Phosphoric Acid S3 

Prussic Acid 28 

Solution of Lead Subacetate.. 264 

Sulphuric Acid 42 

Dionin 241 

Diphtheria Antitoxin 288 

Disinfectant 4 

Dispensatory 379 

Distilled Water 71 



PAGE 

Diuretic 4 

Dog Button 226 

Domestic Measures 393 

Donovan's Solution 75 

Dover's Powder 240 

Drastic 4 

Dried Alum 60 

Ferrous Sulphate 161 

Dried Antitetanic Serum 290 

Drop Chalk 107 

Duotal 177 

Ecbolic 4 

Effervescent Citrated Caffeine . . 104 

Potassium Citrate 23 

Sodium Phosphate 296 

Elaterin 154 

Trituration 154 

Elaterinum 154 

Elixir 4 

Adjuvant 175 

Aromatic 82 

Aromaticum 82 

Digestive Compound 251 

Digestivum Compositum 251 

Eriodictyi Aromaticum 157 

Ferri, Quininae et Strychninse 

Phosphatum 161 

of Glycyrrhiza 175 

of Iron, Quinine and Strych- 
nine Phosphates 161 

of Lactated Pepsin 251 

of Orange 82 

of Paraldehyde 250 

of Vitriol 42 

Simplex 82 

Elixirs 154 

Elm 316 

Emetic 4 

Emetinse Hydrochloridum 206 

Emetine Hydrochloride 206 

Emmenagogue 4 

Emollient 4 

Emplastrum 4, 155 

Belladonnas 86 

Cantharidstum 116 

Capsici 117 

Elasticum 155 



GENERAL INDEX. 



543 



PAGE 

Emplastrum, Plumbi 264 

Sinajus 291 

Emulsion 4 

of Almond 66 

of Asafetida 79 

of Codliver Oil 235 

of Codliver Oil with Hypo- 
phosphite 235 

of Oil of Turpentine 309 

Emulsions 155 

Emulsum 4 

Amygdalae 66 

Asaf oetidse 79 

Olei Morrhuae 235 

Olei Morrhuae cum Hypophos- 

phitibus 235 

Emulsion Olei Terebinthinae . . . 309 

Epispastic 4 

Epsom Salt 216 

Ergot 155 

Extract 155 

Fluidextract 155 

Ergota 155 

Eriodictyon 157 

Elixir, Aromatic 157 

Fluidextract 157 

Syrup, Aromatic 157 

Errhine 4 

Errors in Prescribing 392 

Escharotic 4 

Eserine Salicylate 261 

Sulphate 261 

Essence of Peppermint 219 

Ester 5 

Ether 5, 51 

Compound 5 

Nitrous, Spirit of 53 

Ethyl Alcohol 55 

Carbamate 54 

Chloride 54 

Ether 51 

Eucaine 93 

Chloride 93 

Ethylmorphine Hydrochloride . . 241 

Chloride 241 

Eucalyptol 158 

Eucalyptus 157 

Fluidextract 157 



PAGE 

Eucalyptus Oil 157 

Eugenol 119 

Examining the Medicine after 

Prescribing 394 

Excitant 5 

Expectorant 5 

Expressed Oil of Almond 66 

Exsiccated Alum 60 

Ferrous Sulphate 161 

Sodium Arsenate 76 

Sodium Phosphate 296 

Extract 5 

of Aconite 47 

of Belladonna Leaves 86 

of Cannabis 115 

of Cascara Sagrada 119 

of Cimicifuga 130 

of Colchicum Corm 142 

of Colocynth 144 

of Colocynth, Compound 144 

of Ergot 155 

of Gelsemium 170 

of Gentian 170 

of Glycyrrhiza, Pure 175 

of Hydrastis 192 

of Hyoscyamus 194 

of Indian Cannabis 115 

of Leptandra 211 

of Malt 218 

of Nux Vomica 226 

of Opium 240 

of Oxgall 159 

of Physostigma 261 

of Rhubarb 277 

of Stramonium 300 

of Sumbul 305 

of Taraxacum 308 

of Witchhazel 179 

Extracts 158 

Extractum 5, 158 

Aconite 47 

Belladonnas Foliorum 86 

Cannabis 115 

Cascarae Sagradae 119 

Cimicifugae 130 

Colchici Cormi 142 

Colocynthidis 144 

Colocynthidis Compositum . . . 144 



544 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE 

Extractum Ergotae 155 

Gelsemii 170 

Gentianae 170 

Glycyrrhizse Purum 175 

Hydrastis 192 

Hyoscyami 194 

Leptandrse 211 

Malti 218 

Nucis Vomicae 228 

Opii 240 

Rhei 277 

Physostigmatis 261 

Stramonii 300 

Sumbul 305 

Taraxaci 308 

Febrifuge 2 

Fel Bovis 159 

Extractum 159 

Inspissatus 159 

Fennel 167 

Oil 168 

Water 168 

Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus .... 160 

Chloridum 160 

et Ammonii Citras 160 

et Quininae Citras 160 

et Quininae Citras Solubilis . . 160 
Hydroxidum cum Magnesii 

Oxido 160 

Phosphas 160 

Phosphas Solubilis 160 

Sulphas 161 

Sulphas Exsiccatus 161 

Sulphas Granulatus 161 

Ferric Chloride 160 

Hydroxide with Magnesium 

Oxide 160 

Phosphate 160 

Ferrous Carbonate, Saccharated. 160 

Sulphate 161 

Sulphate, Exsiccated 161 

Sulphate, Granulated 161 

Ferruginous Pills 160 

Ferrum 159 

Reductum 159 

Flaxseed 213 

Flexible Collodion 143 



page 

Flower 5 

Flowers of Sulphur 303 

Fluidextract 5 

Aromatic 138 

of Aconite 47 

of Belladonna Root 87 

of Bitter Orange Peel 81 

of Buchu 103 

of Cannabis 115 

of Cascara Sagrada 120 

of Cascara Sagrada, Aromatic 120 

of Cimicifuga 130 

of Cinchona 130 

of Colchicum Seed 142 

of Digitalis 151 

of Ergot 155 

of Eriodictyon 157 

of Eucalyptus 157 

of Frangula 168 

of Gelsemium 170 

of Gentian 170 

of Ginger 325 

of Glycyrrhiza 175 

of Grindelia 176 

of Guarana 179 

of Hydrastis 193 

of Hyoscyamus 194 

of Indian Cannabis 115 

of Ipecac 206 

of Leptandra 211 

of Lobelia . . 215 

of Nux Vomica 226 

of Pilocarpus 261 

of Podophyllum 265 

of Pomegranate 176 

of Rhubarb 277 

of Rose 278 

of Sabal 280 

of Sarsaparilla 284 

of Sarsaparilla, Compound ... 284 

of Senega 287 

of Senna 287 

of Serpentaria 297 

of Spigelia 298 

of Squill 286 

of Staphisagria 300 

of Stillingia 300 

of Sumbul 305 



GENERAL INDEX. 



545 



PAGE 

Fluidextract of Taraxacum 308 

of Triticum 316 

of Uva Ursi 317 

of Veratrum 319 

of Viburnum Opulus 320 

of Viburnum Prunifolium . . . 321 

of Xanthoxylum 321 

Fluidextracts 166 

Fluidextractum 5, 166 

Aconiti 47 

Aspidospermatis 81 

Aromaticum 138 

Aurantii Amari 81 

Belladonnas Radicis 87 

Buchu 103 

Cannabis 115 

Cascaras Sagradse 120 

Cascaras Sagradse Aromaticum. 120 

Cimicifugas 130 

Cinchonas 130 

Colchici Seminis 142 

Digitalis 151 

Ergotas 155 

Eriodictyi 157 

Eucalypti 157 

Frangulae 168 

Gelsemii 170 

Gentianas 170 

Glycyrrhizae 175 

Granati 176 

Grindelias 176 

Guaranae 179 

Hydrastis 192 

Hyoscyami 194 

Ipecacuanhas 206 

Leptandrae 211 

Lobelias 215 

Nucis Vomicas 226 

Pilocarpi 261 

Podophylli 265 

Rhei 272 

Rosas 278 

Sabal 280 

Sarsaparillas 284 

Sarsaparillas Compositum .... 284 

Scillas 286 

Senegas - 287 

Sennas 287 



PAGE 

Fluidextractum Spigelias 298 

Staphisagrias 300 

Stillingias 300 

Sumbul 305 

Taraxaci 308 

Tritici 316 

Uvas Ursi 317 

Veratri' 319 

Viburni Opuli 320 

Viburni Prunifolii 321 

Xanthoxyli 321 

Zingiberis 325 

Fceniculum 167 

Formaldehyde 168 

Solution 168 

Troches 168 

Formaldehydum 168 

Formalin 168 

Forms of Administration 380 

Fowler's Solution 75 

Foxglove 151 

Frangula 168 

Fluidextract 168 

Friar's Balsam 91 

Fruit 5 

Galactagogue 5 

Galla 169 

Gallic Acid 26 

Gallotannic Acid 44 

Gambir 169 

Tincture, Compound 169 

Gamboge 110 

Gelatin 169 

Glycerinated 170 

Gelatinum 169 

Glycerinatum 170 

Gelsemium 170 

Fluidextract 170 

Tincture 170 

Gentian 170 

Extract 170 

Fluidextract 170 

Tincture, Compound 170 

Gentiana 170 

German Chamomile 219 

Germicide 5 

Ginger 325 



35 



546 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE 

Ginger, Fluidextract 325 

Oleoresin 326 

Syrup 326 

Tincture 326 

Glacial Acetic Acid 19 

Glauber's Salt 297 

Glucose 172 

Glucoside 5 

Glucosum 172 

Glycerin 172 

Suppositories 172 

Glycerinated Gelatin 170 

Glycerinum 172 

Glycerite 5 

Glycerite of Boroglycerin 20 

of Hydrastis 192 

of Phenol 255 

of Starch 67 

of Tannic Acid 44 

Glycerites 174 

Glyceritum 5, 174 

Acidi Tannici 44 

Amyli 67 

Boroglycerini 20 

Hydrastis 192 

Phenolis 255 

Glycerophosphates 161 

Glyceryl Trinitrate 174 

Glycerylis Nitras 174 

Glycyrrhiza 175 

Extract, Pure 175 

Fluidextract 175 

Mixture, Compound 175 

Powder, Compound 175 

Glycyrrhizinum Ammoniatum . . 175 

Gold and Sodium Chloride 84 

Golden Seal 192 

Gossypium Purificatum 175 

Goulard's Extract 264 

Gramme 333 

Granatum 176 

Granulated Ferrous Sulphate ... 161 

Opium 240 

Sugar 280 

Gray Powder 181 

Green Iodide of Mercury 182 

Soap 283 

Soap, Tincture 284 



page 

Green Vitriol 161 

Grindelia 176 

Fluidextract 176 

Guaiac 178 

Tincture 178 

Tincture, Ammoniated 178 

Guaiacol 176 

Carbonate 177 

Guaiacolic Carbonas 177 

Guaiacum 178 

Guarana 179 

Fluidextract 179 

Gum > 5 

Asafetida 78 

Aloes 57 

Arabic 13 

Benjamin 90 

Benzoin 90 

Camphor Ill 

-resin 5 

Gun Cotton 274 

Haematinic 6 

Haemostatic 6 

Hamamelis 179 

Water 179 

Hard Soap 283 

Hartshorn 61 

Heavy Magnesium Oxide 216 

Hellebore 319 

Henbane 194 

Herb 6 

Heroinse Hydrochloridum 242 

Heroine Hydrochloride 242 

Hexamethylenamina 179 

Hexamethylenamine 179 

Hive Syrup 286 

Hoffman's Anodyne 51 

Drop 51 

Honey 219 

Clarified 219 

of Rose 278 

Hops 180 

Horse Salts 297 

Humulus 180 

Hydragogue 6 

Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosi- 

vum 181 



GENERAL INDEX. 



547 



PAGE 

Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite . . . 182 

Iodidum Flavum 182 

Iodidum Rubrum 182 

Oxidum Flavum 182 

Oxidum Rubrum 182 

Salicylas 182 

Hydrargyrum 181 

Ammoniatum 181 

cum Creta 181 

Hydrargyrism 183 

Hydrastin 192 

Hydrastina 192 

Hydrastinae Hydrochloridum . . . 193 

Hydrastine 192 

Hydrochloride 193 

Hydrastine Hydrochloride 193 

Hydrastinum 193 

Hydrastis 192 

Extract 192 

Fluidextract 192 

Glycerite 192 

Tincture 192 

Hydrated Chloral 123 

Hydrochloric Acid 26 

Diluted 27 

Hydrocarbon Oil 253 

Hydrocyanic Acid, Diluted 28 

Hydrogen Dioxide 214 

Hydrous Wool-fat 50 

Hyoscyaminse Hydrobromium . . 195 
Hyoscyamine Hydrobromide . . . 195 

Hyoscyamus 194 

Extract 194 

Fluidextract 194 

Tincture 194 

Hypnotic 6 

Hypo 297 

Hypodermic Administration . . . 378 

Hypophosphites 29 

Hypophosphorous Acid 29 

Hypophysis sicca 196 

Liquor 197 

Ichthyol 197 

Incompatibility 397 

Indian Cannabis 114 

Extract 115 

Fluidextract 115 



page 

Indian Hemp 114 

Tincture 115 

Indigo Carmine 295 

Infusion . . 6 

of Digitalis 151 

of Senna, Compound 287 

Inf usum 6 

Digitalis 151 

Sennae Compositum 287 

Inhalations 378 

Inscription 353 

Iodides 202 

Iodine 199 

Ointment 199 

Solution, Compound 199 

Tincture 199 

Iodism 203 

Iodoform 198 

Ointment 198 

Iodoformum 198 

Iodum 199 

Ipecac 206 

Fluidextract 206 

Powder, with Opium 240 

Syrup 206 

Wine 206 

Ipecacuanha 206 

Irish Moss 128 

Iron 159 

and Ammonium Citrate 160 

and Quinine Citrate 160 

and Quinine Citrate, Soluble . 160 

by Hydrogen 159 

Perchloride 160 

Irritant 6 

Jaborandi 261 

Jalap 209 

Powder, Compound 209 

Resin 209 

Jalapa 209 

Jamestown Weed 300 

Jesuits' Bark 130 

Kaolin 209 

Cataplasm 209 

Kaolinum 209 

Kilo 333 



548 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE 

Kino 210 

Tincture 210 

Labarraque's Solution 294 

Lactic Acid 31 

Lactose 280 

Lactucarium 210 

Syrup 211 

Tincture 211 

Lard 49 

Benzoinated 49 

Laudanum 240 

Laxative 6 

Lead 264 

Acetate 264 

Ointment 264 

Oxide 264 

Plaster 264 

Subacetate Solution 264 

Subaeetate Solution, Diluted . 264 

Water 264 

Leaf 6 

Leaflets 6 

Leaves 6 

Lemon 211 

Juice 211 

Oil 211 

Peel 211 

Syrup 211 

Tincture 211 

Leopard's Bane 74 

Leptandra 211 

Extract 211 

Fluidextract 211 

Lettuce 210 

Licorice 175 

Lime 106 

Chlorinated 106 

Liniment 107 

Sulphurated 106 

Syrup of Lactophosphate .... 107 

Water 107 

Limon 211 

Limonis Cortex 211 

Succus 21 1 

Liniment 6 

Ammonia 62 

Belladonna 87 



page 

Liniment, Camphor Ill 

Chloroform : 126 

Lime 107 

Soap 283 

Soft-soap 283 

Turpentine 309 

Liniments 212 

Linimentum 6 

Ammonise 62 

Belladonnas 87 

Calcis 107 

Camphorae Ill 

Chlorof ormi 126 

Saponis 283 

Saponis Mollis 284 

Terebinthinae 309 

Linseed 213 

Oil 213 

Linum 213 

Liquefied Phenol 255 

Liquid Paraffin 253 

Petrolatum 253 

Liquor 6, 213 

Acidi Arsenosi 75 

Ammonii Acetatis 62 

Arseni et Hydrargyri Iodidi . . 75 

Calcis 107 

Creosolis Compositus 149 

Ferri Chloridi 160 

Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis . . . 161 
Ferri Peptonati cum Mangano. 161 

Ferri Subsulphatis 161 

Ferri Tersulphatis 161 

Formaldehydi 168 

Hydrargyri Nitratis : 183 

Hydrogenii Dioxidi 214 

Hypophysis 197 

Iodi Compositus 199 

Magnesii Citratis 215 

Pepsini 251 

Pepsini Aromaticus 251 

Plumbi Subacetatis 264 

Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutus . . . 264 

Potassii Arsenatis 75 

Potassii Citratis 23 

Potassii Hydroxidi 270 

Sodae Chlorinatse 294 

Sodii Arsenatis 76 



GENERAL INDEX. 



549 



PAGE 

Liquor Sodii Glycerophosphatis.. 30 

Sodii Hydroxidi 295 

Sodii Indigoindisulphonas . . . 295 

Sodii Phosphatis Compositus . 296 

Zinci Chloridi 322 

Liter 333 

Litharge , 264 

Lithii Bromidum 100 

Carbonas 214 

Citras 23 

Lithium 214 

Bromide 100 

Carbonate 214 

Citrate 23 

Lithontriptic 6 

Liver of Sulphur 267 

Lobelia 215 

Fluidextract 215 

Tincture 215 

Local Peculiarities in Prescribing. 390 

Lockjaw Antitoxin 289 

Lugol's Solution 199 

Lunar Caustic 72 

Lycopodium 215 

Magma Magnesia? 215 

Magnesia 215 

Magnesii Carbonas 215 

Citratis, Liquor 215 

Oxidum 215 

Oxidum Ponderosum 216 

Sulphas 216 

Magnesium 215 

Calcined 215 

Carbonate 215 

Citrate, Solution of 215 

Heavy 216 

Light 215 

Milk 215 

Oxide 215 

Oxide, Heavy 216 

Sulphate 216 

Male Fern 80 

Malt 218 

Extract 218 

Maltum 218 

Mandrake 265 

Manganese 218 



page 
Manganese Dioxide, Precipitated. 218 
Mangani Dioxidum Praecipita- 

tum 218 

Manganum _ 218 

Manna 218 

Mass 6 

Blue 181 

of Ferrous Carbonate 160 

of Mercury 181 

Vallet's 160 

Massa 6 

Ferri Carbonatis 160 

Hydrargyri 181 

Matricaria 219 

May Apple 265 

Medical Latin 337 

Mel 219 

Depuratum 219 

Rosa? 278 

Mentha Piperita 219 

Viridis 221 

Menthol 221 

Mercurial Ointment 181 

Ointment, Diluted 181 

Mercurialism 183 

Mercuric Iodide 182 

Salicylate 182 

Mercurous Chloride 182 

Iodide 182 

Mercury 181 

Mass 181 

Ointment 181 

with Chalk 181 

Methyl Salicylate 41 

Mthylene Blue 223 

Methylis Salicylas 41 

Methylthioninae Chloridum 223 

Hydrochloridum 223 

Methylthionine Chloride 223 

Hydrochloride 223 

Meter 332 

Metric System 332 

Metrology 329 

Mezereon 224 

JVTezereum 224 

Mild Mercurous Chloride 182 

Milk of Magnesia 215 

Milk Sugar 280 



550 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE 

Mistura 6 

Crete 107 

Glycyrrhizae Composita 175 

Mixture 6 

Basham's 161 

of Glycyrrhiza, Compound . . 175 

Monkshood 46 

Monobromated Camphor Ill 

Monohydrated Sodium Carbo- 
nate 294 

Monsel's Solution 161 

Morphina 240 

Morphinse Hydrochloridum 241 

Sulphus 241 

Morphine 240 

Hydrochloride 241 

Sulphate 241 

Moschus 224 

Mouth Administration 376 

Mucilage 6 

of Acacia 13 

Mucilago 6 

Acaciae 13 

Muriatic Acid 26 

Musk 224 

Root 305 

Tincture 224 

Mustard, Black 291 

Oil, Volatile 291 

Paper 291 

White 290 

Mutton Suet 290 

Mydriatic 7 

Myotic 7 

Myristica 225 

Oil 225 

Myrrh 225 

Tincture 225 

Myrrha 225 

Name of Patient on Prescrip- 
tions 349 

Naming a Price of Prescrip- 
tions 389 

Naphthol 94 

Narcotic 7 

National Formulary 379 

Neutral Principle 7 



page 

Nitric Acid 31 

Nitrogen Monoxide 226 

Nitrogenii Monoxidum 226 

Nitroglycerin 174 

Spirit 174 

Nitrohydrochloric Acid 32 

Diluted • 32 

Nitromuriatic Acid 32 

Diluted 32 

Nutgall 169 

Ointment 169 

Nutmeg 225 

Oil 225 

Nutrient 7 

Nux Vomica 226 

Extract 226 

Fluidextract 226 

Tincture 226 

Official Drugs 380 

Names 343 

Oil 7 

of Allspice 232 

of Almond, Expressed 66 

American 253 

of Anise 68 

Benne 232 

of Betula 41 

of Bitter Almond 65 

of Cade 232 

of Cajuput 231 

of Orange Peel 82 

of Cassia 138 

Castor 236 

of Chenopodium 231 

of Cinnamon 138 

of Clove 119 

Codliver 235 

of Coriander 146 

Cotton-seed 231 

Croton 238 

of Cubeb 150 

of Dwarf Pine Needles 232 

of Eucalyptus 157 

of Fennel 168 

of Gaultheria 41 

of Hydrocarbon 253 

of Juniper 233 



GENERAL INDEX. 



551 



PAGE 

Oil of Juniper Tar 232 

of Lavender Flowers 234 

of Lemon 211 

Linseed 213 

of Mustard, Volatile 291 

of Myristica 225 

of Nutmeg 225 

Olive 235 

of Orange Peel 82 

of Peppermint 219 

of Pimenta 232 

of Rose 278 

of Rosemary 232 

Russian 253 

of Santal 232 

of Sassafras 285 

Sesame 232 

of Spearmint 221 

of Star Anise 68 

Sweet 235 

of Sweet Birch 41 

of Sweet Orange 82 

of Tar, Rectified 263 

of Teaberry 41 

of Theobroma 238 

of Thyme 232 

of Turpentine 309 

of Turpentine, Rectified 309 

of Vitriol 42 

of Wintergreen 41 

of Wintergreen, Synthetic ... 41 

Ointment 10 

Ammoniated Mercury 181 

Belladonna 87 

Blue 181 

of Boric Acid 20 

Chrysarobin 129 

Citrine 183 

Diachylon 264 

Iodine 199 

Iodoform 198 

Mercurial 181 

of Mercuric Nitrate 183 

of Mercury 181 

of Mercury, Diluted 181 

Nutgall 169 

of Phenol 255 

of Rose Water 278 



PAGE 

Ointment, Stramonium 300 

Sulphur 304 

of Tannic Acid 44 

Tar 263 

of Yellow Mercuric Oxide . . . 182 

of Zinc Oxide 323 

Oleate 7 

of Mercury 182 

Oleatum 7, 231 

Hydrargyri 182 

Oleic Acid 32 

Oleoresin 7 

of Aspidium 80 

of Capsicum 117 

of Cubeb 150 

of Ginger 326 

of Parsley Fruit 254 

of Pepper 262 

Oleoresina Aspidii 80 

Capsici 117 

Cubebae 150 

Petroselini 254 

Piperis 262 

Zingiberis 326 

Oleum Amygdalae Amarae 65 

Amygdalae Expressum 66 

Anisi 68 

Aurantii Corticis 82 

Betulae 41 

Cadinum 232 

Cajuput 231 

Cari 119 

Carophylli 119 

Cassias 138 

Chenopodii 231 

Coriandri 146 

Cubebae 150 

Eucalypti 157 

Fceniculi 168 

Gaultheriae 41 

Gossypii Seminis 231 

Jecoris Aselli 235 

Juniperi 233 

Lavandulae Florum 234 

Limonis 211 

Lini 213 

Menthae Piperitae 219 

Menthae Viridis 221 



552 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE 

Oleum Morrhuse 235 

Myristicse 225 

Olivse 235 

Picis Liquids 263 

Pimentse 232 

Pini Pumilionis 232 

Ricini 236 

Rosa? 278 

Rosmarmi 232 

Santali 232 

Sassafras 285 

Sesami 232 

Sinapis Volatile 291 

Terebinthinse 309 

Terebinthinse Rectificatum . . . 309 

Theobromatis 238 

Thymi 232 

Tiglii 238 

Opii Pulvis 240 

Opium 239 

Camphorated Tincture of .... 240 

Denarcotized 240 

Deodoratum ' 240 

Deodorized 240 

Extract 240 

Granulated 240 

Granulatum 240 

Powdered 240 

Powder, with Ipecac 240 

Tincture 240 

Tincture, Camphorated 240 

Tincture of, Deodorized 240 

Opodeldoc 283 

Orange Flower Water 82 

Flower Water, Stronger 82 

Peel, Bitter 81 

Peel, Sweet 81 

Order of Writing Prescriptions. 388 

Orthophosphoric Acid 33 

Ownership of a Prescription . . . 395 

Oxgall 159 

Oxygen 249 

Oxygenium 249 

Oxytocic 7 

Pancreatin 249 

Pancreatinum 249 

Papers 3 



page 

Paraffin 249 

Paraffinum 249 

Paraformaldehyde 250 

Paraf ormaldehydum 250 

Paraldehyde 250 

Elixir 250 

Paraldehydum 250 

Parasiticide 7 

Paregoric 240 

Parsley Fruit 254 

Oleoresin 254 

Seed 254 

Patent Medicines 380 

Pelletierinse Tanas 176 

Pelletierine Tanate 176 

Pellitory 273 

Pen vs. Pencil in Prescription 

Writing 387 

Pepo 250 

Pepper 262 

Black 262 

Cayenne 116 

Oleoresin 262 

Red 116 

Peppermint 219 

Oil 219 

Spirit 219 

Water 219 

Pepsin 251 

Saccharated 251 

Solution 251 

Solution, Aromatic 251 

Pepsinum 251 

Saccharatum 251 

Percentage Solutions 374 

Peroxide of Hydrogen 214 

Peruvian Bark 130 

Petrolatum 253 

Album 253 

Liquidum 253 

Petroleum Benzin 90 

Benzin, Purified 90 

Jelly 253 

Petroselinum 254 

Pharmacopoeia 379 

Phenacetin 17 

Phenol 255 

Glycerite 255 



GENERAL INDEX. 



553 



PAGE 

Phenol Liquef actum 255 

Ointment 255 

Phenolphthalein 259 

Phenolphthaleinum 259 

Phenolsulphonates 259 

Phenyl Salicylate 39 

Phenylis Salicylis 39 

Phosphoric Acid 33 

Phosphorus 260 

Pills 260 

Physostigma 261 

Extract 261 

Tincture 261 

Physostigminse Salicylas 261 

Physostigmine Salicylate 261 

Picric Acid 315 

Pills 7 

of Aloin, Strychnine, Bella- 
donna and Ipecac 58 

of Asafetida 79 

of Ferrous Carbonate 160 

of Ferrous Iodide 160 

of Phosphorus 260 

Pilocarpine Hydrochloridum ... 261 

Nitras 262 

Pilocarpine Hydrochloride 261 

Nitrate ' 262 

Pilocarpus 261 

Fluidextract 261 

Pilule 7 

Asafcetide 79 

Ferri Carbonatis 160 

Ferri Iodidi 160 

Laxativse Composite 58 

Phosphori 260 

Rhei Composite 277 

Pinkroot .■ 298 

Piper 262 

Pix Liquida 263 

Plaster 4 

Belladonna 86 

Capsicum 117 

Diachylon 264 

Lead 264 

Plasters 155 

Plumbi Acetas 264 

Oxidum- 264 

Plumbum 264 



page 

Podophyllin 265 

Podophyllum 265 

Fluidextract 265 

Resin -. . . 265 

Poison Nut 226 

Pomegranate 176 

Fluidextract 176 

Potassa Sulphurata 267 

Potassii Acetas 267 

Bicarbonas 268 

Bitartras 268 

Bromidum 100 

Carbonas 269 

Chloras 269 

Citras 23 

Citras Effervescens 23 

et Sodii Tartras 272 

Hydroxidum 270 

Hypophosphis 29 

Iodidum 202 

Nitras 271 

Permanganas 271 

Suphurata 267 

Potassium 267 

Acetate 267 

Alum 59 

and Sodium Tartrate 272 

Bicarbonate 268 

Bitartrate 268 

Bromide 100 

Carbonate 269 

Chlorate 269 

Citrate 23 

Hydroxide 270 

Hypophosphite 29 

Iodide 202 

Nitrate 271 

Permanganate 271 

Powder 7 

Aromatic 138 

Compound Chalk 107 

Dover's 240 

Effervescing, Compound 272 

of Glycyrrhiza, Compound ... 175 

of Ipecac and Opium 240 

of Jalap, Compound 209 

of Opium 240 

of Rhubarb, Compound 277 



554 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE 

Precipitated Calcium Carbonate. 106 

Manganese Dioxide 218 

Sulphur 303 

Zinc Carbonate 322 

Prepared Calamine 105 

Chalk 107 

Suet 290 

Preserver's Name on Prescrip- 
tion 363 

Prescription, Adjuvant 353 

Arrangement of 355 

Basis of 353 

Banks 383 

Corrective of 353 

Date on 349 

Definition of 347 

History of 348 

Inscription of 353 

Parts of 348 

Name of Patient on 349 

Prescriber's Name on 363 

Signatura of 358 

Subscription of 356 

Superscription of 353 

Vehicle of 353 

Prickly Ash Bark 321 

Proof Spirit 55 

Proportioning Dosage 369 

Proprietary Medicines 386 

Protargol 74 

Protective 7 

Protiodide of Mercury 182 

Prunus Virginiana 272 

Prussic Acid, Diluted 28 

Pulvis 7 

Aromaticus 138 

Cretse Compositus 107 

Effervescens Compositus 272 

Glycyrrhizse Compositus 175 

Ipecacuanhas et Opii 240 

Jalapse Compositus 209 

Opii 240 

Rhei Compositus 277 

Pumpkin Seed 250 

Pure Extract of Glycyrrhiza . . . 175 

Purgative 7 

Purified Cotton 175 

Petroleum Benzin 90 



page 

Purified Talc 308 

Pustulant 7 

Pyrethrum 273 

Tincture 273 

Pyrogallol 273 

Pyroxylin 274 

Pyroxylinum 274 

Quaker Button 226 

Quantity of a Prescription 368 

Quassia 274 

Tincture 274 

Queen's Root 300 

Quebracho 81 

Quevenne's Iron 159 

Quicksilver 181 

Quinina 131 

Quininse Bisulphas 131 

Dihydrochloricum 131 

et Ureae Hydrochloridum 131 

Hydrobromidum 131 

Hydrochloridum 131 

Salicylas 131 

Sulphas 131 

Tannas 132 

Quinine 131 

and Urea Hydrochloride 131 

Bisulphate 131 

Carbamate 131 

Dihydrochloride 131 

Hydrobromide 131 

Hydrochloride 131 

Muriate 131 

Salicylate 131 

Sulphate 131 

Tannate 132 

Recommending Credit 389 

Reconstituent Tonic 7 

Rectal Administration 377 

Rectified Oil of Tar 263 

Oil of Turpentine 309 

Spirit 55 

Red Cinchona 130 

Mercuric Iodide 182 

Mercuric Oxide 182 

Pepper 1 16 

Precipitate 182 



GENERAL INDEX. 



DD5 



PAGE 

Red Rose 278 

Saunders 282 

Wine 55 

Reduced Iron 159 

Refilling and Giving Copies of 

Prescriptions 391 

Refrigerant 7 

Rereading Prescriptions 388 

Resin 7 

of Jalap 209 

of Podophyllum 265 

of Scammony 286 

Resina Jalapse 209 

Podophylli 265 

Scammonii 286 

Resorbent 8 

Resorcin 275 

Resorcinol 275 

Restorative 8 

Rhamnus Purshiana 119 

Rheum 277 

Rhizome 8 

Rhubarb 277 

Extract 277 

Fluidextract 277 

Pills, Compound 277 

Powder, Compound 277 

Syrup 277 

Syrup, Aromatic 277 

Tincture 277 

Tincture, Aromatic 277 

Rochelle Salt 272 

Root 8 

Rosa Gallica 278 

Rose, Red 278 

Fluidextract 278 

Honey 278 

Oil 278 

Ointment, of Water 278 

Water 278 

Water, Stronger 278 

Rosin 309 

Rubber Plaster 155 

Rubefacient 8 

Russian Oil 253 

Sabal 280 

Fluidextract 280 



PAGE 

Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate. 160 

Pepsin 251 

Saccharin 93 

Saccharum 280 

Lactis 280 

Saigon Cinnamon 138 

Sal Rochelle 272 

Tartar 269 

Salicin 281 

Salicinum 281 

Salicylates 36 

Salicylic Acid 33 

Saline 8 

Salol 39 

Salt 294 

of Tartar 271 

Saltpetre 271 

Salts 216 

Sanguinaria 281 

Tincture 281 

Santalum Rubrum 282 

Santonica 282 

Santonin 282 

Santoninum 282 

Sapo 283 

Mollis 283 

Sarsaparilla 284 

Fluidextract 284 

Fluidextract, Compound 284 

Syrup, Compound 284 

Sassafras 285 

Oil 285 

Saturated Solutions 373 

Saw Palmetto 280 

Scammoniae Radix 285 

Scammony Root 285 

Resin 286 

Scilla 286 

Scopolamine Hydrobromidum . 286 

Scopolamine Hydrobromide 286 

Sedative 8 

Seed 8 

Seidlitz Powder 272 

Senega 287 

Fluidextract 287 

Snakeroot 287 

Syrup 287 

Senna 287 



556 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE 

Senna, Fluidextract 287 

Infusion, Compound 287 

Syrup 287 

Serpentaria 288 

Serum Antidiphthericum 288 

Antidiphthericum Purificatum. 288 

Antitetanicum 289 

Antitetanicum Purificatum . . . 289 

Antitetanicum Siccum 290 

Sevum Praeparatum 290 

Sherry Wine 56 

Sialagogue 8 

Signatura 358 

Silver 72 

Nitrate 72 

Nitrate, Moulded 72 

Oxide 72 

Proteid 74 

Vitellin 74 

Simple Elixir 82 

Simple Syrup 280 

Sinapis Alba 290 

Nigra -.-.- 291 

Slippery Elm Bark 316 

Soap 283 

Castile 283 

Green 283 

Hard 283* 

Liniment 283 

Soft 283 

Soft, Liniment 284 

Tincture 284 

Soda 291 

Sodii Acetas 291 

Arsenas 76 

Arsenas Exsiccatus 76 

Benzoas 92 

Benzosulphinidum 291 

Bicarbonas 291 

Boras 293 

Bromidum 100 

Carbonas Monohydratus . 294 

Chloridum 294 

Citras 23 

Cyanidum 294 

Glycerophosphas 30 

Hydroxidum 294 

Hypophosphis 29 



page 

Sodii Iodidum 202 

Nitris 295 

Perboras 296 

Phenolsulphonas 259 

Phosphas 296 

Phosphas Effervescens 296 

Phosphas Exsiccatus 296 

Salicylas 36 

Sulphas 297 

Sulphis Exsiccatus 297 

Thiosulphas 297 

Sodium 291 

Acetate 291 

Arsenate 76 

Arsenate, Exsiccated 76 

Benzoate 92 

Benzosulphinide 291 

Bicarbonate 291 

. Bicarbonate, Troches 292 

Borate 293 

Bromide 100 

Carbonate, Monohydrated . . . 294 

Chloride 294 

Citrate 23 

Cyanide 294 

Hydroxide 294 

Hypophosphite 29 

Hyposulphite 297 

Indigotindisulphonate 295 

Iodide 202 

Nitrate 295 

Perborate 296 

Phenolsulphonate 259 

Phosphate 296 

Effervescent 296 

Exsiccated 296 

Saccharin 291 

Salicylate 36 

Sulphate 297 

Sulphite, Exsiccated '. 297 

Sulphocarbolate 259 

Tetraborate 293 

Thiosulphate 297 

Soft Soap 283 

Soluble Ferric Phosphate 160 

Gun Cotton 274 

Iron and Quinine Citrate 160 

Saccharin 291 



GENERAL INDEX. 



557 



PAGE 

Solution 6 

of Ammonium Acetate 62 

of Arsenic Chloride 75 

of Arsenous Acid 75 

of Arsenous and Mercuric 

Iodides 75 

of Boroglyceride 20 

of Chlorinated Soda 294 

of Cresol, Compound 149 

Donovan's 75 

of Ferric Chloride 160 

of Ferric Subsulphate 161 

of Ferric Sulphate 161 

of Formaldehyde 168 

Fowler's 75 

of Hydrogen Dioxide 214 

of Hypophysis 197 

of Iodine, Compound 199 

of Iron and Ammonium Ace- 
tate 161 

of Lead Subacetate 264 

of Lead Subacetate, Diluted . 264 

of Lime 107 

Lugol's 200 

of Magnesium Citrate 215 

of Pepsin . , 251 

of Pepsin, Aromatic 251 

of Peptonate of Iron with 

Manganese 161 

of Potassium Arsenite 75 

of Potassium Citrate 23 

of Potassium Hydroxide 270 

of Sodium Arsenate 76 

of Sodium Hydroxide 295 

of Sodium Phosphate, Com- 
pound 296 

of Zinc Chloride 322 

Spanish flies 116 

Sparteine Sulphas 298 

Sparteine Sulphate 298 

Spearmint 221 

Oil 221 

Spirit 221 

Water 221 

Specifying Manufacturers in Pre- 
scribing 381 

Spigelia - 298 

Fluidextract 298 



PAGE 

Spirit 8 

of Ammonia, Aromatic 61 

of Anise 68 

of Bitter Almond 65 

of Camphor Ill 

of Chloroform 126 

of Cinnamon 138 

of Ether 51 

of Ether, Compound 51 

of Glonoin 174 

of Glyceryl Trinitrate 174 

of Juniper 233 

of Juniper, Compound 233 

of Lavender 234 

of Mindererus 62 

of Myrcia 299 

of Nitroglycerin 174 

of Nitrous,' Ether 53 

of Orange, Compound 82 

of Peppermint 219 

of Spearmint 221 

Spiritus 8, 299 

yEtheris 51 

^Etheris Compositus 51 

^Etheris Nitrosi 53 

Amnionic Aromaticus 61 

Amygdalae Amarae 65 

Anisi 68 

Aurantii Compositus 82 

Camphoraa Ill 

Chloroformi 126 

Cinnamomi 138 

Frumenti 55 

Glycerylis Nitratis 174 

Juniperi 233 

Juniperi Compositus 233 

Lavandulae 234 

Menthae Piperita? 219 

Menthas Viridis 221 

Myrcia 299 

Rectificatus 55 

Vini Gallici 55 

Vini Rectificatus 55 

Squill 286 

Fluidextract 286 

Syrup 286 

Syrup Compound v . . . 286 

Tincture 286 



558 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE 

Squill Vinegar 286 

Staphisagria 300 

Fluidextract 300 

Starch 67 

Stavesacre 300 

Stearic Acid 42 

Stearopten 8 

Sterilized, Distilled, Water 72 

Sternutatory 8 

Stillingia 300 

Fluidextract 300 

Stimulant 8 

Stock Prescriptions 395 

Storax 302 

Stramonium 300 

Extract 300 

Ointment 300 

Tincture 300 

Stronger Ammonia Water 61 

Orange Flower Water 82 

Rose Water 278 

Strontii Bromidum 100 

Iodidum 202 

Salicylas 36 

Strontium 301 

Bromide 100 

Iodide 202 

Salicylate 36 

Strophanthin 301 

Strophanthinum 301 

Strophanthus 301 

Tincture 301 

Strychninae 226 

Nitras 226 

Sulphas 226 

Styrchnine 226 

Nitrate 226 

Sulphate 226 

Styptic 8 

Stypticin 146 

Styrax 302 

Subchloride of Mercury 182 

Sublimed Sulphur 303 

Subscription 356 

Sucrose 280 

Suet, Prepared 290 

Sugar 280 

of Lead 264 



PAGE 

Sugar of Milk 280 

Sulphonal 303 

Sulphonethylmethane 302 

Sulphonethylmethanum 302 

Sulphonmethane 303 

Sulphonmethanum 303 

Sulphur 303 

Lotum 303 

Ointment 304 

Prsecipitatum 303 

Precipitated 303 

Sublimed 303 

Washed 303 

Sulphurated Lime 106 

Potassa 267 

Sulphuric Acid 42 

Ether 51 

Sulphurous Acid 43 

Sumbul 305 

Extract 305 

Fluidextract 305 

Superscription 353 

Suppositoria 8 

Glycerini 172 

Suppositories 8 

of Glycerin 172 

Sweet Almond 66 

Oil 235 

Orange Peel 81 

Orange Peel, Syrup 82 

Orange Peel, Tincture 82 

Spirit of Nitre 53 

Syrup 9, 280 

of Acacia 13 

of Calcium Lactophosphate . . 107 

of Citric Acid 23, 211 

of Eryodicity, Aromatic 157 

of Ferrous Iodide 160 

of Ginger 326 

of Glycerophosphates 161 

of Hydriodic Acid 202 

of Hypophosphites 29 

of Hypophosphites, Compound. 30 

of Ipecac 206 

of Lactucarium 211 

of Lemon 23, 211 

of Orange 82 

of Orange Flowers 82 



GENERAL INDEX. 



559 



PAGE 

Syrup of Rhubarb 277 

of Rhubarb, Aromatic 277 

of Sarsaparilla, Compound ... 284 

of Senega 287 

of Senna 287 

of Squill 286 

of Squill, Compound 286 

of Tar 263 

of Tolu 85 

of Wild Cherry 272 

Simple 280 

Syrupus 9, 280 

Acaciae 13 

Acidi Citrici 23, 211 

Acidi Hydriodici 202 

Aurantii 82 

Aurantii Florum 82 

Calcii Lactophosphas 107 

Eriodictyi Aromaticus 157 

Ferri Iodidi 160 

Glycerophosphates Compositus. 161 

Hypophosphitum 29 

Hypophosphitum Compositus.. 30 

Ipecacuanhas 206 

Lactucarii 211 

Picis Liquids 263 

Pruni Virginianas 272 

Rhei 277 

Rhei Aromaticus 277 

Sarsaparillae Compositum .... 284 

Scillas 286 

Scillae Compositus 286 

Senegae 287 

Sennas 287 

Tolutanus 85 

Zingiberis 326 

Tabellae 9 

Table of Abbreviations, Words 

and Phrases 407 

of Apothecaries' Measures . . . 330 
of Apothecaries' Weights .... 330 
of Approximate Measures . . . 331 

of Avoirdupois Weight 329 

of Drops to Fuidrachm 411 

of Relative Values of Weights 

and - Measures 406 

of Solubilities 412 



PAGE 

Table Salt 294 

Tablet Triturates 9 

Tablets 9 

Coated 9 

Compressed 9 

Dispensing 9 

Hypodermic 9 

Taenif uge 9 

Taeniafuge 9 

Talc, Purified 308 

Talcum Purificatum 308 

Tannic Acid 44 

Tannin 44 

Tar 263 

Oil, Rectified 263 

Ointment 263 

Syrup 263 

Taraxacum 308 

Extract 30& 

Fuidextract 308 

Tartar Emetic 68 

Tartaric Acid 46 

Telephoning Prescriptions 388 

Terebene 309 

Terebenum 309 

Terebinthina 308 

Terpin Hydrate 310 

Terpini Hydras 310 

Tetanus Antitoxin 289 

Thymol :.... 311 

Iodide 312 

Tinctura 9 

Aconiti 47 

Aloes 58 

Arnicas 75 

Asafcetidae 79 

Aurantii Amari 81 

Auranti Dulcis 82 

Belladonnas Foliorum 86 

Benzoini 90 

Benzoini Composita 91 

Calumbas 110 

Cannabis 115 

Cantharidis 1 16 

Capsici 117 

Cardamomi 118 

Cardamomi Composita 11£ 

Cinchonas 13C 



560 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE 

Tinctura Cinchonse Composita .. 131 

Cinnamomi 138 

Colchici Seminis 143 

Digitalis 151 

Ferri Chloridi 160 

Gallae 169 

Gambir Composita 169 

Gelsemii ' 170 

Gentianae Composita 170 

Guaiaci 178 

Guaiaci Ammoniata 178 

Hydrastis 192 

Hyoscyami 194 

Iodi 199 

Kino 210 

Lactucarii 211 

Lavandulae Composita 234 

Limonis Corticis 211 

Lobeliae 215 

Moschi 224 

Myrrhae 225 

Nucis Vomicae 226 

Opii 240 

Opii Camphorata 240 

Opii Deodorati 240 

Physostigmatis 261 

Pyrethri 273 

Quassiae 274 

Rhei 277 

Rhei Aromatica 277 

Sanguinariae 281 

Scillae 286 

Stramonii 300 

Strophanti 301 

Tolutana 85 

Valerianae 317 

Valerianae Ammoniata ....... 317 

Veratri 319 

Zingiberis 326 

Tincture 9 

of Aconite 47 

of Aloes 58 

of Arnica 75 

of Asafetida 79 

of Belladonna Leaves 86 

of Benzoin 90 

of Benzoin, Compound 91 

of Bitter Orange Peel 81 



page 

Tincture of Calumba 110 

of Camphora Ill 

of Cannabis 115 

of Cantharides 116 

of Capsicum 117 

of Cardamom 118 

of Cardamom, Compound .... 118 

of Cinchona 130 

of Cinchona, Compound 131 

of Cinnamon 138 

of Colchicum Seed 143 

of Deodorized Opium 240 

of Digitalis 151 

of Ferric Chloride 160 

of Gambir, Compound 169 

of Gelsemium 170 

of Gentian, Compound 170 

of Ginger 326 

of Green Soap 284 

of Guaiac 178 

of Guaiac, Ammoniated 178 

of Hydrastis 192 

of Hyoscyamus 194 

of Indian Cannabis 114 

of Iodine 199 

of Kino 210 

of Lactucarium 211 

of Lavander, Compound 234 

of Lemon Peel 211 

of Lobelia 215 

of Musk 224 

of Myrrh 225 

of Nutgall 169 

of Nux Vomica 226 

of Opium 240 

of Opium, Camphorated 240 

of Opium, Deodorized 240 

of Physostigma 261 

of Pyrethrum 273 

of Quassia 274 

of Rhubarb 277 

of Rhubarb, Aromatic 277 

of Sanguinaria 281 

of Squill 286 

of Stramonium 300 

of Strophanthus 301 

of Sweet Orange Peel 82 

of Tolu 85 



GENERAL INDEX. 



561 



PAGE 

Tincture of Valerian 317 

of Valerian, Ammoniated .... 317 

of Veratrum 319 

Tolu, Balsam 85 

Syrup 85 

Tincture 85 

Tonic 9 

Reconstituent 7 

Trichloracetic Acid 46 

Trinitrophenol 315 

Trional 302 

Triticum 316 

Fluidextract 316 

Trituratio 9 

Elaterini 154 

Trituration 9 

of Elaterin 154 

Troches 10 

of Ammonium Chloride 64 

of Cubeb 150 

of Potassium Chlorate 269 

of Sodium Bicarbonate 292 

of Tannic Acid 44 

Trochisci 10 

Acidi Tannici 44 

Ammonii Chloridi 64 

Cubebae 150 

Potassii Chloratis 269 

Sodii Bicarbonatis 292 

Troy Weights 330 

Tuberous Root 10 

Turpentine 308 

Emulsion 309 

Liniment 309 

Oil ...' 309 

Oil, Rectified 309 

Ulmus 316 

Unguentum 10 

Acidi Borici 20 

Acidi Tannici 44 

Aquae Rosas 278 

Belladonna 87 

Chrysarobini 129 

Diachylon 264 

Gallae 169 

Hydrargyri 181 

Hydrargyri Ammoniati 181 



page 

Unguentum Hydrargyri Dilutum. 181 

Hydrargyri Nitratis 183 

Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi 182 

Iodi 199 

Iodof ormi 198 

Phenolis 255 

Picis Liquidae 263 

Stramonii 300 

Sulphuris 304 

Zinci Oxidi 323 

Urotropin 179 

Uva Ursi 317 

Fluidextract 317 

Vehicle 353 

Vehicles 365 

Valerates 318 

Valerian 317 

Tincture 317 

Tincture, Ammoniated 317 

Valeriana 317 

Vallet's Mass 160 

Vanillin 319 

Vanillinum 319 

Vaselin 253 

Veratrina 319 

Veratrine 319 

Veratrum 319 

Fluidextract 319 

Tincture 319 

Viride 319 

Vermicide 10 

Vermifuge 10 

Vesicant 10 

Viburnum Opulus 320 

Fluidextract 320 

Prunifolium 320 

Extract 321 

Fluidextract 321 

Vinegar of Squill 286 

Vinegars 1 

Vinum 10 

Album 55 

Rubrum 55 

Xericum 56 

Virginia Snakeroot 288 

Volatile Oil of Mustard 291 



36 



562 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE 

Washed Sulphur 303 

Water 2, 70 

Ammonia 61 

Ammonia, Stronger 61 

Anise 68 

Aromatic 71 

Bitter Almond 65 

Camphor Ill 

Chloroform 126 

Cinnamon 138 

Creosote 147 

Distilled 71 

Distilled Sterilized 72 

Fennel 168 

Hamamelis 179 

Lime 107 

Medicated 2 

Orange Flower 82 

Orange Flower, Stronger .... 82 

Peppermint 219 

Rose 278 

Rose, Stronger 278 

Spearmint 221 

Waters, Medicated 2, 71 

Wax, White 122 

Yellow 122 

Weight 329 

Whisky 55 

White Arsenic 75 

Mustard 290 

Petrolatum 253 

Precipitate 181 

Wax 122 

Wine 55 

Wild Cherry 272 

Syrup 272 

Wine 10 

Measure 330 

Red 55 

Sherry 56 



page 

Wine, White 55 

Witchhazel 179 

Wolfbane 46 

Wood Charcoal 117 

Wool-fat 50 

Write Prescriptions 382 

Written Instructions to Patients. 371 

Xanthoxylum 321 

Fluidextract 321 

Yellow Cinchona 130 

Jasmine 170 

Mercuric Oxide 182 

Mercuric Oxide, Ointment ... 182 

Mercurous Iodide 182 

Mustard 290 

Root 192 

Wax 122 

Yerba Santa 157 

Zinc 322 

Acetate 322 

Carbonate, Precipitated 322 

Chloride 322 

Oxide 323 

Phenolsulphonate 259 

Stearate 324 

Sulphate 324 

Valerate 325 

Zinci Acetas 322 

Carbonas Praecipitatus 322 

Chloridum 322 

Oxidum 323 

Phenolsulphonas 259 

Stearas 324 

Sulphas 324 

Valeras 325 

Zincum 322 

Zingiber 325 



Other Publications of F. A. Davis Company , Philadelphia 



Old Age Deferred 

THE CAUSES OF OLD AGE AND ITS POSTPONEMENT BY 
HYGIENIC AND THERAPEUTIC MEASURES. 



BY 

ARNOLD LORAND, M.D. 

Physician to the Baths, Carlsbad, Austria, etc., etc. 

Royal Octavo. 480 Pages. Attractively Bound in Extra Cloth, 
Burnished Top. Price, $3.00, net. 

NEW EDITION 

With the Addition of an Important New Chapter on Premature Old 
Looks : Their Prevention and Treatment. 

DR. LORAND has taken into consideration not the faddists, 
but the great physiologists and clinicians whose writings 
are based upon sound' premises, extensive research, and 
vast experience. 

The author discusses the agencies which govern the nutri- 
tion of our bodies. Those which govern the condition of the 
nervous system and mentality. The influence of the various 
glands upon vitality and long life. The causation and rational 
prevention of premature old age, and the treatment of old age. 
The proper hygienic measures to be followed for the improve- 
ment of the functions of the body. Personal hygiene in all its 
phases from infancy on through youth, middle life and maturity. 
Some of the topics discussed are : — * 

"It is quite within the bounds of possibility, as we shall en- 
deavor to demonstrate herein, to prolong our term of youthful- 
ness by ten or twenty years. In other words we need no longer 
grow old at forty or fifty ; we may live to the age of ninety or one 
hundred years, instead of dying at sixty or seventy. All this 
can be brought about by the observance of certain hygienic 
measures, and by improving the functions of a certain few of the 
glandular structures in our body." (From the author s preface.) 

This work has now been published in nine languages, large 
editions being necessary to supply the demand in each language. 

British Medical Journal (London, England). 

In his book on "OLD AGE DEFERRED." Dr. Lorand has put together a large 
amount of learning and has dealt with an immense number of subiects. 



Other Publications of F. A. Davis Company , Philadelphia 



Health and Longevity Through 
Rational Diet 

PRACTICAL HINTS IN REGARD TO FOOD AND THE USEFULNESS 
OR THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF THE VARIOUS 
ARTICLES OF DIET. 

BY 

DR. ARNOLD LORAND 

Physician to the Baths, Carlsbad,, Austria, etc., etc. 

Translated from the Original German Edition, with an Introduction by 
Victor C. Vaughan, M.D., Ann Arbor, Mich. Being a complete code of 
instructions as to the different foods and how they can be best employed. 
Royal Octavo. 425 pages. Handsomely Bound in Cloth (uniform with 
"Old Age Deferred"). $3.00, net. 

SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS: 

Introduction, with remarks upon the importance of the Appetite and 
the Object of the Processes of Nourishment. 

I. The Influence of Food Upon Man. 

II. The Fundamental Laws of Rational Feeding. 

III. The Injurious Modes of Feeding. 

IV. The Good and Evil Effects of Various Food Substances. 

Meat Diet. Fish Diet. Milk Diet. Cereals. Green Vege- 
tables. Fruit Diet. Beverages. 

V. Vegetarianism and its Advantages and Disadvantages. Hints for 

the Prevention of the Latter. 

VI. The Practical Advantages of Rational Feeding. Useful Hints. 

VII. Hints for Those Obliged to Take their Meals in Restaurants. 

The Injurious Effects of the "Table d'Hote" Diet. 

VIII. The Increased Activity of Certain Functions Brought About 

by Food. 

IX. The Increased Muscular Power Resulting from a Suitable Diet. 

X. Conclusion. The Relationship of Food to Old Age and Lon- 

gevity. Glossary. List of Diseases. Index. 

MANY PEOPLE naturally sidestep books on diet because they 
expect to be warned against their pet dietary follies. This is 
not the Lorand way. In a most entertaining manner Dr. 
Lorand explains to the reader the advantages, disadvantages and 
nutritive values of different foods so clearly that a person of ordinary 
intelligence can exercise good judgment. Obviously, no person of 
reasonable common sense deliberately follows the path of error in 
diet ; if he has the facts he can go ahead and choose for himself ; Dr. 
Lorand's book provides the facts. 



Journal of the American Medical Association (Chicago, 111.). 

Methods of cooking: are described and interesting remarks are made as to the size 
and distribution of the ill effects arising from various special and one-sided diets. It is full 
of valuable hints from which all can profit. It may be recommended to the layman as well 
as to the practitioner. 



